• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.107-115
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• 2007

Objective of this study was to assess the efficient rice cultivation practice to mitigate the non-point source pollutants loading to the adjacent watershed. Cultivation practices consisted of machine transplanting, direct seeding on dry paddy, and no tillage in which no fertilizer and pesticide were applied to paddy field. Water in drainage canal was used as irrigation source during the entire rice growing season. Loading of the non-point source pollutants to the adjacent small stream was mitigated by all treatments. Rice yield, total biomass (rice + weeds), and uptake T-N, $P_2O_5$, and $K_2O$ were higher in machine transplanting practice than those in direct seeding and no tillage practices. However, the purification effects of non-point source pollutants were followed in orders of no tillage > direct seeding > machine transplanting due to quantity of irrigation water. The annual purification quantity of T-N, T-P, and K by rice cultivations ranged from 46 to 369 kg $ha^{-1}$, 4.1 to 16.4 kg $ha^{-1}$, and 55 to 238 kg $ha^{-1}$, respectively, during the entire rice growing season. Results revealed that no tillage practice of rice cultivation was the best management option in reducing the loading of the non-point source pollutants from the drainage canal into stream.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.983-991
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• 2017

This study was performed to update the National Standard Food Composition Table (NSFCT) published by Korea Rural Development Administration, especially focusing on vitamin $B_{12}$ for Korean pork. Total 7 primal and 22 retail fresh cuts of Korean pork were analyzed for vitamin $B_{12}$ and the applied immunoaffinity-HPLC was validated. Vitamin $B_{12}$ assay by immunoaffinity-HPLC obtained recoveries over 95% and coefficient variations of precision below about 10%, which met the limits required for validation acceptance. Limits of detection and quantification of immunoaffinity-HPLC were 0.01 and $0.33{\mu}g/100g$, respectively. Quality control chart showed that analysis performance was excellent during the entire of study. Vitamin $B_{12}$ contents of pork cuts significantly varied depending the types of primal and its retail cuts (p<0.05). Belly, Boston butt, rib cuts showed relatively high vitamin $B_{12}$ contents compared to other primal cuts. Vitamin $B_{12}$ content of pork retail cuts were also significantly different within the same primal cuts (p<0.05). Among 22 retail cuts, the highest vitamin $B_{12}$ was observed in Tosisal in belly primal part ($0.98{\mu}g/100g$) while both Aldeungsimsal in loin and Hongdukkaesal in hide leg were the lowest by $0.33{\mu}g/100g$. This study provides reliable vitamin $B_{12}$ data for the Korean pork fresh cuts through standard sampling, method validation and analytical quality control, which would be used for update of Korean NSFCT.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 1993

This survey was performed to investigate the holding amount of the various kinds of cooking tools of the farm and fishing villages in Chungnam area. The results were as follows: 1. The holding ratio of refrigerators was the highest (97.9%), and that of toasters was the lowest (1.9%) among the electric tools. 2. The holding ratio of gas-ranges was the highest (95.7%) and that of gas oven-ranges was the lowest (1.2%) among 4 kinds of gas tools under investigation. 3. The holding amount of pans was the highest among the cooking tools and that of wicker baskets was very high among the small cooking tools. The holding ratios of egg-cutters and lemon-squeezers were very low (4.1% and 2.9%, respectively). 4. The holding ratios of various kinds of cooking tools were related to the housewife's educational background and family income.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.47-117
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• 1999

This study concern with the pattern of Pusan Station shopping district within Pusan City, Korea, one of the special functioned shopping district within Pusan City. This paper will serve as a part of series studies which attempt to clarify the internal structure of Pusan as a whole. Part(II) of this study deals with the functions including living related, restaurants and others. The pattern of floors, size of shops, street corners and widths of streets were also analysed. The results are as follows: 1. In terms of numbers of firms in living related function, Pusan Station shopping district is the $7{\sim}8th$ ranked central place among nine the highest centers within Pusan City. Pusan Station shopping district has not much promoted vertical spatial differentiation comparatively, and also it's intensity of land use is the lower among nine the highest centers. It is presented that intimate relationship between intensity of vertical land use and classes of central places within the city. The ratio of inns and hotels in Pusan Station shopping district is third ranked in Pusan City. And the size of inns and hotels in this area is the most largest among the nine highest ranked central places within Pusan City. These presented that the traditional characteristics of station area as a special functioned shopping district. Inns and hotels mainly located along the narrower and back street. And it forms agglomerated areas or 'an alley of inns' at the inner parts of blocks, some like a 'hidden flower'. In Korea, 'alley' means that an area of specialization gains the prestige, traditionally. 2. Restaurants mainly locate along the narrower and back streets. And agglomerated areas of restaurants coincide with the agglomerated area of drinking places. It shows that these two kinds of functions need the same locational conditions. The ratio of Chinese restaurants is the highest in the Pusan Station shopping district. It's due to the agglomerated area these kinds of restaurants at the 'China town'. 3. Pusan Station shopping district has been formed along the streets within the residential areas. It's means that this shopping district now at the initial or middle growth era in development stage of shopping areas. 4. In general, wholesales and light manufacturing are located at peripheries within shopping district. But in Pusan Station shopping district, it dose not appear these spatial pattern. It shows that this area is lower ranked central place and not much progressed in spatial differentiation. 5. Particular firms which customers and workers have stayed more longer period of time are located at the far from the first floor. This vertical spatial differentiation is similar to the horizontal sequences. 6. Firms which have more ability of rental payment are located at street comers such as banks and pharmacies. In Pusan Station shopping district commercial facilities could not invade into the second third floors at narrower streets and first floor of back streets, still now.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.72-80
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• 1999

The study was conducted to establish the safe cropping season for direct- seeding on flooded paddy by the analysis of meteorological data(l973~1992, 20 years) from Korea Meteorological Administration. The critical date for early seeding(CDES) at direct- seeding culture on flooded paddy was decided by the appearance date of daily mean air temperature(DMAT) of 15$^{\circ}C$. The optimum heading date(OHD) was the first day when 22$^{\circ}C$ of daily mean air temperature could be kept for 40 days of ripening period after heading, and the critical date of late heading for safe ripening(CDHR) was the last day when 19$^{\circ}C$ of daily mean air temperature could be kept for 40 days after heading. The optimum seeding date(OSD) and the critical date for late seeding(CDLS) could be decided by the accumulated temperature from OHD and CDHR to the appearance dates of necessary temperatures for early, intermediate, and intermediately late maturing varieties. This results can be used for the determination of the safe cropping season of direct-seeding on flooded paddy in each agroclimatic zone. For instance, the OSD appearance date for early maturing variety in Suwon region appeared to be May 11~20 and the CDLS appearance date was May 31~June 7.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.132-141
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• 2012

Climate change impact assessment of cereal crop production in South Korea was performed using land attributes and daily weather data at a farm scale as inputs to crop models. Farmlands in South Korea were grouped into 68 crop-simulation zone units (CZU) based on major mountains and rivers as well as existing land use information. Daily weather data at a 1-km grid spacing under the A1B- and RCP8.5 scenarios were generated stochastically to obtain decadal mean of daily data. These data were registered to the farmland grid cells and spatially averaged to represent climate conditions in each CZU. Monthly climate data for each decade in 2001~2100 were transformed to 30 sets of daily weather data for each CZU by using a stochastic weather generator. Soil data and crop management information for 68 CZU were used as inputs to the CERES-rice, CERE-barley and CROPGRO-soybean models calibrated to represent the genetic features of major domestic cultivars in South Korea. Results from the models suggested that the heading or flowering of rice, winter barley and soybean could be accelerated in the future. The grain-fill period of winter barley could be extended, resulting in much higher yield of winter barley in most CZUs than that of rice. Among the three major cereal grain crops in Korea, rice seems most vulnerable to negative impact of climate change, while little impact of climate change is expected on soybeans. Because a positive effect of climate change is projected for winter barley, policy in agricultural production should pay more attention to facilitate winter barley production as an adaptation strategy for the national food security.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.161-169
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• 2012

The RCP 8.5 scenario based temperature outlook (12.5 km resolution) was combined with high-definition gridded temperature maps (30 m grid spacing) across the Korean Peninsula in order to reclassify the cold hardiness zone for winter barley, a promising grain crop in the future under warmer winter conditions. Reference maps for the January minimum and mean temperature were prepared by applying the watershed-specific geospatial climate prediction schemes to the synoptic observations from 1981 to 2010 across North and South Korea. Decadal changes in the January minimum and mean temperatures projected by a regional version of RCP8.5 climate change scenario were prepared for the 2011-2100 period at 12.5 km grid spacing and were subsequently added to the reference maps, producing the 30 m resolution temperature surfaces for 9 decades from 2011 to 2100. A criterion for threshold temperature to grow winter barley safely in Korea was applied to the future temperature surfaces and the resulting maps were used to predict the production potential of 3 cultivar groups for the 9 future decades under the projected temperature conditions. By 2020s, hulled barley cultivars could be grown safely at the southern part of North Korea as well as the mountainous Gangwon province. Furthermore, most of South Korean rice paddies will be safe for growing naked barley after harvesting rice. Also, dual cropping systems such as 'winter-barley after rice' could be possible at most of the North Korean rice paddies by 2040s. Additional grain production in North Korea could increase up to 4 million tons per year if dual cropping systems can be fully operated, i.e., winter barley after rice at all lowlands and winter barley after maize or potato at all uplands.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.181-189
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• 1986

This nutrition survey was carried out twice(Spring and autumn) in Sam Chung-Ri, Song Kwang Myun, Soong Ju-Gun. The food intakes of 92 family members were measured by weighing method. Also 45 adults were examined for anthropometric, blood content and blood pressure. The results abtained were summarized as follows; In vegetable foods, the intake of rice was high, but that of legumina and other cereals was low. In animal foods, the intake of milk and eggs was low, and that of oils and fats was very low. However, the food intake between spring and autumn showed remarkable difference. The average intake of calorie, protein, Ca, Fe and vitamin $B_2$ except vitamin $B_1$ and niacin was below the RDAs. The percentage of carbohydrate, protein and fat for energy was 82.2, 11.6 and 6.2%, respectively. The results of anthropometry of height, weight and chestcircumference showed that both sexes Were below Korean Standards. The concentration of Hb & Hct was normal in both sexes, and the rate of anemia was low. The concentrations of plasma glucose, protein, lipids, and blood pressure were normal in both sexes. In case of male, the correlation between plasma albumin and nutrients intake was significant, but the case of female showed different tendency. In case of male, the correlation between weight, height and plasma protein was also significant but the case of female showed different tendency. The rate of parasite infection was very low $(2.17%{\ldots}3.26%)$

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.64-78
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• 1992

In this study, elementary school students of both urban and rural areas as its subjects were asked to draw 'A beautiful landscape' by employing the perspective representation technique, i. e., the Perception Map, and to write down the elements comprising 'A beautiful landscape' in the questionnaire sheets. By doing so, an attempt was made 1) to analyze whether there are differences in perceiving 'A beautiful landscape' according to the differences of the environment in which they were brought up ; and, if there are differences. 2) to identify them ; and based on that , 3) to present basic data for evaluation on landscape, on its preference analysis and for Park Planning. The summary of this study is as follows ; 1) The main elements, elementary school students think, comprising 'A beautiful landscape' are 25 ones such as Sky(7), Sea(2), Water(2), Topography(5), Plants(5), Animals(3), School(1), Rural village(1). The natural elements showing a difference are ; Water fall in urban areas and School landscape in rural areas ; the artificial elements are ; City groups(Structures, Facilities, Necessities, Transportation means and Space) in urban areas and School groups in rural areas. Especially, in case of rural area children, they regard 'Trees' as an essential element to be 'A beautiful landscape' comparing to those in urban areas. 2) According to the analysis result on the correlation between the elements comprising a beautiful rural landscape and a beautiful ruban landscape, the correlation between boys and girls is high, showing the same trend with any difference. In comparison of urban areas with rural areas, there is no difference between natural elements, but in artificial elements(7 groups without family) the correlation is quite low, showing that all comprising elements are not the same between rural schools and cities, between schools within the same areas, and between schools of different areas. 3) In identifying the names of elements comprising 'A beautiful landscape', Back-Du Mountain and Sorak Mountain are shown the highest frequency in the category of mountains. In the names of trees and flowers, the elementary school children are thought to consider the kinds of trees and flowers they can see always at hand, i. e., those in their school ground where they spend most of their day time. 4) In the analysis of the numbers of comprising elements according to the responses in the questionnaire sheets and in the Perception Map, 'less than 10' is the most frequently counted number of comprising elements by individual students regardless of rural and urban differences. When the total frequency is divided by the number of students, the mean score is 6-7 without any differences between rural and urban areas, implying that there are no differences in the expression ability between urban and rural schools. 5) According to the result of classyfying and analysizing the landscape appeared on the Perception Map by similar elements and by similar scenes, 'A beautiful landscape' thought by elementary school children is defined not as a standardized form but as 11 types such as the landscape of fields, the landscape of a sea, the landscape of a rural village, a type where elements are assembled, the landscape of cities, the landscape of a school, the landscape coming out of a imagination, and other landscape. Both rural and urban children all consider the landscape of mountains and field and the landscape where several elements are assembled as a commonly beautiful one. Among the landscapes showing rural and urban differences, it can be analyzed that urban children regard the landscapes of cities, imagination, and waterfalls as something characteristic, while rural children regard the landscape of schools and rural villages as something characteristic.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.139-157
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• 2005

In rural area, as the source of family income is related with the agriculture works, the living condition of non-farming family used to be lower except some family groups with a little higher income. In order to find out the improvement in rural life, data about the health behavior and diet habits of non-farming family were observed. This study evaluated the health behavior and diet habits of non-farming families by comparing them with those of the farming families in rural area. The survey was made by trained interviewers and a total of 1,870 subjects from 9 provinces were questioned to collect the data through sampling probability proportional to size. The non-farming families were $29.6\%$ of the total and they were with no spouse($38\%$), low number of family members(2.86), and aged husband(66.8 years) or wife(58.5 years). $83.1\%$ of the non farming families were having breakfast however, $95.1\%$ of the farming families were doing it. And the number of side dishes in non farming families was low(1-2 kinds: $17.7\%$). Out of non farming families, $47.3\%$ took no nutritional supplements and out of the farming families it was 40.8 $\%$ With regard to having snacks, $22\%$ of non-farmers had snacks daily and it was greater than that of farmers($16.6\%$). But the ratio of non-snack taking of the non-farmers($29.6\%$) was higher than that of farmers($24.5\%$). The sorts of snacks also varied and for farmers it used to be fruit and noodles and for non-farmers it was bread and milk. Instant foods were often selected by $35.6\%$ of non-farmers. Dining out with a frequency of once per month was reported in $23.2\%$ of non-farming families, but $47.6\%$ of them did not dine out at all. In case of food production for family consumption, small portion of non-farmers cultivated pepper($13.3\%$), Korean cabbage ($16.2\%$), and sesame($6.2\%$) but almost all of the farmers cultivated such crops. However, non-farmers produced soybean sprouts($0.7\%$), soybean curd($0.2\%$), and eggs($7.2\%$) and it was compared with the fact that farmers produced soybean sprouts($9.7\%$), soybean curd ($4.6\%$), and eggs($5.1\%$). Non-farmers stocked the fermented foods: Doenjang ($57.8\%$), Kochujang ($56.1\%$), Kanjang ($53.6\%$), Kimchi ($77.9\%$) and Jangajji ($37.2\%$), and this ratios were smaller than those of farmers: Doenjang ($93.6\%$), Kochujang ($92.9\%$), Kanjang ($87.9\%$), Kimchi ($97.7\%$) and Jangajji ($66.7\%$). As to health behavior of the subjects, non-farmers had less medical examinations and bathing than farmers did. Non-farmers and their wives used public bath facilities more often and it may be due to the low condition of bathing facilities. And the ratio of daily alcohol consumption was $15\%$ and it was higher than that of the farmers. Most of the spouse of the farmers did not drink($78\%$), but the wives of the non-farmers were drinking more frequently. More farmers smoked than non-farmers and $45\%$ of male farmers were smokers.