• Communications of Mathematical Education
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.121-144
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• 2024

This study analyzes how the academic achievement of students in Korea changes as they transition from 4th grade of elementary school to 2nd grade of middle school, considering that the 4th graders in the previous TIMSS cycle become 2nd graders in the next cycle. In particular, this study selects and compares the eight main countries in the TIMSS math evaluation (Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Japan, USA, UK, Australia, and Russia) to analyze the trend of change in academic achievement of Korean students according to school grade transition. The trend of change in academic achievement of students was analyzed not only overall but also by content area (number, geometry and measurement, data representation (data and probability/data and probability), gender, and regional scale. The analysis focused on the average score and the proportion of students by achievement level. The results of the study are as follows. First, there was no significant change in the average score of Korean students' academic achievement as the school grade transitioned, but the achievement gap widened in terms of the proportion by achievement level. Second, there were differences in students' academic achievement by content area according to school grade transition, and the pattern differed depending on the evaluation cycle. Third, there was a significant gap in students' math academic achievement depending on gender and regional scale of school location. This study reveals that the achievement gap among students in our country widens as they transition between school levels. The gap is found to vary in terms of achievement level, math content area, student gender, and school location. To alleviate these disparities, more substantial research and support are proposed in addition to policy implementation by the government or provincial offices of education.

• 한국체육학회지인문사회과학편
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• v.58 no.2
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• pp.363-372
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• 2019

This study examined current system of qualification for dance teacher and curriculums along with their actual state, and sought to suggest methods to improve system of qualification for teacher among secondary school dance teachers by type and curriculums. Firstly, through literature analysis, the study examined systems and methods related with acquiring certificate for the current secondary school teacher (2nd grade) and for culture & art teacher for physical education (2nd grade) at the time when preliminary teachers qualified as secondary school dance teacher turned out. And then, using instrumental case study, it analyzed main issues and discourses by examining the cases in which they acquired qualification for secondary school teacher and qualification for dance teacher. Building on this, the study suggested how to improve systems in regard to qualification for dance teachers among regular teachers of secondary school, acquisition path, method and curriculum.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.167-185
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to analyse the cases related with PBL and to suggest the activation plan of LAI based on the derived results. The analysis objects were the PBL cases which have been performed from 2000 to 2018 in Korean schools. The PBL cases were analysed in the aspects of school levels, target grades, subject clusters, teaching patterns, information sources, cooperative teaching status, library cooperative teaching status, and educational effects. The results were like these; 1)The PBL was applied at the elementary schools the most, the next middle schools, and high schools. 2)The teaching pattern was the exclusive teaching the most, and the next pattern was team teaching with other teacher, and the lowest pattern was with librarian teacher. 3)The subject cluster was natural science cluster the most and the next was the human & social science cluster and the art, music and physical education cluster. 4)The PBL performed with school library was low. 5)The main effects of PBL were the improvements of academic achievement, learning satisfaction degree, creative ability, problem-solving ability, and self-directed learning capability. As the results, it's proposed that it's important for librarian teachers to have the aggressive attitude for the activation of LAI as well as the cooperation with PBL subject teachers from the planning step to the evaluation.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.173-180
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• 2021

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between perceived parenting style and life satisfaction among adolescents transitioning from middle to high schools and to ascertain whether self-esteem functions as a mediating variable between the two aforementioned variables. Based on the results of literature review, a research model, in which there were perceived parenting style, self-esteem, and life satisfaction as latent variables, was designed. The current study analyzed the 6th and 7th wave data of the 4th grade panel of elementary school from the Korea Children and Youth Panel Survey (KCYPS). Major results were as follows. First, perceived democratic parenting style had a significant positive effect on life satisfaction whereas controlling parenting style did not have a significant impact on life satisfaction. Second, self-esteem partially mediated the effect of perceived democratic parenting style on life satisfaction. Third, self-esteem fully mediated the effect of perceived controlling parenting style on life satisfaction. Finally, implications and recommendations were provided to improve parenting style and to enhance self-esteem of adolescents experiencing school transitions.

• Journal of Teachers' Pension
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• v.2
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• pp.243-274
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• 2017

최근 우리나라는 유례를 찾아볼 수 없을 정도로 고령화 진행속도가 빠른 나라로 공적 연금재정과 연금제도의 지속가능성에 대한 관심이 증가하고 있는 상황이다. 따라서 사회보장제도 개혁에 성공한 국가로 잘 알려진 스웨덴 사례를 통해 사학연금제도의 유지 및 장기적 재정안정화에 시사하는 바를 찾고자 한다. 스웨덴 정부는 인구고령화에 따른 위험에 상대적으로 안전한 '명목확정기여(Notional Defined Contribution)'방식을 도입하여, 개인의 연금계좌에 연금보험료를 적립하여 수급시점에 본인이 부담한 보험료 상당액을 연금으로 돌려받을 수 있도록 운영하고 있다. 또한 경제상황이 예상 수준보다 침체되고 연금 재정수지가 악화될 경우 이와 연계하여 자동으로 연금가입자의 부담금을 높이고, 지출되는 급여액을 감소시키는 '자동재정균형장치(Automatic Balancing System)'를 도입하였다. 상기와 같이 기여와 급여를 명확하게 연계시키는 스웨덴의 명목확정기여 방식의 연금제도는 장기적 재정안정은 물론이고 안정적인 연금 급여를 제공한다고 평가되고 있다. 스웨덴은 연금개혁 후 확정기여(DC)제도로 전환하여 장기적인 제도 안정성을 추구하지만 사학연금은 확정급여(DB)제도를 유지하면서 급여수준의 하향조정과 보험료율을 점진적으로 상향시켜 재정안정성을 확보하는 것이 가장 큰 차이점이다. 스웨덴의 연금제도와 같이 공적연금의 틀을 유지하면서 사적연금의 장점을 최대로 수용한 명목확정기여 방식의 연금제도를 도입한다면 급격한 재정부담 없이 장기적으로 지속가능한 연금재정 안정화에 기여할 수 있을 것이다. 일견 스웨덴의 정치, 경제상황 및 문화적 특성 차이로 인해 스웨덴의 연금제도 방식을 획일적으로 사학연금제도에 적용하는 것은 불가능하다. 경제상황을 고려한 기여와 급여의 연계 강화를 개혁의 기본방향으로 설정한 스웨덴의 사례를 벤치마킹하여 사학연금 또한 거시경제상황과 조화를 이루는 제도개선 및 자동안정장치를 마련해 보는 것도 고려해 봄직 하다. 지속적으로 스웨덴 및 연금제도 선진 국가들의 연금개혁안을 재검토하여 사학연금제도에 현실적으로 적용할 수 있는 방안과 시사점들을 찾는 노력이 필요할 것이다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Earth Science Education
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.119-130
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• 2019

The TIMSS assessment is conducted every four years, and Korean fourth grade cohort in TIMSS 2011 participated in TIMSS 2015 again as eighth graders, which produced the first achievement data of the cohort group of elementary and middle schools. In this study, in order to investigate the causes of the decline in Korean students' science achievement with grade changes from the fourth to the eighth grade, we analyzed educational context variables such as characteristics of students, teachers, and classroom instructions of the top 5 achievement countries participated in both TIMSS 2011 and TIMSS 2015. According to the results, students' sense of school belonging increased, whereas students' positive attitudes toward science teaching decreased with the grade change from the fourth to the eighth. As for the teacher characteristics, the teacher's professional development activity increased, and the teacher's confidence in science teaching showed similar tendency to the international average. Regarding classroom instruction characteristics, the frequency of inquiry-related science activities was highest at the fourth grade, and lower than the international average at the eighth grade. Based the results, we suggested implications for science teaching and learning as well as further studies including development of differentiated strategy by the school level to improve students' achievement, the necessity of converting into more student-engaging science classes, and the necessity of in-depth study on the teacher related educational contextual variables.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.63-75
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• 2007

A survey on sanitary management at 98 food service institutions located in Jeollabuk-Do were conducted. Food service institutions included 13 hospitals, 38 schools, 40 enterprises, and 7 others. The sterilization in boiling water was used for disinfection of tableware, spoon and chopsticks, and dish towel. Cooking kit, refrigerator, chopping board, and knife were sterilized with disinfectant. Frequency of sanitary training program on employees was 56.1% for 1 time/month, 12.2% for 2-3 times/month, and 11.3% for 1 time/week. Preparing ratio of defrosting, warehouse and rest room, and washing and sterilization diary were 73.8, 60.5, and 54.5%, respectively. However, checking ratio of environments (9.5%), personal sanitation (10.8%), and sanitary training program diary(8.4%) were low. Major obstacle factors on the introduction of Hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) system into food service institutions were lack of equipment and facilities (54.1%) and lack of understanding and data on HACCP system (17.3%). Therefore, in order to reduce the outbreak of food-borne diseases increasing frequency, we estimated that the introduction of sanitary management system and the conversion of dietician' perception on sanitary managements in food service institutions were needed.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.15-23
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to examine the issues of digital textbook policy in Korea, using the four dimensional model of Cooper, Fusarelli, & Randall(2004). Building upon systematic review of the policy documents, journals, and articles, I found some issues and implications for the betterment of the policy: From normative dimension, it is important to overcome widespread view of textbook based on positivist epistemology. From structural dimension, we need to move to curriculum-based textbook system and stabilize the organization in authority within the Ministry of Education. From constituentive dimension, much more consideration and support within the authority are to be provided to teachers and students. Lastly, it is critical to develop and disseminate an effective instructional model and build capacity of teachers' ICT from technical dimension. Building upon the results, clarification of policy objectives, establishment of priorities for school grades and subjects in the mid- to long-term perspective, and the establishment of communicative venue for the gathering of opinions of teachers and students who are key participants and activation of operations.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.35-54
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• 2002

This study was performed to investigate the task status and performance improvement plan of dental hygienists of Health Centers and Subcenters. The Data collected by self-administered Questionnaire survey of 203 dental hygienists of Health Centers and Subcenters located in Gyeongsangbuk-do were analyzed. The major results are as follows: For the degree of satisfaction in tasks, 73.9% of dental hygienists of Health Centers and Subcenters felt proud, 52.2% felt overwork, 32.0% hoped transferring to other worksite and the major reason of transferring was lack of promotion opportunity in officials of dental hygiene department. Dental hygienists received job education in addition continuous job education in last 3 years were 47.3%, 19.2% of dental hygienists performed the special dental health program for residents in last 3years. Almost half(53.7%) of dental hygienists replied that dental hygienists who were not engaged in dental health tasks should be engaged in dental health tasks. The major dental hygienic tasks performed by dental hygienic officials were support for dental treatment(41.6%). Dental hygienic officials answered that dental health tasks, school dental health program, vertical dental health program should be conducted as important tasks in order. And they replied that the most serious problem of dental hygienic tasks was not conducting dental health affairs due to 'lack of dental doctor'(40.9%), 'lack of concern for dental health tasks'(26.4%), and 'lack of budget and personnels for dental tasks'(19.0%), and the most important thing to improve dental hygienic tasks was 'posting dental hygienists in ministry of health and welfare(MOHW) and province', 'securing of budget and personnels for dental health tasks'.

• Journal of Teachers' Pension
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• v.3
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• pp.69-105
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• 2018

저출산과 고령화 이슈는 우리사회의 경제적 문제뿐만 아니라 공적연금의 재정지속가능성 여부와도 맞물려 있다. 실제로 우리나라 모든 공적연금은 사회보험역설(social insurance paradox)이 지속되기 힘든 새로운 도전에 직면하였다. 즉, 재정지속가능성은 제도 내적 연금개혁 혹은 제도 외적 재정지원이 없다면 항시적 수지불균형 상태가 누적될 것으로 예측된다. 이에 정부는 직접 고용과 관련된 공무원연금과 군인연금에 대해서만 연금충당부채를 산출하도록 규정하고 있다. 발생주의회계를 채택한 국제회계기준(종업원급여)을 참조하여 연금충당부채 산출을 위한 연금회계준칙(2011.8.3. 제정; 2011.1.1. 시행) 그리고 '연금회계 평가 및 공시 지침(2011.8.3. 고시 : 이하 편의상 연금회계지침이라 함)'을 신설하였다. 사학연금에 적용성 여부 논의에 앞서, 이들의 산출방법상의 문제점을 먼저 살펴보았다. 첫째, 공적연금은 공통적으로 세대 간 합의에 의해 운영되는 사회계약에 해당하므로 제도의 연속성을 전제로 한다. 하지만 연금회계준칙 및 지침은 제도의 청산을 전제로 현재 가입자(연금 미수령자, 연금 수령자)에 대해서 연금충당부채를 산출하는 폐쇄형측정(closed group valuation)을 채택하고 있다. 즉, 폐쇄형은 제도의 연속성 속성을 반영하고 있지 못하고 있어 기본 전제와 모순된다. 둘째, 공무원연금과 군인연금은 이미 기금 소진(최소한의 유동성기금만 보유함)이 되었고 정부의 보전금에 의해 수지 균형이 유지되는 순수부과방식 체계로 전환되었다. 따라서 연금충당부채는 해당 적립기금의 과소 여부를 판정하는 재정상태 기준 값에 해당하므로 기금소진이 진행된 현 상황에서는 산출의 목적, 필요성을 찾기가 힘들다. 부언하면, 제도 외적 재정지원(보전금)에 의한 수지균형방식이라면 발생주의회계보다는 현금주의회계가 회계의 목적적합성이 높다. 마지막으로 연금충당부채 산출에 있어 가장 민감한 할인율 설정 권한을 기재부장관에게 위임한 내용은 산출의 객관성, 일관성을 확보하기 힘들다고 판단된다. 이를 해소하기 위한 방안으로 본 연구에서는 5년마다 실시하고 있는 장기재정계산에서 예측된 명목 기금투자수익률을 연도별로 적용할 것을 권고하고 있다. 현행 정부회계기준을 사학연금제도에 그대로 적용하기에는 상당한 무리가 있다. 그 이유와 공시방안에 대해 살펴본다. 현재 사학연금은 기금소진 이슈로부터 상당부분 벗어나기 위해 2015년 연금개혁을 단행한 바가 있고 이를 통해 상당기간 부분적립방식 체계가 유지될 것이다. 물론 제도 외적 재정지원은 사학연금법 제53조의7에서 정부지원의 가능성만을 열어 놓은 상태이므로 미래기금소진의 가능성은 상존한다고 볼 수 있다. 먼 미래에는 순수부과방식 체계로 전환될 개연성이 높다. 이러한 재정의 양면성을 본 연구에서는 이중재정방식(dual financing system)이라고 한다. 이러한 속성을 고려하여 연금충당부채(연금채무라는 표현이 적합할 것으로 사료됨)를 산출하고 공시하여야 한다. 그 주요 연구 결과는 다음과 같이 요약된다. 먼저 현행 부분적립방식의 재정상태 검증을 위해 연금채무를 산정할 필요성이 있다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 기발생주의(예측단위방식 적용)에 근거한 폐쇄형 측정I(제도 종료를 전제로 현 가입자의 잠재연금채무(IPD) 산출에 초점을 둠) 그리고 미래발생주의(가입연령방식 적용)에 근거한 폐쇄형 측정II(추가적으로 현 가입자의 일정기간 급여 및 기여 발생 허용)을 제안하고 있다. 이를 통해 미적립채무의 규모 그리고 이를 해소하기 위한 상각부담률을 산출할 수 있다. 최종적으로 미래 가입자들까지 포함하고 기금소진 가능성까지 고려하는 개방형측정(open group valuation)을 다루고 있다. 단, 본 연구에서는 공무원연금처럼 기금부족분에 대해서 향후 정부보전금이 있다는 가정 하에 공시 방법을 제시하고 있다. 요약하면, 현행 사학연금제도는 현재와 미래의 재정 양면성을 모두 고려하여 연금채무 및 미적립채무를 공시하여야 한다. 부언하면, 현재 부분적립방식 재정상태를 반영하는 연금채무는 발생주의회계를 적용하고 미래에 도래할 순수부과방식 재정상태는 현금주의회계를 적용할 것을 최종 결론으로 도출하고 있다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 한계는 정부보전금의 가능성에 대한 법률적 해석과 병행하여 책임준비금 범위의 안정적 확대를 전제로 한 공시 논의 그리고 보전금의 책임한도 범위에 따른 공시 논의 등은 다루고 있지 않다는 점이다. 이러한 논의 사항은 향후 연구과제로 두고자 한다.