• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.185-195
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• 1991

Seventy four patients with pituitary adenoma received radiation therapy (RT) on the pituitary area using 6 MV linear accelerator during the past 7 years at the Division of Radiation Therapy, Kangnam St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic University Medical College. Thirty nine were men and 35 were women. The age ranged from 7 to 65 years with the mean being 37 years. Sixty five ($88\%$) patients were treated postoperatively and 9 ($12\%$) primary RT, To evaluate the effects of RT, we analyzed the series of endocrinologic studies with prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH), adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), leuteinizing hormone (LH), follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) etc after RT. All but one with Nelson's syndrome showed abnormal neuroradiologic changes in the sella turcica with invasive tumor mass around supra- and/or parasella area. The patients were classified as 23 ($29\%$) prolactinomas and 20 ($26\%$) growth hormone (GH) secreting tumors, and 6 ($8\%$ ACTH secreting ones consisting of 4 Cushing's disease and 2 Nelson's syndrome. Twentynine ($37\%$) had nonfunctioning tumor and four ($5\%$) of those secreting pituitary tumors were mixed PRL-GH secreting tumors. The hormonal level in 15 ($65\%$) of 23 PRL and 3 ($15\%$) of 20 GH secreting tumors returned to normal by 2 to 3 years after RT, but five PRL and five GH secreting tumors showed high hormonal level requiring bromocriptine medication. Endocrinologic insufficiency developed by 3 years after RT in 5 of 7 panhypopituitarisms, 4 of seven hypothyroidisms and one of two hypogonadisms, respectively. Fifteen ($20\%$) patients were lost to follow up after RT.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.149-159
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• 2017

We investigated the mineralogical and chemical characteristics of oyster shell as the possible substitute for the limestone used as an absorbent of $SO_2$ gas. The oyster shells from Taean and Tongyeong were used for the comparison with limestone and those from Boyreong and Yeosu were additionally investigated. XRD results show that all shells are composed of calcite with the exception of the myostracum layer attached to adductor muscle and ligament, which is composed of aragonite. The marine sediments as impurities exist on the surface of shells or as inclusions in the shells. Calcite is the main mineral composition of the shell of barnacle which is also one of the impurities. The oyster shell is composed of three main layers; prismatic, foliated, and chalk. The oyster shell from Tongyeong with the largest shell size, has the smallest thickness of prismatic and foliated layers which contain protein called conchiolin, whereas that from Taean with the smallest shell size has the largest prismatic and foliated layers. The sizes of those two layers of the shells from Boryeong and Yeosu are larger than that from Tongyeong but smaller than Taean. Those differences are supposed to be due to the different growth environments because the oysters from Tongyeong are cultured under the sea while those from Taean are in the tidal zone. The oyster shells generally show higher amount of sulfur and phosphorus than limestone, mainly due to the composition of protein. Some elements such as Mg show significant variations in different layers. As for trace elements, Li shows much higher amount in oyster shells than limestone, suggesting the influence of the composition of the sea water on the formation of the oyster shells.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.147-152
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• 2015

Nitrogen (N) loading from domestic, agricultural and industrial sources can lead to excessive growth of macrophytes or phytoplankton in aquatic environment. Many studies have used nitrogen stable isotope ratios to identify anthropogenic nitrogen in aquatic systems as a useful method for studying nitrogen cycle. In this study to evaluate the precision and accuracy of Kjeldahl processes, two reference materials (IAEA-NO-3, N-1) were analyzed repeatedly. Measured the ${\delta}^{15}N-NO_3$ and ${\delta}^{15}N-NH_4$ values of IAEA-NO-3 and IAEA-N-1 were $4.7{\pm}0.2$‰ and $0.4{\pm}0.3$‰, respectively, which are within recommended values of analytical uncertainties. Also, we investigated spatial patterns of ${\delta}^{15}N-NO_3$ and ${\delta}^{15}N-NH_4$ in effluent plumes from a waste water treatment plant in Han River, Korea. ${\delta}^{15}N-NO_3$ and ${\delta}^{15}N-NH_4$ values are enriched at downstream areas of water treatment plant suggesting that dissolved nitrogen in effluent plumes should be one of the main N sources in those areas. The current study clarifies the reliability of Kjeldahl analytical method and the usefulness of stable isotopic techniques to trace the contamination source of dissolved nitrogen such as nitrate and ammonia.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.626-632
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• 2001

The plant extracted from Nameko, Gallic, Green tea, Allspice, Polygonum multiflorum, Schizandra chinensis, Armeniacae and Pine needle were utilized to investigate the effects of extracts on free radical reaction, lipid oxidation and nitrite scavenging ability. The pH of ethanol extracts showed a higher than that of hot water extracts, among of which were showed the lowest pH 3.0 in Schizandra chinensis. The important factor of lipid oxidation were $Fe^{2+}$ ion and active oxygen, in which were bound by plant extracts in case of $Fe^{2+}$ ion existed. However, the hydroxyl radical scavenging ability of extracts were lowed, compared to extracts reacted with $Fe^{2+}$ ion. Among of them, the hydroxyl radical scavenging ability of Nameko and Pine needle extracts had a lower TBARS value than those of control. The iron content of extracts were less than 2.0 mg/100 g, but the total iron content of Schizandra chinensis extracts were 6.8 mg/100 g. The ethanol extracts of pine needle were higher than those of hot water extracts on the basis of $Fe^{2+}$ ion content. The ascorbic acid content of green tea showed 14.3 mg/100 g in hot water extracts and 16.7 mg/100 g in ethanol extracts. Electron donating ability of extracts showed more than 50%, except Nameko and allspices, which were higher in ethanol extracts than those of hot water extracts. The superoxide dismutase(SOD)-like activity of green tea showed 85.3% and 63.5% in hot water and ethanol extracts, respectively. The nitrite scavenging ability of green tea was the most effective in both extracts.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.4
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• pp.77-86
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• 1986

The purpose of this study is to estimate an optimum formula of rainfall intensity on basis of the characteristics for short period of rainfall duration in Kyungpook province for the design of urban sewerage and small basin drain system. Results studied are as follows; 1. The optimum method for Taegu and Pohang, Iwai's and Gumbel-Chow's method are recommended respectively. 2. The opotimum type of rainfall intensity for these area, $I=\frac{a}{\sqrt{t}+b}$ (Japanese type), is confirmed with 2.52~4.17 and 1.86~4.54 as a standard deviation for Taegu and Pohang respectively. The optimum formula of rainfall intensity are as follows. Taegu : T : 200 year - $I=\frac{824}{\sqrt{t}+1.5414}$ T : 100 year - $I=\frac{751}{\sqrt{t}+1.4902}$ T : 50 year - $I=\frac{678}{\sqrt{t}+1.4437}$ T : 30 year - $I=\frac{623}{\sqrt{t}+1.4017}$ T : 20 year - $I=\frac{580}{\sqrt{t}+1.3721}$ T : 10 year - $I=\frac{502}{\sqrt{t}+1.3145}$ T : 5 year - $I=\frac{418}{\sqrt{t}+1.2515}$ Pohang : T : 200 year - $I=\frac{468}{\sqrt{t}+1.1468}$ T : 100 year - $I=\frac{429}{\sqrt{t}+1.1605}$ T : 50 year - $I=\frac{391}{\sqrt{t}+1.1852}$ T : 30 year - $I=\frac{362}{\sqrt{t}+1.2033}$ T : 20 year - $I=\frac{339}{\sqrt{t}+1.2229}$ T : 10 year - $I=\frac{299}{\sqrt{t}+1.2578}$ T : 5 year - $I=\frac{257}{\sqrt{t}+1.3026}$ 3. Significant I.D.F. curves derived should be applied to estimate a suitable rainfall intensity and rainfall duration.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.756-768
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• 2017

The subjects for the study were twenty four obese women(50's) composed of the exercise group(n=12) and to a "no exercise" control group(n=12). The variables of health-related fitness, blood pressure, and blood vessel elasticity where measured in all the subjects before the start of the training program and after at the end of the 8 weeks circuit training. The test data were analyzed by t-test, paired t-test, and alpha level of p<.05 was set for all tests of significance. Health-related fitness was exercise group, the BMI had significantly decreased, and the 20m shuttle run, sit-ups and sit-and-reach had significantly increased. Blood pressure was exercise group, the systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure had significantly decreased. Also, after the circuit training program, the exercise group had significantly higher diastolic blood pressure than did the control group. blood vessel elasticity was exercise group, the blood vessel elasticity had significantly decreased. And exercise group had significantly higher diastolic blood vessel elasticity than did the control group. In conclusion, BMI, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure had significantly decreased, but 20 m shuttle run, sit-ups and sit-and-reach had significantly increased in the combined exercise group after the 8 weeks circuit training. Therefore, regular and continuous circuit training were effective in improving the body composition, blood pressure, blood vessel elasticity and health-related fitness.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.827-838
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• 2017

Twenty male soccer players volunteered as the experimental subjects. The subjects were randomly assigned to the "Winter training with Cornus officinalis extract intake group"(WCI; n=10) and "Winter training group"(WT; n=10). The variables of blood fatigue substance, muscle damage and liver function where measured in all the subjects before the start of the Cornus officinalis intake after at the end of the 4 weeks winter training. Winter training program was proceeded with 6 days a week for 4 weeks. Exercise intensity was measured using the HRR(70~95%). Changes in the heart rate were also measured with the Polar. WCI group were ingested 80 mL of Cornus officinalis extract after every breakfast and dinner for 4 weeks. The test data were analyzed by paired t-test, and independent t-test(%diff), and the alpha level of p<.05 was set for all tests of significance. Lactate in WCI group had significantly decreased, and the changes between the groups were significantly lower in the WCI group than in the WT group. Ammonia in WCI group had significantly increased. CK in WCI group had significantly decreased. LDH in both group had significantly decreased. AST in WCI group had significantly decreased, and the changes between the groups were significantly lower in the WCI group than in the WT group. ALT in WCI group had significantly decreased. In conclusion, the results of this study show that Cornus officinalis extract seem to have a positive influence on blood fatigue substance, muscle damage and liver function. Therefore Cornus officinalis extract is considered to be able to contribute an ergogenic aids.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.951-962
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of smart machine circulation exercise on body composition, lung function, blood lipid and insulin resistance in obesity middle-aged women among 40-60 years by dividing them into a smart machine circulation exercise group(n=8), and control group(n=6). The smart machine circulation exercise program included 55-minutes sessions thrice each week at the following intensities: The strength of aerobic exercise is applied to smart machines by linking the smart machine with the POLAR T31; the 1-4 week is 40-50%HRR, 5-8 week is 50-60%HRR, and 9-10 week is 60-70%HRR. The strength of the resistance exercise was tested using a smart machine based on the constant velocity motion, and then, using the 1-RM data value, applied 40% 1-RM for 1-4 weeks, 60% 1-RM for 5-8 weeks, and 80% 1-RM for 9-10 week. As a results, body composition indicated that weight, BMI, %BF, WHR had a significant interaction effect. Lung function indicated that FVC levels significantly changes in the exercise group and the between groups difference in changes at 10week was significant. Also, FVC and FEV₁ significantly showed interaction effect. TC, TG and HDL-C levels significantly changes in smart machine circulation exercise group and the between-group difference in changes after 10 weeks was significant. TC, TG and HDL-C significantly showed interaction effect. Insulin resistance demonstrated that Insulin, Glucose and HOMA-IR levels significantly showed difference over 10 weeks between group. Therefore, the 10 weeks smart machine circulation exercise positively effects on the body composition, lung function, blood lipids, and insulin resistance in obesity middle-aged women and this smart machine circulation exercise can improve their obesity and prevent obesity.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.311-324
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• 2021

Recently, ten geosites have been considered in Hwaseong for endorsement as national geoparks, including the Jebudo, Gojeongri Dinosaur Egg Fossils, and Ueumdo geosites. The Jebudo geosite in the southern part of the Seoul metropolitan area has great potential for development as a new geoscience educational site because it has geological, geographical (landscape), and ecological significance. In this study, we described the geological characteristics through field surveys in the Jebudo geosite. We evaluated its potential as a geo-education site based on comparative analysis with other geosites in Hwaseong Geopark. In addition, we reviewed the practical effect of field education at geosites on the essential concepts and critical competence-oriented education emphasized in the current 2015 revised science curriculum. The Jebudo Geosite is geologically diverse, with various metamorphic rocks belonging to the Precambrian Seosan Group, such as quartzite, schist, and phyllite. Various geological structures, such as clastic dikes, faults, joints, foliation, and schistosity have also been recorded. Moreover, coastal geological features have been observed, including depositional landforms (gravel and sand beaches, dunes, and mudflats), sedimentary structures (ripples), erosional landforms (sea cliffs, sea caves, and sea stacks), and sea parting. The Jebudo geosite has considerable value as a new geo-education site with geological and geomorphological distinction from the Gojeongri Dinosaur Egg Fossils and Ueumdo geosites. The Jebudo geosite also has opportunities for geo-education and geo-tourism, such as mudflat experiences and infrastructures, such as coastal trails and viewing points. This geosite can help develop diverse geo-education programs that improve key competencies in the science curriculum, such as critical thinking, inquiry, and problem-solving. Furthermore, by conducting optimized geo-education focused on the characteristics of each geosite, the following can be established: (1) the expansion of learning space from school to geopark, (2) the improvement of understanding of specific content elements and linkage between essential concepts, and (3) the extension of the education scope throughout the earth system. There will be positive impacts on communication, participation, and lifelong learning skills through geopark education.

• The Korean Journal of Vision Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.553-560
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• 2018

Purpose : To investigate a disposal method of disposing contact lenses and the recognition of environmental pollution by micro plastics which may be caused by the wrong disposal method of domestic contact lens wearers. Methods : Two hundred sixty one adults(124 males, 137 females, mean age $21.48{\pm}3.14years$) were participated in this study. They were given the questionnaire survey on contact lenses purchasing place, type of contact lenses, duration of wearing contact lenses, the disposal method of disposing contact lenses and the recognition of the occurrence of environmental pollution. Results : It appeared that eyeglass shop(50.0%) and contact lens shop(48.3%) were the main purchasing places, and the most common type of contact lenses were disposable lenses(38.5%) and daily wearing lenses(52.5%). On the duration of wearing contact lenses they answered more than 5 years(29.3%), less than 1 year (26.0%), less than 1 year to less than 3 years (26.0%), and on wearing a contact lens during a week they did 1-2 days (32.0%), 1 week (28.0%), 5-6 days (22.4%) and 3-4 days (17.6%). It was shown "no(78.3%)" and "yes(21.7%)" to the questionnaire of whether they received information or education about a disposal method at the place where the contact lens was purchased, and "no(87.5%)" and "yes(12.5%)" to the questionnaire of whether they received information or education from schools, public institutions or public media such as the internet. As for the disposal methods, landfill waste(45.6%), recycled garbage(29.6%), and drainage(16.8%) from the sink or toilet responded in order. Although men were more educated and informed about disposal than women (t=3.63189, p<0.00001), women were more aware of environmental pollution(t=2.44269, p=0.01605). Conclusion : In order to reduce the environmental pollution issue caused by the contact lens which does not decompose at the sewage treatment facility and become micro plastics, it is urgent to provide information about correct disposal methods after using contact lenses and to educate contact lens wearers.