• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.127-132
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• 2009

Marchiafava-Bignami disease(MBD) is a rare complication of chronic alcoholism characterized by symmetrical demyelination of the corpus callosum. We report a case of MBD in a Korean patient having chronic alcohol dependence. The patient exhibited mental depression, weakness of all four limbs and dysarthria. Laboratory data showed mild hyponatremia. Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) revealed unusual symmetrical resolving lesions of the putamen in addition to the typically observed lesion of the corpus callosum. The neurologic disturbances were gradually improved with the normalization of low plasma sodium levels. Marked improvement of abnormal MRI findings was noted after thiamine supplement, though the patient still exhibited severe cognitive impairment.

• Proceedings of the Mineralogical Society of Korea Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.15-15
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• 2003

Hydroxylapatite는 석회동굴 생성물의 표면이나 또는 생성정지선에서 쉽게 관찰할 수 있으며, 암적갈색을 띄고 있어 생성물의 흑화현상에 기여하고 있다. 특히, 박쥐 서식처나 그 주위의 동굴생성물 표면에서 다량의 hydroxylapatite가 관찰된다. 본 연구에서는 SEM-EDS와 EPMA, XRD를 이용하여 고수동굴(충북 단양군 가곡면 고수리, 천연기념물 제256호, 1976년에 개방), 성류굴(경북 울진군 근남면 장평리, 천연기념물 제155호, 1963년에 개방)과 기하동굴(강원도 평창군 미탄면 마하리, 미개방동굴) 내에서 채취한 hydroxylapatite 로 구성되어 있는 흑색 피각의 현미경적 조직을 연구하였다. Hydroxylapatite 피각은 모암(고수동굴과 성류굴에서는 calcite, 기하동굴에서는 calcite와 dolomite)의 표면에 약 0.3 mm의 두께로 존재하며 hydroxylapatite가 calcite와 dolomite를 교대하고 있다. 피각의 단면은 전자현미경하에서 비교적 밝은 부분인 hydroxylapatite와 상대적으로 어둡게 보이는 cellophane으로 구성되어 있다. Cellophane은 피각의 바깥 부위에 그리고 hydroxylapatite은 피각의 안쪽에 주로 분포하며 hydroxylapatite가 cellophane을 교대하고 있는 것으로 보아 cellophane으로부터 hydroxylapatite가 형성된 것으로 보인다. cellophane과 hydroxylapatite가 보여주는 조직을 구분하면: 1) 교질조직 (colloform texture) (두께: 1.2 ~ 3 $\mu\textrm{m}$, cellophane 층에 지름 0.5 ~ 1 $\mu\textrm{m}$의 voids가 존재), 2) 망상조직 (reticulate texture) (voids 크기 지름 0.5 ~ 1 $\mu\textrm{m}$), 3) 섬조직 (sea-and-island texture) (크기: 지름 2 ~ 4 $\mu\textrm{m}$) 등이다. Cellophane이 주로 분포하는 피각의 가장자리 부분에는 망상조직과 섬조직 및 void (지름: 약 10 $\mu\textrm{m}$)가 다량 존재하여, 망상조직과 void가 분포하는 곳에는 SO$_2$가 함유된다. 피각 표면에서 Ca, P, Si, Al 이외에 C와 S가 다량 함유되어 있는 막대모양의 박테리아 (지름: 1 $\mu\textrm{m}$, 길이: 1 ~ 10 $\mu\textrm{m}$)들의 집합체가 관찰되는데 박테리아가 피각 표면에 닿아 있는 부분은 박테리아 사이에 hydroxylapatite가 채워져 하나의 덩어리를 이룬다. 망상조직의 void의 크기와 박테리아의 지름이 비슷한 것으로 보아 망상조직은 박테리아 주위에 hydroxylapatite가 침전되고 그 후 박테리아가 있던 자리가 void로 남게 되면서 형성된 것으로 생각되며, 망상조직과 void에 존재하는 SO$_2$는 박테리아로부터 유래된 것으로 사료된다. 모암에는 P가 함유되어 있지 않기 때문에 hydroxylapatite의 P는 외부 물질(박쥐 분비물)에서 유래된 것으로 생각된다. hydroxylapatite 피각의 조직이 형태적으로 박테리아와 비슷한 것은 hydroxylapatite 생성에 미생물이 관여했다는 것을 암시한다.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.149-159
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• 2018

The Gyeongju Bunhwangsa Stone Brick Pagoda, which was built with bricks of andesite, is the oldest brick stone pagoda of Silla period. The damage patterns in the stone pagoda are pollutants such as white crust, black crust, discoloration, soil adsorption, and microorganisms, and repair materials. The damage pattern of structural factors in the Stone Brick Pagoda is a bulging phenomenon. According to the X-ray diffraction analysis, white crust are mainly consist of calcite ($CaCO_3$) and thermonatrite ($Na_2CO_3{\cdot}H_2O$) that evaporite finds in nature. Damage pattern varies depending on location of stone pagoda. The pollutants are first story body of pagoda. The microorganisms are confirmed at base, lion statues, first and second story capstone, and repair materials observed at base. The bulging phenomenon appeared on the first story body of the pagoda. Occupancy rates by damage type were higher in the order of microorganisms, pollutants, repair material, bulging phenomenon, and peeling. The highest percentage of individual damage patterns were black microorganisms (39.3%), followed by lichen (17.9%), discoloration (8.0%), white crust (5.5%), cement mortar (5.1%) and peeling (3.1%).

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.113-120
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• 1989

A new microsporidia (S85) was isolated from the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. in Suwon, Korea in 1985. The electron microscopic observation of the fine structure of the spore was studied for the characterization of the new microsporidia and its taxonomic position. The sporewall was composed of three different electron dense layers and the spore surface was rouph and wrinkled. The polaroplast has two parts which differed in the arrangement of the lamellae. The polarfilament was isofilar with thirteen coils and it was consisted of eight concentric layers of different electron density. The spore contained a single nucleus and the pansporoblast appeared as a thin ballon-like structure surrounding the spore. The membrane was generally smooth and shown occationally wrinkled.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.645-648
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• 2005

Cutaneous horn is a morphologic designation for a projectile, conical, dense hyperkeratotic nodule that resembles the horn of an animal. The lesion varies in size from only a few millimeters to several centimeters, in color(white or yellowish) and in form (straight, curved, or twisted). It arises from a wide range of epidermal lesions, which include benign lesions, premalignant lesions and malignant lesions. An 83-year-old women came to our clinic with a giant cutaneous horn on the right chin and a small horn on the left upper eyelid. The patient had no palpable cervical lymph node. A wide elliptical skin incision was made and the horn was totally excised. In pathology, the giant cutaneous horn on the right chin revealed a moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma with subcutis invasion at its base. "Giant cutaneous horns" have often been associated with invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Cutaneous horns are common lesions usually found on the face, rarely larger than 2 cm. As large cutaneous horns are often associated with underlying malignancy, histopathologic examination of the base of the lesion is necessary to rule out carcinoma and full excision is recommended.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.54-70
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• 1998

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to evaluate the role of structural and functional changes of the brain in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Methods : The authors measured the regions of interest on the magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in 20 patients with paranoid schizophrenia(15 men and 5 women) and 23 control subjects(15 men and 8 women). We also assessed the neurocognitive functions with the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, the Benton Neuropsychological Assessment, and the Weschler IQ test-Korean version, soft neurologic signs, and psychiatric symptoms in the patient group. Results : In the patient group, all ventricles and basal ganglia including caudate nucleus and globus pallidus were significantly enlarged. Although there were no significant differences between the two groups in the values of right frontal lobe and left temporal lobe, there was a tendency of decrease in the values of right frontal lobe and left temporal lobe. There were significant positive correlations between the values of ventricles and the frequency of previous hospitalization. However, there were no significant correlations between other values of regions of interest and clinical data. The value of the right frontal lobe was significantly correlated with the score of soft neurologic signs, which is suggestive of the neurodevelopmental abnormalities. There were significant correlations between the value of frontal lobe and the scores of the various subscales of Benton Neuropsychiatric Inventory. In contrast, the value of left amygdala and putamen showed significant correlation with the score of verbal IQ on the Weschler IQ test. Structural changes of the temporal lobe areas were related with the positive and general symptom scores on PANSS, while those of the basal ganglia were related with the negative symptom scores. Conclusions : These results suggest that the structural changes of the brain in the patients with schizophrenia show the dual process, which is suggestive that the enlarged ventricle show the neurodegenerative process, while enlarged basal ganglia, and shrinked right frontal and left temporal lobe show the neurodevelopmental abnormalities. Among these changes, structural changes of the frontal lobe related with various neuropsychological deficits, while those of left temporal lobe related with language abnormality. Relative to the relation between structural changes and psychiatric symptoms, structural changes of the temporal lobe areas were related with the positive and general symptoms, while those of the basal ganglia were related with the negative symptoms.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.19
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• pp.5-18
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• 2006

The Mireuksaji stone pagoda of the Iksan was built in Muwang King of Baekjae Kingdom and has maintained its present status through several rebuilding process. Recently, the structural unbalance of the pagoda has worsened, so for scientific maintenance recovery of its original pagoda form, the pagoda is under dismantling process. The original form of this pagoda is being presumed to be a plane square pagoda of nine stories, though only a portion of six stories remains until today. The destroyed part from collapse was liked in insecure pagoda form by Japanese in year of 1915. On the surface of the stone which has gone through the present time, efflorescence appeared as precipitation substance over crusted and due to this phenomenon, the structure and color of thee original stone haven't been preserved. Therefore, quantitative analysis on its kind, emitted status and contamination type of secondary inorganic contamination substance of the over crusted surface were analyzed. Also through reaction experiments, contamination type was defined and tests have been applied to find the requirements that will wash out the contaminants. The result of this study will provide the base of quantitative analysis on the kind of inorganic contamination of the surface of stone assets, and it shall also contribute to the application of scientific maintenance recovery of surface cleaner for efflorescence.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.224-231
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• 2002

Purpose: This pilot study was performed to understand the pharmacological effect of olanzapine, an atypical antipsychotic agent, on dopamine transporter in schizophrenic patients. Materials and Methods: Six patients (3 male, 3 female) with schizophrenia, who had not taken any psychotropic drugs for at least four weeks, were studied. Nuclear imaging using $[^{123}I]-{\beta}-CIT$ SPECT was obtained before and after 4-week treatment with olanzapine. Analysis of ROI on the striatum, caudate nucleus, and putamen was performed. Results: Post-treatment uptake was significantly increased in all the ROIs compared with pre-treatment uptake. Conclusion: This preliminary study with the small number of schizophrenic patients suggested an increase in uptake of dopamine transporter in the striatum, caudate nucleus, and putamen after 4-week treatment with olanzapine, which warrants a large-scaled controlled study to confirm the current findings.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.10-18
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• 2009

Purpose: We investigated quantification of dopaminergic transporter (DAT) and serotonergic transporter (SERT) on $^{123}I$-FP-CIT SPECT for differentiating between multiple systemic atrophy (MSA) and idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD). Materials and Methods: N-fluoropropyl-$2{\beta}$-carbomethoxy-$3{\beta}$-4-[$^{123}I$]-iodophenylnortropane SPECT ($^{123}I$-FP-CIT SPECT) was performed in 8 patients with MSA (mean age: $64.0{\pm}4.5yrs$, m:f=6:2), 13 with early IPD (mean age: $65.5{\pm}5.3yrs$, m:f=9:4), and 12 healthy controls (mean age: $63.3{\pm}5.7yrs$, m:f=8:4). Standard regions of interests (ROls) of striatum to evaluate DAT, and hypothalamus and midbrain for SERT were drawn on standard template images and applied to each image taken 4 hours after radiotracer injection. Striatal specific binding for DAT and hypothalamic and midbrain specific binding for SERT were calculated using region/reference ratio based on the transient equilibrium method. Group differences were tested using ANOVA with the postHoc analysis. Results: DAT in the whole striatum and striatal subregions were significantly decreased in both patient groups with MSA and early IPD, compared with healthy control (p<0.05 in all). In early IPD, a significant increase in the uptake ratio in anterior and posterior putamen and a trend of increase in caudate to putamen ratio was observed. In MSA, the decrease of DAT was accompanied with no difference in the striatal uptake pattern compared with healthy controls. Regarding the brain regions where $^{123}I$-FP-CIT binding was predominant by SERT, MSA patients showed a decrease in the binding of $^{123}I$-FP-CIT in the pons compared with controls as well as early IPD patients (MSA: $0.22{\pm}0.1$ healthy controls: $0.33{\pm}0.19$, IPD: $0.29{\pm}0.19$), however, it did not reach the statistical significance. Conclusion: In this study, the differential patterns in the reduction of DAT in the striatum and the reduction of pontine $^{123}I$-FP-CIT binding predominant by SERT could be observed in MSA patients on $^{123}I$-FP-CIT SPECT. We suggest that the quantification of SERT as well as DAT using $^{123}I$-FP-CIT SPECT is helpful to differentiate parkinsonian disorders in early stage.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.22
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• pp.99-108
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• 2008

This research aimed to provide a scientific methodology for removing white and black/brown coloured stains on the wall paintings of tombs of Jinpari No 1 and No 4. in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. For the analysis of chemical composition of stains of the samples from the wall paintings, a microscope and SEM/EDX were used. The analysis confirmed that the fomula of white coloured stains should be $CaSO_4$ or $CaCO_3$ and the black/brown coloured stains should be $CaSO_4$ or $CaCO_3$ with soil deposition. Because of the difficulties of testing several cleaning solutions on sample patches of large area of the painting, the author considered a risk-free cleaning solution as being the most appropriate one, with Ammonium bicarbonate and Anion exchange resin showing satisfactory cleaning effect without visible side effects. For the removal of dense layer of stains, the research suggested that physical cleaning should be followed by applying a cleaning solution.