• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2005.11b
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• pp.253-255
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• 2005

최근 생물학 문제를 해결하기 위하여 생명 정보 분야에서 많은 컴퓨터 기술들이 응용되고 있다. 플라보노이드 정보는 항암, 항산화 효과가 있는 유용한 물질인 플라보노이드의 연구와 관련된 정보를 분석하고 관리하는 컴퓨터 기술 기반의 응용 기술이다. 현재 플라보노이드 정보 관련 연구는 일부에서 수행되고 있으며 플라보노이드의 다양한 정보를 효율적으로 저장 검색 할 수 있는 시스템은 부족한 실정이다. 플라보노이드 물질에 관한 정보를 더욱 효과적으로 저장 관리하고 관련된 연구자들 간에 정보를 쉽게 공유할 수 있도록 본 논문에서는 플라보노이드 정보를 위한 그리드 웹 포탈 시스템 구조와 관련된 데이타 모델을 제안한다. 본 논문에서 제안한 시스템과 데이타 모델의 유용함을 보이기 위해 웹 기반으로 플라보노이드 정보 그리드 포탈을 구현한다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.496-506
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to estimate dietary flavonoids intake of Korean adolescents. Methods: Using data from the 2007-2012 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a total of 3,957 subjects aged 12-18 were included in this study. We estimated individual daily intake of total flavonoid and six flavonoid classes including flavonols, flavones, flavanones, flavan-3-ols, anthocyanidins, and isoflavones by linking food consumption data with the flavonoids in the commonly consumed food database. The distribution of sociodemographic, health-related, and dietary factors according to flavonoids intake was examined. Results: Average dietary flavonoids intake of the study subjects was 195.6 mg/d in girls, and 189.4 mg/d in boys. The highest flavonoids intake group consumed significantly more fiber, vitamin C, legumes, fruits, and vegetables (p < 0.01) and less fat, grains, meats and dairy foods than other lower consumption groups (p < 0.001). Dietary flavonoid intake showed negative correlation with waist circumference and systolic blood pressure (p < 0.05). Conclusion: This study provided basic data for estimation of flavonoids intake of Korean adolescents. Further research will be required for analysis of the association of flavonoids intake and health-related factors such as cardiovascular risk factors.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.137-141
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• 2013

Flavonoids have various biological activities; however, their cellular uptake mechanism is beginning to be understood only recently. This review focuses on cellular flavonoids transport mechanisms in both plants and animals. In plants, flavonoids exist in various cellular compartments, providing a specialized transport system. Newly synthesized flavonoids can be transported from the endoplasmic reticulum to the vacuoles or extracellular space via cellular trafficking pathway. Among membrane transporters, ATP binding cassette, multidrug and toxic extrusion, bilitranslocase homologue transporters play roles in both the influx and efflux of cellular flavonoids across the cell membrane. In recent years, extensive researches have provided a better understanding on the cellular flavonoid transport in mammalian cells. Bilitranslocase transports flavonoids in various tissues, including the liver, intestine and kidneys. However, other transport mechanisms are largely unknown and thus, further investigation should provide detailed mechanisms, which can potentially lead to an improved bioavailability and cellular function of flavonoids in humans.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.391-401
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to estimate the dietary flavonoid intakes of Korean adults according to socioeconomic status. Methods: Using data from the 2007~2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a total of 31,112 subjects aged over 19 years were included in this study. We estimated individuals' daily intakes of total flavonoids and seven flavonoid subclasses, including flavonols, flavones, flavanones, flavan-3-ols, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidin, and isoflavones,by linking food consumption data with the flavonoids database for commonly consumed Korean foods. We compared intakes of flavonoids according to the levels of household income and education. Results: Average dietary flavonoid intakes of the study subjects were 321.8 mg/d in men and 308.3 mg/d in women. Daily flavonoid intakes were positively associated with household income level (p < 0.0001) and education level (p < 0.0001). The subjects in the highest household income and highest education level group (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.30~0.45, p < 0.0001 in men, OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.41~0.60, p < 0.0001 in women) had a lower likelihood of having low total flavonoid intake (less than 25 percentile) compared to the lowest household income and lowest education level group. The food group that contributed to total flavonoid intake with the biggest difference between the lowest and highest groups for both household income level and education level was beverages. Conclusion: This study shows that socioeconomic status was positively associated with flavonoid intake in a representative Korean population. Further research is needed to analyze the association of flavonoid intake with health outcomes according to socioeconomic status such as household income and education level.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2018.10a
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• pp.119-119
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• 2018

국화과(Compositae) 다년생 초본인 곰취속(Ligularia)은 국내에 약 9종이 자생하는 것으로 알려져 있으며, 이 중 곰취 (L. fischeri (Ledeb.) Turcz.)와 곤달비 (L. stenocephala (Maxim.) Matsum. & Koidz.)는 잎을 생체로 식용하는 대표적인 산채자원으로 최근 웰빙 채소의 소비가 증가하면서 곰취와 곤달비를 비롯한 다양한 산채자원에 대한 생리활성 연구가 다수 수행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 동일 기간에 수확한 국내 각 지역에서 재배 생산되는 곰취와 곤달비의 온수추출물($45^{\circ}C$)을 대상으로 총 페놀 및 플라보노이드 함량을 분석 비교하였다. 총 페놀함량은 Folin-Ciocalteu법으로 측정하였고, 8.08-19.06 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry weight의 함량을 나타냈다. 또한 총 플라보노이드 함량은 Aluminum chloride법으로 측정하였으며, 4.01-18.91 mg quercetin equivalent(QE)/g dry weight 범위에서 값이 확인되었다. 통계 분석 결과, 총 페놀함량은 곰취와 곤달비 종간에 차이가 없었으나 폴라보노이드 함량의 경우, 통계적 유의차를 보이며 곤달비의 평균 플라보노이드 함량이 상대적으로 더 높은 것으로 확인되었다. 한편, 총 페놀함량에서는 곰취와 곤달비 모두 재배 지역 간에 차이를 보였으나 총 플라보노이드 함량은 곰취 개체(지역) 간 차이가 거의 없는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과는 곰취와 곤달비 외 기타 산채자원들을 활용한 건강기능식품 개발 연구의 기초자료로 활용될 수 있으며, 추후 구체적인 생리활성 연구와 형태적으로 매우 유사한 두 종간 명확한 기원정립 연구가 함께 이루어진다면 재배 생산 유통 안전성을 높여 농가 소득 증대 효과를 기대할 수 있을 것이다.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.511-522
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• 2011

Flower color is one of the main target traits in the flower breeding. Recently, technological advances in genetic engineering have been successfully reported the flower colors, such as blue roses and blue carnations that are impossible to develop by traditional breeding. Accumulated knowledge-based approaches for flavonoid biosynthesis enabled to introduce novel and unique colors into flowers. These flower color modifications have been made through the regulation of flavonoid metabolic pathway - control of endogenous gene expression and introduction of foreign genes to produce novel and specific flavonoids - and the introduction of transcription factors that are known to regulate sets of genes being involving in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. More empirical regulation of the flavonoids metabolism requires the understanding for regulatory mechanism of intrinsic flavonoids depending on the flower crops and the very sophisticated control of flavonoid metabolic flow. In this review, we summarized successful examples of flower color modification. It might be useful to deduce the strategy for the creation of exquisite colors in flower plants.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.367-371
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• 2013

The half maximal inhibitory concentration ($IC_{50}$) values and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) values were calculated by a 2,2'-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and a 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid ($ABTS^{+{\cdot}}$) assay, in order to determine the antioxidative activities of the compounds. On the basis of the DPPH assay, quercetin had the strongest antioxidative potential of the flavonoids, followed in order by fisetin, 7,8-dihydroxyflavone, morin and kaempferol. Quercetin, fisetin and 7,8-dihydroxyflavone had higher antioxidant potentials than butyl hydroxyl anisole. Quercetin had the highest TEAC value amongst the flavonoids and isoflavonoids, followed in order by 3-hydroxyflavone, fisetin, 7,8-dihydroxyflavone and morin. Comparatively, isoflavonoids were found to have significantly weaker antioxidative potential than the flavonoids.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 2017

One of the most important species, Brassica rapa encompasses a variety of commercial vegetables, such as the Chinese cabbage, pak choi and oilseed crops. The LP08 of yellow sarson (Brassica rapa ssp, tricolaris) have a distinct morphology, with yellow seed color and a unique tetralocular ovary. LP21 of pak choi (Brassica rapa ssp, chinensis) have a dark brown seed color and bilocular ovary. In this study, we generated double haploid plants by crossing the LP08 (maternal variety) and LP21 (paternal variety), using microspore culture. A total of 66 accessions with various morphological characteristics were used for content analysis of flavonoids. The three flavonoids, quercetin, naringenin and kaempferol, showed differing contents in the two crossing parents. The Chinese cabbage type 'Chiifu' was used as the control. The highest accumulation of total flavonoids was observed in LP08. The lowest mean total flavonoids were found in 'Chiifu'. Among the 66 DH accessions, the quercetin contents of 18 accessions showed higher content than LP08. Kaempferol content was also high, and was found to be 79.7% of the total flavonoid content. Naringenin content was low at 2.8%, and was not detected in 22 accessions. Interestingly, the quercetin content positively correlated with the kaempferol content. These results can be used to identify genetic locus and genes related to useful traits. Phenotypic analysis of 66 DH accessions can further be used for natural selection of good breeding materials in B. rapa.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.507-518
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• 2015

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the association of food security with the total and individual flavonoid intakes among Korean adults. Methods: Study subjects were 13,454 men and 19,563 women aged 19 years and older who participated in the 2007~2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Subjects were classified into food-secure and food-insecure groups using the answers to a self-reported question on food sufficiency of subjects' household. The total and individual flavonoid intakes were calculated by linking 24-h dietary recall data of subjects with a flavonoid database. Mean differences in dietary outcomes by food security status, and major food sources of total flavonoids were examined. Results: In this cross-sectional study, 5.8% of male adults and 6.6% of female adults were in food insecure households. Mean daily intakes of total flavonoids, flavonols, flavones, flavanones, flavan-3-ols, isoflavones, and proanthocyanidins were significantly lower in food-insecure groups than food-secure groups among both male and female adults. The differences were maintained in total flavonoids, flavones, flavanones, and flavan-3-ols after adjusting for total energy intake. Mean intakes of fruits and vegetables were significantly lower in food-insecure groups and the total flavonoid intake from fruits and vegetables was also significantly lower in food-insecure groups. The major food sources of total flavonoids were apples (20.7%), mandarines (12.0%), and tofu (11.5%) in the food-secure group, and apples (14.9%), tofu (13.3%), and mandarines (12.6%) in the food-insecure group. Conclusion: This study showed that food insecurity was associated with lower intakes of flavonoids and reduced intakes of fruits and vegetables in a representative Korean population.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.173-182
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the change of Aaster scaber antioxidative activity, total phenolic compounds and flavonoids during the blanching processes. With two parameters such as blanching time and temperature, response surface methodology and central composite design was used to study the combined effect of blanching time (90 to 162 sec) and blanching temperature (75 to $99^{\circ}C$). We found that antioxidative activity, total phenolic compounds and flavonoids during the blanching processes were influenced by blanching temperature and time. Within process condition, total phenolic compounds and flavonoids were extracted 3.00 - 35.48 mg/g and 2.35 - 8.38 mg/g, respectively. DPPH radical scavenging activity was 42.10 - 67.14%. The change of total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and DPPH radical scavenging activity was dependent of blanching temperature more than time. The total phenolic compounds was increased as temperature rise, but flavonoids not. However, DPPH radical scavenging activity was increased during the blanching process.