• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
• /
• v.11 no.3
• /
• pp.20-33
• /
• 2021

This study is to suggest improvements of personal information protection in South Korea, according to requiring the safety of process and protection of personal information. Accordingly, based on data collection and analysis through literature research, this study derived the issues and suitable standards of personal information for major artificial intelligence services. In addition, this cases studies were reviewed, focusing on the legal compliance and porcessing compliance for personal information proection in major countries. And it suggested the improvement plan applied in South Korea. As the results, in legal compliance, it is required reorganization of related laws, responsibility and compliance to develop and provide AI, and operation of risk management for personal information protection laws in AI services. In terms of processing compliance, first, in pre-processing and refining, it is necessary to standardize data set reference models, control data set quality, and voluntarily label AI applications. Second, in development and utilization of algorithm, it is need to establish and apply a clear regulation of the algorithm. As such, South Korea should apply suitable improvement tasks for personal information protection of safe AI service.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
• /
• v.36 no.2
• /
• pp.93-103
• /
• 2023

Warships widely spread numerous chaffs using a blast, which form chaff clouds that create false radar cross-sections to deceive enemy radars. In this study, we established a numerical framework based on a one-way coupling of computational fluid dynamics and discrete element method to simulate the spatiotemporal distribution of chaff clouds for warships in the air. Using the framework, we investigated the effects of wind, initial chaff cartridge angle, and blast pressure on the distribution of chaff clouds. We observed three phases for the chaff cloud diffusion: radial diffusion by the explosion, omnidirectional diffusion by turbulence and collision, and gravity-induced diffusion by the difference in the fall speed. The wind moved the average position of the chaff clouds, and the diffusion due to drag force did not occur. The direction of radial diffusion by the explosion depended on the initial angle of the cartridge, and a more vertical angle led to a wider distribution of the chaffs. As the blast pressure increased, the chaff clouds spread out more widely, but the distribution difference in the direction of gravity was not significant.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
• /
• v.38 no.4
• /
• pp.318-324
• /
• 2004

Purpose: Philips GEMINI is a newly introduced whole-body GSO PET/CT scanner. In this study, performance of the scanner including spatial resolution, sensitivity, scatter fraction, noise equivalent count ratio (NECR) was measured utilizing NEMA NU2-2001 standard protocol and compared with performance of LSO, BGO crystal scanner. Methods: GEMINI is composed of the Philips ALLEGRO PET and MX8000 D multi-slice CT scanners. The PET scanner has 28 detector segments which have an array of 29 by 22 GSO crystals ($4{\times}6{\times}20$ mm), covering axial FOV of 18 cm. PET data to measure spatial resolution, sensitivity, scatter fraction, and NECR were acquired in 3D mode according to the NEMA NU2 protocols (coincidence window: 8 ns, energy window: $409[\sim}664$ keV). For the measurement of spatial resolution, images were reconstructed with FBP using ramp filter and an iterative reconstruction algorithm, 3D RAMLA. Data for sensitivity measurement were acquired using NEMA sensitivity phantom filled with F-18 solution and surrounded by $1{\sim}5$ aluminum sleeves after we confirmed that dead time loss did not exceed 1%. To measure NECR and scatter fraction, 1110 MBq of F-18 solution was injected into a NEMA scatter phantom with a length of 70 cm and dynamic scan with 20-min frame duration was acquired for 7 half-lives. Oblique sinograms were collapsed into transaxial slices using single slice rebinning method, and true to background (scatter+random) ratio for each slice and frame was estimated. Scatter fraction was determined by averaging the true to background ratio of last 3 frames in which the dead time loss was below 1%. Results: Transverse and axial resolutions at 1cm radius were (1) 5.3 and 6.5 mm (FBP), (2) 5.1 and 5.9 mm (3D RAMLA). Transverse radial, transverse tangential, and axial resolution at 10 cm were (1) 5.7, 5.7, and 7.0 mm (FBP), (2) 5.4, 5.4, and 6.4 mm (3D RAMLA). Attenuation free values of sensitivity were 3,620 counts/sec/MBq at the center of transaxial FOV and 4,324 counts/sec/MBq at 10 cm offset from the center. Scatter fraction was 40.6%, and peak true count rate and NECR were 88.9 kcps @ 12.9 kBq/mL and 34.3 kcps @ 8.84 kBq/mL. These characteristics are better than that of ECAT EXACT PET scanner with BGO crystal. Conclusion: The results of this field test demonstrate high resolution, sensitivity and count rate performance of the 3D PET/CT scanner with GSO crystal. The data provided here will be useful for the comparative study with other 3D PET/CT scanners using BGO or LSO crystals.