• Title/Summary/Keyword: 표면결함

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Evaluation of Rail Surface Defects Considering Vehicle Running Characteristics (열차주행특성을 고려한 레일표면결함 분석)

  • Jung-Youl Choi
    • The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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    • v.10 no.3
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    • pp.845-849
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    • 2024
  • Currently, rail surface defects are increasing due to the aging of urban railway rails, but in the detailed guidelines for track performance evaluation established by the country, rail surface damage is inspected with the naked eye of an engineer and with simple measuring tools. It is very important to discover defects in the rail surface through periodic track tours and visual inspection. However, evaluating the severity of defects on the rail surface based on the subjective judgment of the inspector has significant limitations in predicting damage inside the rail. In this study, the characteristics of cracks inside the rail due to rail surface damage were studied. In field measurements, rail surface damage was selected, old rail samples were collected in the acceleration and braking sections, and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to evaluate the rail surface damage was used to analyze the crack characteristics. As a result of the analysis, the crack mechanism caused by the running train and the crack characteristics of the acceleration section where cracks occur at an angle rising toward the rail surface were experimentally proven.

Estimation of mechanical damage by minority carrier recombination lifetime and near surface micro defect in silicon wafer (실리콘 웨이퍼에서 소수 반송자 재결합 수명과 표면 부위 미세 결함에 의한 기계적 손상 평가)

  • 최치영;조상희
    • Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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    • v.9 no.2
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    • pp.157-161
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    • 1999
  • We investigated the effect of mechanical back side damage in Czochralski silicon wafer. The intensity of mechanical damage was evaluated by minority carrier recombination lifetime by laser excitation/microwave reflection photoconductance decay ($\mu$-PCD) technique, wet oxidation/preferential etching methods, near surface micro defect (NSMD) analysis, and X-ray section topography. The data indicate that the higher the mechanical damage intensity, the lower the minority carrier lifetime, and NSMD density increased proportionally, also correlated to the oxidation induced stacking fault (OISF) density. Thus, NSMD technique can be used separately from conventional etching method in OISF measurement.

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Prediction and Analysis of Fracture Strength for Surface Flawed Laminates (표면 손상을 입은 적층판의 강도 예측 및 분석)

  • 최덕현;황운봉
    • Composites Research
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    • v.16 no.5
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    • pp.15-20
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    • 2003
  • In this paper, the fracture strength of the surface damaged laminates was predicted by applying the fracture strengths of the unflawed and flawed laminates. For prediction, the theoretical equation about the fracture strength of laminates was simplified applying classical laminate theory and was applied to the surface damaged laminates. Lagace's and Tsai's experimental data were used for verifying the theoretical equation. Moreover, to verify the theoretical prediction, an experiment was performed. Surface unflawed laminate and flawed laminates were fabricated and the experiments were made and these results were compared with theoretical predictions. The specimens' fiber direction was same to the tensile direction and the theoretical predictions and the experimental results were showed good agreement. Therefore, by this equation, the fracture strength of structures made of composites will be able to be predicted when the surface of the structures was damaged.

Finite Element Simulation of Elastic Waves for Detecting Damages in Underwater Steel Plates (수중 강판에 존재하는 결함탐지를 위한 탄성파 유한요소 시뮬레이션)

  • Woo, Jin-Ho;Na, Won-Bae
    • Proceedings of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute Conference
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    • 2011.04a
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    • pp.623-626
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    • 2011
  • 본 연구는 수중 강판에 존재하는 결함탐지를 위한 탄성파 유한요소 시뮬레이션이다. 일반적으로 수중 강판은 외부의 물로 인하여 결함의 탐지가 어렵다. 이러한 수중 강판의 결함탐지에는 잠수부가 수중 강판 표면에 비파괴 검사 장비를 활용하여 결함을 탐지하는 경우가 많으며 잠수부의 경험과 많은 시간이 소요되는 단점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 수중강판의 표면이 아닌 수중에서 탄성파를 발생시켰을 경우 수중 강판의 결함탐지 유한요소 시뮬레이션을 이용하여 손상의 위치와 손상의 크기에 따라 발생하는 응답을 알아보았다. 강판의 상하부에 기계적인 손상이 발생한 경우를 손상 시나리오로 가정하고 해석을 수행하였다. 손상이 없는 경우의 응답을 기준으로 강판의 상부와 하부에 기계적인 손상이 있는 경우에 발생하는 응답을 비교하였다. 동적유한요소 프로그램인 ANSYS/LS-DYNA를 사용하여 결함탐지 해석을 수행하였다. 결과적으로 손상의 종류에 따라 응답신호의 진폭 감소가 나타났으며 손상의 크기가 커질수록 진폭 감소가 커지는 결과를 나타내었다.

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Classification of Wood Surface Defects using Image Processing Technique (화상처리에 의한 목재표면결함 식별에 관한 연구)

  • Lee, Hyoung-Woo;Kim, Byung-Nam
    • Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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    • v.29 no.2
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    • pp.91-99
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    • 2001
  • In this study the possibility of classifying wood surface defects by image processing technique was investigated. An algorithm for the classification of wood surface defects, such as knot, check, and bark, on three Korean domestic species, Pinus densiflora, Quercus acutissima, and Carpinus laxiflora was also developed. Filtering was executed to separate dummies from the labels including real defect. Error rates in classifying knots on Pinus densiflora and Quercus acutissima were lower than 1% and error rates. In classifying check and bark in Quercus acutissima and Carpinus laxiflora could be lowered to below 13%.

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Metal Surface Defect Detection and Classification using EfficientNetV2 and YOLOv5 (EfficientNetV2 및 YOLOv5를 사용한 금속 표면 결함 검출 및 분류)

  • Alibek, Esanov;Kim, Kang-Chul
    • The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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    • v.17 no.4
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    • pp.577-586
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    • 2022
  • Detection and classification of steel surface defects are critical for product quality control in the steel industry. However, due to its low accuracy and slow speed, the traditional approach cannot be effectively used in a production line. The current, widely used algorithm (based on deep learning) has an accuracy problem, and there are still rooms for development. This paper proposes a method of steel surface defect detection combining EfficientNetV2 for image classification and YOLOv5 as an object detector. Shorter training time and high accuracy are advantages of this model. Firstly, the image input into EfficientNetV2 model classifies defect classes and predicts probability of having defects. If the probability of having a defect is less than 0.25, the algorithm directly recognizes that the sample has no defects. Otherwise, the samples are further input into YOLOv5 to accomplish the defect detection process on the metal surface. Experiments show that proposed model has good performance on the NEU dataset with an accuracy of 98.3%. Simultaneously, the average training speed is shorter than other models.

Correlation Analysis of Rail Surface Defects and Rail Internal Cracks (레일표면결함과 레일내부균열의 상관관계 분석)

  • Jung-Youl Choi;Jae-Min Han;Young-Ki Kim
    • The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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    • v.10 no.1
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    • pp.585-590
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    • 2024
  • In this study, rail surface defects are increasing due to the aging of urban railway rails, but in the detailed guidelines for track performance evaluation established by the country, rail surface damage is inspected with the naked eye of engineers and simple measuring tools. With the recent enactment of the Track Diagnosis Act, a large budget has been invested and the volume of rail diagnosis is rapidly increasing, but it is difficult to secure the reliability of diagnosis results using labor-intensive visual inspection techniques. It is very important to discover defects in the rail surface through periodic track tours and visual inspection. However, evaluating the severity of defects on the rail surface based on the subjective judgment of the inspector has significant limitations in predicting damage inside the rail. In this study, the rail internal crack characteristics due to rail surface damage were studied. In field measurements, rail surface damage locations were selected, samples of various damage types were collected, and the rail surface damage status was evaluated. In indoor testing, we intend to analyze the correlation between rail surface defects and internal defects using a electron scanning microscope (SEM). To determine the crack growth rate of urban railway rails currently in use, the Gaussian probability density function was applied and analyzed.

The influence of mechanical damage on the formation of the structural defects on the silicon surface during oxidation (규소 결정 표면의 구조 결함의 형성에 미치는 기계적 손상의 영향)

  • Kim, Dae-Il;Kim, Jong-Bum;Kim, Young-Kwan
    • Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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    • v.15 no.2
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    • pp.45-50
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    • 2005
  • During oxidation process, several type of defects are formed on the surface of the silicon crystal which was damaged mechanically before oxidation. As the size of abrasive particle increases multiple dislocation loops are produced favorably over oxidation-induced stacking faults, which are dominantly produced when ground with finer abrasive particle. These defects are not related with the crystal growth process like Czochralski or directional solidification. During directional solidification process, twins and stacking faults are the two major defects observed in the bulk of the silicon crystal. On the other hand, slip dislocations produced by the thermal stress are not observed. Thus, not only in single crystalline silicon crystal but also in multi-crystalline silicon, extrinsic gettering process with programmed production of surface defects might be highly applicable to silicon wafers for purification.

Steel Plate Faults Diagnosis with S-MTS (S-MTS를 이용한 강판의 표면 결함 진단)

  • Kim, Joon-Young;Cha, Jae-Min;Shin, Junguk;Yeom, Choongsub
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • v.23 no.1
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    • pp.47-67
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    • 2017
  • Steel plate faults is one of important factors to affect the quality and price of the steel plates. So far many steelmakers generally have used visual inspection method that could be based on an inspector's intuition or experience. Specifically, the inspector checks the steel plate faults by looking the surface of the steel plates. However, the accuracy of this method is critically low that it can cause errors above 30% in judgment. Therefore, accurate steel plate faults diagnosis system has been continuously required in the industry. In order to meet the needs, this study proposed a new steel plate faults diagnosis system using Simultaneous MTS (S-MTS), which is an advanced Mahalanobis Taguchi System (MTS) algorithm, to classify various surface defects of the steel plates. MTS has generally been used to solve binary classification problems in various fields, but MTS was not used for multiclass classification due to its low accuracy. The reason is that only one mahalanobis space is established in the MTS. In contrast, S-MTS is suitable for multi-class classification. That is, S-MTS establishes individual mahalanobis space for each class. 'Simultaneous' implies comparing mahalanobis distances at the same time. The proposed steel plate faults diagnosis system was developed in four main stages. In the first stage, after various reference groups and related variables are defined, data of the steel plate faults is collected and used to establish the individual mahalanobis space per the reference groups and construct the full measurement scale. In the second stage, the mahalanobis distances of test groups is calculated based on the established mahalanobis spaces of the reference groups. Then, appropriateness of the spaces is verified by examining the separability of the mahalanobis diatances. In the third stage, orthogonal arrays and Signal-to-Noise (SN) ratio of dynamic type are applied for variable optimization. Also, Overall SN ratio gain is derived from the SN ratio and SN ratio gain. If the derived overall SN ratio gain is negative, it means that the variable should be removed. However, the variable with the positive gain may be considered as worth keeping. Finally, in the fourth stage, the measurement scale that is composed of selected useful variables is reconstructed. Next, an experimental test should be implemented to verify the ability of multi-class classification and thus the accuracy of the classification is acquired. If the accuracy is acceptable, this diagnosis system can be used for future applications. Also, this study compared the accuracy of the proposed steel plate faults diagnosis system with that of other popular classification algorithms including Decision Tree, Multi Perception Neural Network (MLPNN), Logistic Regression (LR), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Tree Bagger Random Forest, Grid Search (GS), Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The steel plates faults dataset used in the study is taken from the University of California at Irvine (UCI) machine learning repository. As a result, the proposed steel plate faults diagnosis system based on S-MTS shows 90.79% of classification accuracy. The accuracy of the proposed diagnosis system is 6-27% higher than MLPNN, LR, GS, GA and PSO. Based on the fact that the accuracy of commercial systems is only about 75-80%, it means that the proposed system has enough classification performance to be applied in the industry. In addition, the proposed system can reduce the number of measurement sensors that are installed in the fields because of variable optimization process. These results show that the proposed system not only can have a good ability on the steel plate faults diagnosis but also reduce operation and maintenance cost. For our future work, it will be applied in the fields to validate actual effectiveness of the proposed system and plan to improve the accuracy based on the results.

Effects of the Repeated Oxidation-HF Etching-Alkaline Chemical Cleaning Processes on the Silicon Surface in Semiconductor Processing (반도체 공정중 연속적 산화-HF 식각-염기성 세정과정이 실리콘 기판 표면에 미치는 영향)

  • Park, Jin-Gu
    • Korean Journal of Materials Research
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    • v.5 no.4
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    • pp.397-404
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    • 1995
  • 반도체 세정공정에서 염기성 세정액(SCI, Standard cleaning 1, $NH_{4}$OH + $H_{2}$O_{2}$ + $H_{2}$O)은 공정상 발생되는 여러 오염물 중 파티클의 제거를 위해 널리 사용되고 있는데, SCI 조성중 $NH_{4}$OH양에 따라 세정 중 실리콘의 식각속도를 증가시킨다. 이 연구에서는 SCI 세정이 CZ(Czochralski)와 에피 실리콘 기판 표면에 미치는 영향을 단순세정과 연속적인 산화-HF 식각-SCI 세정공정을 통해 관찰되었다. CZ와 에피 기판을 8$0^{\circ}C$의 1 : 2 : 10과 1 : 1 : 5 SCI 용액에서 60분까지 단순 세정을 했을 때 laser particle scanner와 KLA사의 웨이퍼 검색장치로 측정된 결함의 수는 세정시간에 따라 변화를 보이지 않았다. 그러나 CZ와 에피 기판을 10분간 SCI 세정후 90$0^{\circ}C$에서 산화 HF식각공정을 4번까지 반복하였을 때 에피 기판 표면의 결함수는 감소하는 반면에 CZ기판에서는 직선적으로 증가하였다. 반복적인 산화-HF 식각-XCI 세정공정을 통해 생성된 CZ기판 표면의 결함은 크기가 0.7$\mu$m 이하의 pit과 같은 형상을 보여주었다. 이들 결함은 열처리 중 CZ 기판내와 표면에 산화 석출물들이 형성, 반복적인 HF 식각-SCI 세정공정을 통해 다른 부위에 비해 식각이 빨리 일어나 표면에 생성되는 것으로 여기어 진다.

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