• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.499-502
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• 2007

The study was performed to assess the antinociceptive efficacy of Korean bee venom(BV) in the rat formalin test. Korean BV was collected using BV collector devices in which an electrical impulse is used to stimulate the worker bee(Apis mellifera L.) to sting and release venom. After collection, whole Korean BV was evaporated until dry using BV collector. Experiments were performed on male Sprague-Dawley rats(weighing 260-270, 6 weeks old). Rats divided into 4 groups, each comprising 8 rats. BV was diluted and amounts of 6 mg/kg body weight(BW), 0.6 mg/kg BW and 0.06 mg/kg BW were tested. BV was subcutaneously injected to produce an antinociceptive effect and the antinociceptive efficacy was evaluated using a rat formalin test. BV was subcutaneously injected into an acupoint(Zusanli, ST36) at 15 min prior to 1% formalin($50{\mu}l$) injection. The antinociceptive effect observed during 60 min following formalin administration. BV produced antinociceptive efficacy from 10 to 60 min after formalin injection. The antinociceptive efficacy of Korean BV showed a dose-dependent response. These results suggest that Korean BV may be a suitable and preferred choice for antinociceptive efficacy in pain management.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.105-109
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• 1990

The disinfectivity of formalin fumigation was tested against silkworm nuclear polyhedrosis virus and yellow muscardine pathogen, Beauveria bassiana. The inactivation of the virus was acquired when it was fumigated by adding 30g of potassium permanganate to 75$m\ell$ of formalin per 3.3$m^2$ of rearing room area and viability of the yellow muscardine pathogen was also lost with the same treatment of fumigation. It was also proved that the fumigation didn't give and damage to silkworm larvae when it was applied 2 or 3 times to grown larvae.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.113-123
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• 1997

Concerned to the life cycle of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, the biological characteristic of the parasites was studied in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the Korean catfish (Silurus asotus) Under the experimental condition of $9^{\circ}C$- $28^{\circ}C$, tomitogenesis rate was positively proportional to water temperature, but not at over $28^{\circ}C$. The protomonts showed a high rate of tomitogenesis at $26^{\circ}C$ in comparision with other temperature conditions. Temperature affected tomitogenesis rate which resulted from the various conditions of salinity, pH and formalin concentration. The protomonts showed a high rate of tomitogenesis at pH 6.9 in comparision with other pH conditions at all temperatures tested. This result revealed that the opitimum pH for tomitogenesis was 6.9. The protomont had more tolerance against salinity and formalin concentration at low temperature ($18^{\circ}C$) than at high one ($22^{\circ}C$). Both trophont and protomont were not infective, but theront was infective.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.161-167
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• 2007

Acute toxicity of formalin (37% formaldehyde) was conducted to determine the median lethal concentration (LC50) on eel (avarage weight 96 ± 3.6 g, average total length 43 cm), Anguilla japonica at concentrations ranging from 0 to 500 ppm. In particular, this study was designed to estimate the safety concentrations of formalin in testing eels to eradicate Pseudodactylogyrus. All fish died after 10 hours and 24 hours at 500 ppm and 400 ppm, respectively. After 24 hours, cumulative mortality was 96.6% and 13.3% at 300 ppm and 200 ppm formalin, respectively. However, all experimental fish were alive after 24 hours at 100 ppm. The lethal concentration values were computed by using non-linear least square method. At the start of the test, water temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen level were 27～28℃, 7.4 and 5.55 ppm, respectively. The 24 hr-LC50 were 269 ppm.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.73-82
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• 2006

Streptococcal infections were considered as a serious problem because of significant economic losses in fish farm industry. We evaluated the efficacies of Streptococcus iniae vaccines in olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. The vaccines were prepared from 10% neutral buffered formalin to give a final concentration of 0.3% or 3%, respectively. Fish were immunized by intraperitoneal injection of the experimental vaccines once or twice. Neither of the vaccines gave rise to any significant side effects. The antibody titers of booster immunized groups were significantly higher than those of prime immunized groups with both of the vaccines. According to formalin dosage, significantly increased antibody titers were produced by 3% formalin-killed cells (FKC) at 4weeks and 8weeks after prime and booster vaccination, respectively. Although the different levels of antibody production were showed by the vaccinated fish, the good protection obtained in challenge trials of the both vaccines. Fish immunized with 0.3% FKC once or twice had the relative percent survival (RPS) of 66.7% and 87.5%, respectively. Similarly, fish immunized with 3% FKC once or twice had the RPS of 70.0% and 77.0%, respectively. Further experiments are needed to study not only correlation between the antibody titers and RPS against S. iniae but also the side effects of high dose of formalin on antigenicity.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.179-185
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• 2005

In Vitro hemolysis and methemoglobin (MetHb) formation in olive flounder rythrocytes were investigated using potassium permanganate ($KMnO_4$) ranging from 2 to 250 ppm, stabilized chlorine dioxide ($S-ClO_2$)ranging from 3.13 to 400 ppm, formalin (37% formaldehyde) ranging from 31.3 to 2,000 ppm and copper sulphate ($CuSO_4$) ranging from 0.04 to 5 ppm. Remarkable hemolysis was found to be induced at $KMnO_4$ concentrations of 31.3-250 ppm and $CuSO_4$ concentrations of 0.63-5 ppm. On the other hand, MetHb formation could not be found at the same treatment concentrations. It is suggested that the cell-damaging system of $KMnO_4$ may be similar from that of $CuSO_4$ in the erythrocytes of olive flounder. Remarkable hemolysis and MetHb formation were found to be induced at $S-ClO_4$ concentrations of more than 25 ppm and 6.25 ppm, respectively. Only $S-ClO_2$ showed both hemolysis and MetHb formation among the chemicals used in the present study. Formalin did not provoke hemolysis at the highest concentration of 2,000 ppm but induced MetHb formation at ranging from 250 to 2,000 ppm. These findings reveal that the mechanism involved in formalin-induced cell-damaging effects differs from that induced by $S-ClO_2$ to olive flounder erythrocytes compared with $KMnO_4$ and $CuSO_4$.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1997

In the southern sea of Korea, the culturing Rock bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus, ranging from 16.3 to 20.1cm in body length were sampled to examine how serious parasitic infection is. As a result, they were infected with 10 to 31 individuals of Monogenea, Benedenia sp. The parasitic sites of fish body was trunk (81.8%), caudal peduncle (16.5%) and the other portion (1.6%), and where ulceration and bleeding were observed with a large amount of muscus. When the treatment with formalin and freshwater were performed to get rid of the parasite, they were exterminated after 8 and 20 minutes in 100% and 70% freshwater, respectively and were killed after 10, 15 and 20 mimutes in the seawater added with formalin to be 250 ppm, 200 ppm and 150 ppm, 200 ppm and 150 ppm, respectively. During the treatment for parasite extermination, the fish showing a serious illness were dead in the 100% freshwater, whereas toxicity caused by formalin treatment was not detected in this study. The former is probably due to failure in the osmotic regulation of Rock bream.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.77-85
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• 1988

In March 1987, a bacterial disease occured among cultured tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), in the aquarium of Fish Pathology Laboratory of National Fisheries University of Pusan. The diseased fish showed abdominal inflamation of ascites. The causative organisms isolated from the kidney were Gram negative rods. On SS agar colonies developed within 48 hours at $25^{\circ}C$. On the basis of the morphological and biochemical characteristics the organisms were identified as Edwardsiella tarda. They were sensitive to chloramphenicol, ampicilline and oxytetracycline. The pathogenicity was proved positive by intraperitoneal injection. Three kinds of antigen were prepared with E. tarda for the immune response in tilapia : i.e., by inactivating the strain with 0.4% formalin for 24 hrs at $25^{\circ}C$ ultrasonicating it 3 times with 5 watts for 30 seconds each time and filtrating it through millipore filter. The formalin killed antigen showed good efficacy at the injection concentration of over $10^7$ cells per fish of 50g. All the immunized tilapia showed only a little agglutination titer to the three antigens. The highest survival rate was recorded in challenged tilapia immunized with formalin killed cells.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.165-169
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• 2001

최근 포항 방사광 가속기 연구소에 미세구조 X-선 영상 실험을 위한 5C1 방사광(Synchrtoron Radiation) 빔라인이 건설되었다. 광대역의 에너지 스펙트럼을 가진 방사광 X-선이 물체를 투과한 후 CdWO$_{4}$ scintillator에 의해 가시광선으로 바뀌고, 그 빛을 CCD 카메라로 받아들여 영상을 획득하게 된다. 방사광 X-선은 일반 의료진단용 X-선에 비하여 위상이 일치하고, 평행하며, 그 양이 풍부한 특성들을 갖고 있다. 방사광 영상시스템과 X-선 유방촬영 시스템에서 영상을 획득하여 영상특성들을 비교, 분석하였다. 고-분해능 X-선 시험 패턴(20 line pairs mm$^{-1}$), 유방촬영 팬텀, 파라핀에 고정한 인체 유방암조직과 포르말린에 고정한 인체 유방암조직, 그리고 capillary tube내 micro-bubbles등의 방사광 영상은 기존의 X-선 유방촬영시스템에서 얻은 영상보다 분해능이 뛰어나고 영상질도 우수하였다. 방사광 X-선 영상시스템은 micrometer 공간 분해능 영상을 획득할 수 있어 많은 기초분야의 영상연구와 의료영상분야에서도 활발하게 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.39-49
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• 2007

목적 : 봉독으로 유발된 통각수용의 강도와 봉독으로 나타나는 항통각수용(통각억제성)의 강도를 쥐의 포르말린 테스트를 통해 상호관련됨을 확인하고 capsaicin과 bradykinin으로 통증 유발된 쥐의 자발적인 통증행동(핥기횟수측정; LN), 꼬리경타시험(TFL)과 열판시험(HPL)을 통해 봉독의 항통각수용(통각억제)작용을 재확인 하고자 하였다. 방법 : 쥐의 뒷다리에 통증유도 물질인 Capsaicin 또는 Bradykinin을 20${\mu}l$를 주사하여 동통을 유발하고 자발적 통증행동인 핥기횟수측정(LN), 꼬리경타기간(TFL)과 열판 위에서의 온도자극에 쥐가 반응하는 시간을 측정(HPL)하는 실험을 봉독을 주입하거나, 몰핀을 주입하거나, 아무것도 주입하지 않고 통증유발만 시킨 이후에 각각 시행하였다. 결과: 1. Capsaicin 또는 Bradykinin으로 동통유발 후 LN은 두드러증가를 보임, HPL은 감소를 TFL은 두드러진 감소를 나타내었다. 2. 봉독이나 몰핀 주입 30분 후에 Capsaicin으로 동통유발 이후 LN은 봉독과 몰핀에서 모두 현격한 감소를, HPL은 봉침은 현격한 증가를, 몰핀에서는 감소를, TFL은 봉침과 몰핀에서 모두 현격한 증가를 나타내었다. 3 봉독과 몰핀주입 30분후에 Bradykinin으로 동통유발 이후 LN은 봉독은 증가 몰핀은 현격한 감소를, HPL은 봉침은 증가 몰핀에서는 현격한 증가를, TFL은 봉침과 볼핀에서 모두 증가를 나타내었다. 결론 : 봉독은 Capsaicin 또는 Bradykinin으로 동통유발된 통각수용행동을 감소시키는 결과를 나타내었는데 이것은 기존의 연구결과들에서의 봉독의 항통각수용(통각억제성)의 효과를 입증하였고 봉약침은 염증의 개선이나 암과 관련된 동통에 유효한 방법임을 시사하는 것이다.