• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.90-100
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• 1993

Ultrastructure of the larval hemocytes in Sericinus montela Grey was observed with the transmission and scanning electron microscope. The 5 cell types, according to Breh lin and Zachary(1986), identified in the hemocytes of the last instar S. montela larva were; prohemocyte, plasmatocyte, granular cell, spherule cell and oenocytoid. Prohemocytes could be easily charaterized by a relatively large nucleus nd poorly developed cytoplasmic organelles. Plasmatocytes were relatively large spindle-shaped or oval cells with fibrous bundles. The spindle-shaped plasmatocytes, especially, were characterized by a well developed, elongated nucleus. Granular cells had various granules, either morphologically or in electron density, and highly developed cytoplasmic organelles in the cytoplasm. They had numerous cytoplasmic processes. Spherule cells were characterized by cytoplasmic spherules containing fine materials, which are released into the hemolymph upon maturity of the cell. Oenocytoids consisted of electron dense materials and the organelles in cytoplasm were poorly developed.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.54-70
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• 1998

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to evaluate the role of structural and functional changes of the brain in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Methods : The authors measured the regions of interest on the magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in 20 patients with paranoid schizophrenia(15 men and 5 women) and 23 control subjects(15 men and 8 women). We also assessed the neurocognitive functions with the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, the Benton Neuropsychological Assessment, and the Weschler IQ test-Korean version, soft neurologic signs, and psychiatric symptoms in the patient group. Results : In the patient group, all ventricles and basal ganglia including caudate nucleus and globus pallidus were significantly enlarged. Although there were no significant differences between the two groups in the values of right frontal lobe and left temporal lobe, there was a tendency of decrease in the values of right frontal lobe and left temporal lobe. There were significant positive correlations between the values of ventricles and the frequency of previous hospitalization. However, there were no significant correlations between other values of regions of interest and clinical data. The value of the right frontal lobe was significantly correlated with the score of soft neurologic signs, which is suggestive of the neurodevelopmental abnormalities. There were significant correlations between the value of frontal lobe and the scores of the various subscales of Benton Neuropsychiatric Inventory. In contrast, the value of left amygdala and putamen showed significant correlation with the score of verbal IQ on the Weschler IQ test. Structural changes of the temporal lobe areas were related with the positive and general symptom scores on PANSS, while those of the basal ganglia were related with the negative symptom scores. Conclusions : These results suggest that the structural changes of the brain in the patients with schizophrenia show the dual process, which is suggestive that the enlarged ventricle show the neurodegenerative process, while enlarged basal ganglia, and shrinked right frontal and left temporal lobe show the neurodevelopmental abnormalities. Among these changes, structural changes of the frontal lobe related with various neuropsychological deficits, while those of left temporal lobe related with language abnormality. Relative to the relation between structural changes and psychiatric symptoms, structural changes of the temporal lobe areas were related with the positive and general symptoms, while those of the basal ganglia were related with the negative symptoms.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.153-156
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• 2009

본 연구는 3 단계 각성 모드에 따른 자율신경계 반응 모델 구현에 대한 연구이다. 정신생리학(Psycho-Physiology)에서의 각성 시스템 모델은 Boucein(1992, 2006)에 의해 제안되었다. 각성 시스템 1 은 편도체(amygdala)활동과 관계한, 무의식수준에서 주의를 집중시키는 역할을 한다. 각성 시스템 2 는 해마(hippocampus)활동과 관계한, 인지적 각성 단계로서 상황-반응(situation-reaction) 대한 연결을 담당하는 역할을 한다. 각성 시스템 3 은 기저핵(basal ganglia)활동과 관계한, 몸운동(somatomotor)활동과 관계된 뇌 영역의 준비를 활성화시킨다. 각성 시스템은 상황의 변화나 특정 자극이 일어나면, 그에 해당하는 각성 모드에 의해 자율신경계(automatic nervous system)반응이 발생한다. 따라서, 자율신경계반응의 분석을 통하여 각성 시스템의 단계를 평가할 수 있다. 본 연구는 자율신경계반응 중 GSR(galvanic skin Response)과 SKT(skin temperature)분석을 통하여 3단계 각성 모드인 직관적, 인지적, 행동적 모드를 평가하는 연구이다.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.294-306
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• 1995

There has recently been increasing interest in the use of NMDA receptor antagonists as potential neuroprotective agents for the treatment of ischemic stroke. To evaluate the neuroprotective effect of the selective non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 in focal cerebral ischemia, local cerebral glucose utilization (ICGU) was examined in 15 neuroanatomically discrete regions of the conscious rat brain using the 2-deoxy-D[$^{14}C$] glucose quantitative autoradiographic technique 24 hr after left middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Animals received MK-801 (5 mg/kg i.v.) or saline vehicle before (20-30 min) or after (30 min) MCAO. Both pretreatment and posttreatment of MK-801 increased occluded/non-occluded ICGU ratio in 7 and 5 of the 15 regions measured, respectively (most notably in cortical structures). Following MK-801 pretreatment, there was evidence of widespread increases in ICGU not only in the non-occluded hemisphere (12 of the 15 areas studied) but also in the occluded hemisphere (13 of the 15 areas studied), while MK-801 postreatment did not significantly increase ICGU both in the normal and occluded hemispheres. These data indicate that MK-801 has a neuroprotective effect in focal cerebral ischemia and demonstrate that MK-801 provides widespread alterations of glucose utilization in conscious animals.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.429-446
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• 2010

This study is to examine if emotional valance depending upon the result of baseball game(losing or winning) of subjects' favorite team yields hemispheric asymmetry measured by fMRI. Subjects were twelve fans of the Samsung Lions baseball team. The brain activations have been observed while they watched winning and losing scenes of their favorite team. As a results of the experiment, those who watched winning scenes showed the activation of the left and right cuneus, right inferior occipital gyrus, right inferior frontal gyrus, left amygdala, right parahippocampal gyrus, left uncus, left cingulate gyrus, left inferior temporal gyrus, right middle temporal gyrus, left declive, left culmen. On the contrary, those who watched losing scenes showed the activation in the right middle frontal gyrus, left anterior cingulate, left sub-gyral, left lentifomrm nucleus, left thalamus, left claustrum, left insula. The evidence of hemispheric asymmetry from this study has not been demonstrated and activation in amygdala observed during watching winning scene has not been observed in losing scene. Therefore more in-dept research is required about defeat stimuli induction.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.215-221
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• 2016

In this study, we used electron microscopic analysis to characterize the hemocytes in the last larva of Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis (Colbe) (Cetoniidae, Coleoptera). Granulocytes (GR), plasmatocytes (PL), oenocytoids (OE), spherulocytes (SP), prohemocytes (PR) and adipohemocytes (AD) were classified based on their size and ultrastructural differences in the circulating hemocytes. Many dark granules (<$1{\mu}m$ in diameter) in the GR's cytoplasm were observed and well-developed mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), nucleus, and Golgi complex were also seen. After microorganisms infected, the GRs were morphologically activated and phagocytosed them. Especially, dark granules (lysosomes) were fused themselves and these bigger granules finally agglomerate together with microorganisms. Other hemocytes seem to have no immune functions.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.18-27
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to identify different cerebral areas of the human brain associated with rural and urban picture stimulation using a 3.0 Tesla functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and further to investigate the human suitability for rural and urban environments. A total of 27 right-handed participants (mean age: $27.3{\pm}3.7$) underwent fMRI study on a 3.0T MR scanner. The brain activation patterns were induced by visual stimulation with each rural and urban sceneries. The participants were divided into two groups as 26 subjects favorable to rural scenery and 14 subjects unfavorable to urban scenery based on their filled-in questionnaire. The differences of the brain activation in response to two extreme types of pictures by the two sample t-test were characterized as follows: the activation areas observed in rural scenery over urban were the insula, middle frontal gyrus, precuneus, caudate nucleus, superior parietal gyrus, superior occipital gyrus, fusiform gyrus, and globus pallidus. In urban scenery over rural, the inferior frontal gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, postcentral gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, amygdala, and posterior cingulate gyrus were activated. The fMRI patterns also clearly show that rural scenery elevated positive emotion such as happiness and comfort. On the contrary, urban scenery elevated negative emotion, resulting in activation of the amygdala which is the key region for the feelings of fear, anxiety and unpleasantness. This study evaluated differential cerebral areas of the human brain associated with rural and urban picture stimulation using a 3.0 Tesla fMRI. These findings will be useful as an objective evaluation guide to human suitability for ecological environments that are related to brain activation with joy, anger, sorrow and pleasure.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 1994

The present study was aimed at establishing what changes occur in the dopamine levels and pattern of TH-immunoreactive neurons of certain areas of rat brain during food intake suppression produced by intraperitoneally administration of CCK-8. CCK-8 in dose of $10\;{\mu}g/kg$ was injected intraperitoneally to 48 h food-deprived rats. In the fasted group, the contents of dopamine were decreased in the frontal, striatum, hypothalamus and amygdala as compared to those of the fed control group. The administration of CCK-8 showed significant decrease on the dopamine levels of the hypothalamus, in comparison to those of the sated and starved group. During deprived condition, the density and number of TH-immunoreactive neurons in the paraventricular nucleus, arcuate nucleus, median eminence and substantia nigra were lower than those of the fed control group. After administration of CCK-8, the pattern and distribution of TH-positive neouons in the hypothalamic areas and substantia nigra were increased when compared to those of the starved group. It is concluded that the results demonstrate the partial involvement of hypothalamic dopamine-containing neurons in the feeding inhibition of CCK-8. Furthermore, the results indicate that TH-immunoreactive neurons play on important role in the hypothalamus and substantia nigra for eating behavior

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.30-40
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• 2004

Purpose: The aims of this study were to find brain regions in which gray matter volume was reduced and to show the capability of voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis for lateralizing epileptogenic zones in medial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE). The findings were compared with fluorodeoxyglucose positron omission tomography (FDG PET). Materials and Methods: MR T1-weighted images of 12 left mTLE and 11 right mTLE patients were compared with those of 37 normal controls. Images were transformed to standard MNI space and averaged in order to create study-specific brain template. Each image was normalized to this local template and brain tissues were segmented. Modulation VBM analysis was performed in order to observe gray matter volume change. Gray matter was smoothed with a Gaussian kernel. After these preprocessing, statistical analysis was peformed using statistical parametric mapping software (SPM99). FDG PET images were compared with those of 22 normal controls using SPM. Results: Gray matter volume was significantly reduced in the left amygdala and hippocampus in left mTLE. In addition, volume of cerebellum, anterior cingulate, and fusiform gyrus in both sides and left insula was reduced. In right mTLE, volume was reduced significantly in right hippocampus. In contrast, FDG uptake was decreased in broad areas of left or right temporal lobes in left TLE and right TLE, respectively. Conclusions: Gray matter loss was found in the ipsilateral hippocampus by modulation VBM analysis in medial temporal lobe epilepsy. This VBM analysis might be useful in lateralizing the epileptogenic zones in medial temporal lobe epilepsy, while SPM analysis of FDG PET disclosed hypometabolic epileptogenic zones.