• Title/Summary/Keyword: 편도체

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T2 Relaxation Times of the Cingulate Cortex, Amygdaloid Body, Hippocampal Body, and Insular Cortex: Comparison of 1.5 T and 3.0 T (대상회 피질, 편도체, 해마체, 도피질의 T2 이완시간: 1.5테슬러와 3.0테슬러 자기공명영상장치의 비교)

  • Lee, Ho-Joon;Kim, Eung-Yeop
    • Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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    • v.15 no.1
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    • pp.67-71
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    • 2011
  • Purpose : To compare T2 relaxation times (T2) in the cingulate cortex, amygdaloid body, hippocampal body, and insular cortex between 1.5T and 3.0T MR imagers. Materials and Methods : Twelve healthy volunteers underwent FLAIR and CPMG imaging perpendicular to the hippocampal body at both 3.0T and 1.5T. T2 was measured in the cingulate cortex, amygdaloid body, hippocampal body, and insular cortex. The T2 relaxation time ratios of the cingulate cortex, insular cortex, and amygdaloid body to the hippocampal body were compared between 1.5T and 3.0T. Results : The mean T2 of the cingulate cortex, amygdaloid body, hippocampal body, and insular cortex at 1.5T were $109.5{\pm}3.1$, $117.0{\pm}7.1$, $114.7{\pm}2.4$, and $111.3{\pm}2.4$, respectively; $99.7{\pm}3.8$, $100.7{\pm}4.3$, $97.9{\pm}3.4$, and $96.2{\pm}2.0$, respectively, at 3.0T. Percentage changes of T2 in the cingulate cortex, insular cortex, amygdaloid body, and hippocampal body at 3.0T with respect to those at 1.5T were -8.9%, -13.5%, -14.6%, and -13.5%, respectively. The mean T2 ratios of the cingulate gyrus, insular cortex, and amygdaloid body to the hippocampal body at 1.5T and 3.0T were 0.96 and 1.02 (p = 0.003); 1.02 and 1.03 (p>0.05); 0.97 and 0.98 (p>0.05), respectively. Conclusion : T2 decrease in the cingulate cortex was less than the amygdaloid body, insular cortex, and hippocampal body at 3.0T. The mean T2 ratio of the cingulate gyrus to the hippocampal body was significantly different between 1.5T and 3.0T.

The Changing Trace of Emotional state by Memory retrieval and Knowledge Reasoning process (기억회상과 지식추론에 따른 감정 상태 변화의 추이)

  • Shim, JeongYon
    • Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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    • v.50 no.4
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    • pp.83-88
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    • 2013
  • Many studies adopting brain functions to the engineering systems have been made for recent years as the brain Science has developed. If we investigate the parts which take part in memorizing and emotional process, we can know that Hippocampus of memorizing center and Amygdala of Emotional center closely cooperate each other. Actually Knowledge effects on Emotion and Emotion effects on Knowledge. During the human decision making, emotional factor has much important effects on Decision making process. For implementing more delicate intelligent system, the knowledge base coupled to emotional factor should be designed. Accordingly in this paper starting from the idea of cooperating system between Hippocampus and Amygdala,, we design Knowledge Emotion Binding System and propose Emotional changing mechanism by Memory retrieval and knowledge reasoning process.

Brain Benzodiazepine-like Molecules and Stress-anxiety Response (뇌조직내 Benzodiazepine 유사물질과 스트레스-불안 반응)

  • Ha, Jeoung-Hee
    • Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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    • v.16 no.1
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    • pp.25-33
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    • 1999
  • Benzodiazepines(BZDs) are among the most widely prescribed drugs in the world. They are potent anxiolytic, antiepileptic, hypnotic, and muscle relaxing agents. There is an emerging model of the role of several neural systems in anxiety and their relation to the mechanism of action of BZDs. It has been postulated that BZD drugs exert their anxiolytic action by regulating GABAergic transmission in limbic areas such as the amygdala, in the posterior hypothalamus, and in the raphe nuclei. The involvement of the amygdala in the behaviors triggered by fear and stress has been suggested by many previous studies. In this review, reports about regulatory effects of endogenous BZD receptor ligands on the perception of anxiety and memory consolidation were summerized. These findings further support the contention that BZD receptor ligands modulate memory consolidation of averse learning tasks by influencing the level of stress and/or anxiety that accompanies a learning experience. The findings suggest that the decrease in the limbic levels of BZD-like molecules seen after the various behavioral procedures represent a general response to stress and/or anxiety, since it occurs in proportion to the level of stress and/or anxiety that accompany these tasks. In addition, these findings further support the hypothesis that the $GABA_A$/BZD receptor complex in limbic structures plays a pivotal role in the stress and anxiety.

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Effects of Prenatal and Restraint Stress on Astrocytes of Amygdala Complex of Rat: I. Effects on the Astrocytic Cell Body (출생 전 스트레스와 감금 스트레스가 흰쥐 편도복합체 별아교세포에 미치는 영향: I. 별아교세포의 세포체에 미치는 영향)

  • Lee, Ji-Yong;Choi, Byoung-Young;Kim, Dong-Heui;Jung, Won-Sug;Cho, Byung-Pil;Yang, Young-Chul
    • Applied Microscopy
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    • v.38 no.3
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    • pp.213-219
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    • 2008
  • The plasticity of nervous system is generated not only due to changes in neurons but also due to changes in neuroglial cells. Astrocyte is important for maintaining the normal brain function and controlling the neuronal functions. The amygdala receives an array of important sensory information of danger signals. This information is further transduced and integrated to produce the highly adaptive emotion, fear. In this study, morphometric changes in the cell bodies of astrocytes in the amygdala, induced by prenatal stress and restraint stress were examined. For this purpose. rats were classified into 4 groups; control group (CON), only restraint-stressed (starting on P90 for 3 days) group (CONR), prenatally-stressed group (PNS), and prenatally and restraint (on P90 for 3 days) stressed group (PNSR). Astrocytes were verified with anti-GFAP immunohistochemistry, counter stained with methylene blue/azure II and were examined using the Neurolucida. Results showed that astrocytes in the amygdala of PNS rats had significantly larger cell bodies than did CON rats and this was enhanced further by restraint stress. Thus this data showed that hypertrophy of the astrocytic cell bodies of amygdala complex is induced by prenatal and restraint stress.

Information Process Model of Cerebral Cortex Using Neural Network and Fuzzy Cognitive Map (신경회로망과 퍼지 인지 맵(FCM)을 이용한 대뇌피질의 정보처리 모델)

  • 서재용;김성주;연정흠;전홍태
    • Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems Conference
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    • 2003.05a
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    • pp.73-76
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    • 2003
  • 신경생리학적으로 밝혀진 바에 의하면, 대뇌의 시상에 분포한 일차 감각영역에서 감각 정보를 수집한다. 수집된 감각 정보는 과거 기억과의 비교를 통해 인식되고 인식된 정보는 일차 운동영역으로 전달되어 행동으로 나타난다. 수집된 감각 정보를 판단하는 기관은 감각 연합 영역으로 알려져 있으며, 과거 정보를 통해 비교하여 판단하는 방식이다. 하지만, 과거 기억 정보로 존재하지 않는 새로운 감각 입력에 대해서는 대뇌피질 내의 파페츠 회로를 통해 새로이 기억하게 된다. 이 과정에는 변연계의 편도체(Amygdala)의 감정 반응을 이용하여 강한 감정 반응을 유도하는 감각 입력에 대해서는 강한 기억을 하게 되고, 반대의 경우에는 약한 기억을 하게 되는 특징이 고려된다. 본 논문에서는 기억되지 않은 새로운 감각 자극에 대해 감정 반응 정도에 따라 기억되는 정도의 변화를 관찰할 수 있는 모델을 제시하고자 한다. 이 모델은 대뇌피질의 정보 처리 및 감각 학습 과정을 인공적으로 구현하는 과정에 바탕이 될 것이다.

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Neurobiological Basis of Anxiety Related Disorders (불안 관련 장애의 신경생물학적 이해)

  • Kim, Kyung-Min;Kim, Min-Kyoung;Lee, Sang-Hyuk
    • Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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    • v.21 no.4
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    • pp.128-140
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    • 2014
  • Anxiety disorders are characterized by dysregulation of neuroendocrine, neurotransmitter and neuroanatomical functions. Substantial advances in research method offered new insights into the neurobiologic mechanisms in anxiety disorders. Advances in molecular biology have enabled illumination of hormone and neurotransmitters that have important roles in anxiety. The neuroanatomic circuits related to anxiety are also being elucidated by improvements in neuroimaging technology such as structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging. This article reviews the research data in relation to the neurobiology underlying fear and pathologic anxiety and discusses their implications for development of biological treatments for anxiety disorders.

Right Amygdalar Laterobasal Subregional Differences in Healthy Adults with Different Novelty Seeking Tendencies (정상 성인에서 자극추구 기질에 따른 우측 편도체의 측기저 세부구조의 차이)

  • Cho, Han-Byul;Kim, Bin-Na;Choi, Ji-Hye;Jeon, Yu-Jin;Kim, Ji-Hyun H.;Jung, Ji-Young J.;Im, Joo-Yeon Jamie;Lee, Sun-Hea
    • Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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    • v.19 no.2
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    • pp.71-76
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    • 2012
  • Objectives : Novelty seeking (NS) represents a dopaminergically modulated tendency toward frequent exploratory activity. Considering the reports showing the relationship between exploratory activity and amygdalar function and structure, and the fact that amygdala is one of the key structures that constitute the dopaminergic pathway in the brain, amygdala might be closely related to NS tendencies. Amygdalar subregional analysis method, which has the enhanced sensitivity compared to the volumteric approach would be appropriate in investigating the subtle differences of amygdalar structures among healthy individuals. The aim of the current study was to examine whether amygdalar subregional morphometric characteristics are associated with the NS tendencies in healthy adults using the amygdalar subregional analysis method. Methods : Twenty-six healthy adults (12 males, 14 females ; mean age $29.8{\pm}6.2$ years) were screened for eligibility. All subjects completed the Korean version of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and underwent high-resolution brain magnetic resonance imaging. Individuals were divided into 2 groups according to NS scores of the TCI. Results : Individuals of the high NS group had significantly larger laterobasal subregions in right amygdala, after adjustment with the brain parenchymal volumes. Sensitivity analyses for each potential confounding factor such as age, education years and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) scores demonstrated consistent results. Conclusions : This study suggests that NS differences are associated with the laterobasal subregion of the amygdala.

A study on the autonomic nervous system reaction by three arousal modes (3단계 각성 모드에 따른 자율신경계 반응 변화에 대한 연구)

  • Kim, Chi-Jung;Hwang, Min-Cheol;Kim, Jong-Hwa;U, Jin-Cheol;Kim, Yong-U;Kim, Ji-Hye
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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    • 2009.05a
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    • pp.153-156
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    • 2009
  • 본 연구는 3 단계 각성 모드에 따른 자율신경계 반응 모델 구현에 대한 연구이다. 정신생리학(Psycho-Physiology)에서의 각성 시스템 모델은 Boucein(1992, 2006)에 의해 제안되었다. 각성 시스템 1 은 편도체(amygdala)활동과 관계한, 무의식수준에서 주의를 집중시키는 역할을 한다. 각성 시스템 2 는 해마(hippocampus)활동과 관계한, 인지적 각성 단계로서 상황-반응(situation-reaction) 대한 연결을 담당하는 역할을 한다. 각성 시스템 3 은 기저핵(basal ganglia)활동과 관계한, 몸운동(somatomotor)활동과 관계된 뇌 영역의 준비를 활성화시킨다. 각성 시스템은 상황의 변화나 특정 자극이 일어나면, 그에 해당하는 각성 모드에 의해 자율신경계(automatic nervous system)반응이 발생한다. 따라서, 자율신경계반응의 분석을 통하여 각성 시스템의 단계를 평가할 수 있다. 본 연구는 자율신경계반응 중 GSR(galvanic skin Response)과 SKT(skin temperature)분석을 통하여 3단계 각성 모드인 직관적, 인지적, 행동적 모드를 평가하는 연구이다.

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A Review of Brain Imaging Studies on Classical Fear Conditioning and Extinction in Healthy Adults (건강한 성인에서의 고전적 공포 조건화 및 소거에 연관된 뇌 영역에 대한 뇌영상 연구 고찰)

  • Kang, Ilhyang;Suh, Chaewon;Yoon, Sujung;Kim, Jungyoon
    • Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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    • v.28 no.2
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    • pp.23-35
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    • 2021
  • Fear conditioning and extinction, which are adaptive processes to learn and avoid potential threats, have essential roles in the pathophysiology of anxiety disorders. Experimental fear conditioning and extinction have been used to identify the mechanism of fear and anxiety in humans. However, the brain-based mechanisms of fear conditioning and extinction are yet to be established. In the current review, we summarized the results of neuroimaging studies that examined the brain changes-functional activity and structures-regarding fear conditioning or extinction in healthy individuals. The functional activity of the amygdala, insula, anterior cingulate gyrus, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus changed dynamically with both fear conditioning and extinction. This review may provide an up-to-date summary that may broaden our understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms of anxiety disorder. In addition, the brain regions that are involved in the fear conditioning and extinction may be considered as potential treatment targets in the future studies.

Emotional experiences of baseball fans at winning and losing games: An fMRI approach (경기 승패에 따른 야구팬들의 정서경험: fMRI연구)

  • Park, Hye-Ju;Yoo, Ho-Sang
    • Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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    • v.21 no.3
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    • pp.429-446
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    • 2010
  • This study is to examine if emotional valance depending upon the result of baseball game(losing or winning) of subjects' favorite team yields hemispheric asymmetry measured by fMRI. Subjects were twelve fans of the Samsung Lions baseball team. The brain activations have been observed while they watched winning and losing scenes of their favorite team. As a results of the experiment, those who watched winning scenes showed the activation of the left and right cuneus, right inferior occipital gyrus, right inferior frontal gyrus, left amygdala, right parahippocampal gyrus, left uncus, left cingulate gyrus, left inferior temporal gyrus, right middle temporal gyrus, left declive, left culmen. On the contrary, those who watched losing scenes showed the activation in the right middle frontal gyrus, left anterior cingulate, left sub-gyral, left lentifomrm nucleus, left thalamus, left claustrum, left insula. The evidence of hemispheric asymmetry from this study has not been demonstrated and activation in amygdala observed during watching winning scene has not been observed in losing scene. Therefore more in-dept research is required about defeat stimuli induction.

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