• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.1245-1250
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• 2009

Beimu (Fritillaria thunbergii Miquel), a bulbous plant of Liliaceae found in Korea, Japan and China, has been used as an antitussive and expectorant agent, and is also useful in alleviating stonsillitis and bronchiolitis. Most researches have been focused on micro-propagation and plant regeneration, component analysis, and dormancy relieving of beimu. Reports regarding the biological activity of beimu, such as anti-Helicobacter pyroli or platelet aggregation inhibition activity, are few and not widely available. In this study, methanol extract and its organic solvent fractions were prepared from Fritillaria thunbergii Miquel and their antimicrobial, antithrombin, and antioxidant activities were evaluated, respectively. The methanol extract contained lots of water-soluble materials (58.98%) and hexane-soluble oils (14.85%). The ethylacetate and butanol fraction at $500{\mu}g$/disc concentration showed strong antibacterial activity against tested bacteria, except Escherichia coli. Antifungal activity was not observed in methanol extract and its fractions. The hexane, ethylacetate and butanol fractions showed strong antithrombin activity at 4.8 mg/ml concentration. Especially, the ethylacetate fraction showed 95.4 sec of thrombin time at a concentration of 1.2 mg/ml, which is comparable to aspirin, a widely used antithrombosis agent. For antioxidation activity, the ethylacetate and butanol fraction showed good 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl scavenging activity ($IC_{50}$ of $344{\sim}368{\mu}g$/ml). In superoxide dismutase-like activity and reducing power, the fractions showed $20{\sim}25%$ of vitamin C, and $51{\sim}54%$ of butyl hydroxytoluene, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.108-112
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• 1997

This experiment was carried out to clarify the effect of cultural years on the growth and yield of Fritillaria thunbergii. It was planted on Middle September, with high ridge between $100cm\;(2 lines){\times}interrow 9cm$ and N-P-K=8.1-11.2-8kg/10a of fertilizers treated basal application. Cultural years were 1, 2 and 3 years, the block of 2 or 3 years was additional same amount of fertilizers at early spring. The results were summarized are as follows. Rapid bulb filling stage was begun 32 days after sprouting, and completed bulb growth needed 72 days. Dry weight/fresh ratio of bulb was ranged from $27.2{\sim}30.3$%. Rate of over 5g bulb weight was 89% at 1 year, 87% at 2 years and 77% at 3 years and bulb yield were 638kg/10a at 1 year. Compared with yield at 1 year, the yield increased 88% at 2 years and 189% at 3 years.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.62-69
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• 2018

This study investigate the patent trend of natural feed additives for avian influenza prevention and immunity enhancement. The search scope is Korean and Chinese patents published before December 31, 2017. As a result, I found 53 Korean patents and 105 Chinese patents. Korea and China has increased the number of patent applications since late 2000. In particular, China filed the most patent applications in 2016. Both Korea and China, the oriental medicine materials were mainly used in patent claims. Korea has many patent applications that are submitted by universities, research institutes and bio companies, but China has a high proportion of individual patent applicants.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.125-140
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• 2005

This report describes 48 studies related to the use of Bulbus Fritillariae main blended prescriptions from Donguibogam. The following conclusions were reached through investigations on the prescriptions that use Bulbus Fritillariae as a key ingredient. All kinds of infection in a cough and the malignant tumor recorded the largest number of clinical frequency of the prescriptions in therapeutic use when Bulbus Fritillariae was taken as a principle medicine. The Prescriptions are compounded with Bulbus Fritillariae as a principle medicine can aplly to respiratory disease, eye disease, nose and ear disease, throat disease, a boil. Various pathogenic factors such as consumptive disease, phlegm, phlegm-fire, invasion by wind, affective by cold, fire, dyspepsia-fire are put to practical use. The dosage of Bulbus Fritillariae is 5 bun (about 1.88g) to 1 lyang(about 37.5g), however 1 jeon(about 3.75g) has been taken the most for clinical application. With examination the formulae of presciptions containing Bulbus Fritillariae, I found the basic prescriptions as well as the medicines are in conjunction with Bulbus Fritillariae and the theoretic grounds of formula in combining Bulbus Fritillariae as a group of medicine for presciption through this reseach.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.375-379
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• 2000

이산화황 함유량에 대해 한약재를 대상으로 실험하였으며, 한약을 달여서 탕으로 섭취하는 점을 감안하여 한약을 달인 액을 시료로 이산화황 함량을 조사하여 소비자들이 한약을 달여서 섭취하는 과정에 안전성을 검토하고자 실험을 실시하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 생약재 중 이산화황 함유량은 국산 14건중 맥문동(16.9 ppm), 백작약(56.0), 산약(67.7)이 검출되었으며, 수입산은 13건 중 금은화(653.4 ppm), 길경(628.9), 반하(37.1), 백부근(11.7), 부자(82.4), 상백피 (82.7), 석창포(98.0), 패모(497.0),에서 이산화황이 검출되었다. 구입 시기 및 장소를 달리하여 구입한 생약재는 시기나 장소가 달라지면서 생약재에 함유된 이산화황 함량이 서로 차이가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 국산과 수임산과의 이산화황 함량 차이를 조사한 결과 국산의 경우에는 천화분 1건(29.5 ppm)을 제외한 나머지 시료에서 불검출을 보였으나, 수입산의 경우 13건중 7건(건지황, 과루인, 지실, 구기자, 남성, 우슬, 천화분)이 검출되어, 수입산이 국산보다 이산화황을 더 많이 함유하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 약탕기로 한약액을 달여서 검사한 결과 최초 구입한 생약재의 함유량보다 이산화황 함량이 감소하는 경향을 보였으나, 원래 생약에 다량 함유되어 있는 경우에는 최종 잔류되는 함유량도 높게 나타났다.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.218-223
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• 1996

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of planting date and planting density on yield and yield components of Fritillariae bulbus from 1989 to 1991. The Chungbuk local variety was used, and the experimental materials were planted six times with 10 days interval from Aug. 20 to Oct. 10. 33, 22, 17 and 13 bulbs were planted by the square meter, respectively. The compound fertilizer for garlic $(N\;-\;P_2O\;-\;K_2O_5=9\;-\;14\;-\;10)$ was applied by 80kgs to the 0.1ha before planting. The experimental design was randomized block design with 3 replications. As the planting dates were earlier, the emerging dates were earlier, too. But the delay of 50 days in the planting affected to the delay of 14 days in the em­erging dates. The plant height was 22.7cms in the Aug. 20 plot. As the planting were later, the plant heights were shorter by $2.4{\sim}5.6cms$ than that. As compared with the 829kgs by the 0.1ha of Aug. 30 plot, the others recorded 1 percent increase in the Aug. 20 plot, 4 percent decrease in the Sep. 10 plot, 26 percent decrease in the Sep. 20 plot, 35 percent decrease in the Sep 30 plot, and 38 percent decrease in the Oct. 10 plot. So, the suitable planting dates were from Aug. 20 to Aug. 30.The emerging date of 33 bulb plot by the square meter was March 7, but as the planting densities were sparse, the emerging dates delayed by one to three days. The plant height of the 33 bulb plot by the square meter was 21. 8cms, but the other plots were short by $0.7{\sim}1.8cms$. The number of shoots of the 33 bulb plot by the square meter was 6.1. but the other plots recorded 0.4 increase in the 22 bulb plot, 0.6 increase in the 17 bulb plot and 0.5 increase in the 13 bulb plot compared with that of the 33 bulb plot. Accordingly, the number of shoots in the sparse planting plot was more than that in the dense planting plot. As compared with the 854kgs by the 0.1ha of the 22 bulb plot, the other plots recored 2 percent in­crease in the 33 bulb plot, 16 percent decrease in the 17 bulb plot and 34 percent decrease in the 13 bulb plot. All things considered, for the culture of Fritillaria thungergii MIQUEL in the middle region, Aug. 25 and 22 bulbs by the square meter were suitable for the planting date and density.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.133-140
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• 2014

Objectives : Paemo is a phlegm-resolving drug with cold properties and classified 5 kinds which come from 11 species of original plant. All the more, according to literature record, 20 species of original plant were used. As a natural result, these are easily to confuse and there are a lot of counterfeit product. So we are to present a differential standard of Paemo. Methods : It was planed a differential standard form through outer appearance of the original plant and outer appearance in the form of each medicines which was collected local market or field for 11 species which is listed in Korea or China pharmacopeia. Results : It was possible to distinguish the orignal plant between Fritillaria and Bolbostemma through its stem shape. In Fritillaria of original plant, it was possible to distinguish through its width of leaf, number of leafy bracts, color and position of flower and shape of leaf apex. In outer appearance in the form of each medicines, there are difference in color and texture of medicine between Fritillaria and Bolbostemma and there are difference in size, shape, size of inner and outter fleshy leaf of bulb, pattern of surface and apex of fleshy leaf of bulb among 10 Fritillaria species. Conclusions : This study presents various differences in the outer appearance of the original plant and the outer appearance in the form of each medicines among Paemo. It will be helpful to further applied research.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.132-138
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• 1996

This experiment was carried out to establish a year-round production system of pathogen-free stock through micropropagation in Fritillaria thunbergii as medicinal bulbous plant. The effect of different types of culture method and plant growth regulators, activated charcoal and mannitol on bulblet formation and subsequent growth were investigated. The MS solid medium containing 1. 0 mg/L kinetin and 0. 3 mg/L NAA was effective on bulblet formation and propagation rate compared to liquid and suspension culture. Addition of activated charcoal at 0. 01% to 0. 1% in the medium promoted bulbing of cultured bulblets and shoot formation. Addition of 1% to 2% mainnitol in MS medium was effective on the formation of bulblet and subsequent growth of bulblets compared to control. In addition of inhibitors, $10{\sim}100\;mg/L$ B-9 and Chloromequat had effective to stimulate bulblet growth but their effects were not so much as mannitol treatment. ABA treatment had detrimental effect on survival rate of explant and bulblet formation.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.169-181
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• 2005

Background & Objective : Idiopathic Lung Fibrosis(IPF) is chronic fibrotic interstitial pneumonia. The pathogenesis is unclear. Fritillariae Rhizoma is the most commonly used antitussive and expectorant Oriental medicinal herb. The effects of Fritillariae Rhizoma on bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis is here evaluated. Material and Methods : Fritillariae Rhizoma extract was daily given to the normal rats, control(bleomycin) rats and treated(bleomycin and Fritillariae Rhizoma) rats at 9.0 mg per body weight 10g for 14 days. 14 days later, the change in Leukocyte count and percentages were observed, as well as IFN-gamma and 1L-4 in BALF, and the change in Semiqualitative histological index(SHI). Results : Compared to control rats, Fritillariae Rhizoma treated rats showed a lower leukocyte count(P<0.05) lymphocyte, neutrophil percentage, SHI(p<0.05), IFN-gamma and IL-4(p<0.05) in treated rats. Conversely, macrophage percentages went higher(p<0.05) in treated rats. Conclusion : This study supports a role for Fritillariae Rhizoma in reducing the maintaining inflammatory cells and cytokines in rats with bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis and in the reduction of fibrosis tissues. Further research is needed in order to develop an effective treatment for lung fibrosis.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.211-218
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• 1994

This experiment was conducted to obtain basic information for the establishment of in vitro initial culture system in Fritillaria thuubergii Miq. Methods of surface sterilization of scale segments as explant and effect of antibiotics added into the culture medium on contamination of explant and chilling treatment of mother bulb on bulblet formation were investigated. Portent of contamination of cultured scale segments was significantly higher in the outer scale segments which were unsuitable as initial culture explant than inner scale segments. Contamination of explants taken from inner scale of bulb was reduced by surface sterilizing explants in the solution of $4{\sim}5%$ sodium hypoclorite for $10{\sim}15$ mimutes. Addition of antibiotics such as kanamycin, vancomycia cefotaxim, agrirnycin and agreptomycin and dithane as fungicide and$lncyte^{tm}$ into MS medium was effective to reduce bateriological contamination, but did not work to control fungi. It had effective to delay the degree of contamination caused by fungi and bacteria haboring in cultured explants. Bulblet formation from cultured scale segments was promoted by dry storage for $2{\sim}4$ weeks or moisture storage of mother bulbs for $4{\sim}6$ weeks at $10^{\circ}C$ before excision of explants. Addition of kinetin into medium could not exerted for the bulblet formation from the scale segment of dry storaged bulb compared to control. But explant taken from 6 week moisture storaged bulb formed more than 10 bulblets per explant on the medium containing $3{\sim}5mg/L$ kinetin.