• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.2189-2198
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• 2014

본 연구는 제초제 음독 중에서 가장 치명률이 높은 파라쿼트 중독의 독성 감소를 위하여 파라쿼트 독성 기전으로 알려진 파라쿼트 유도성 활성산소종을 감소시키기 위해 기존의 항산화제들 치료제와는 달리, 사전에 산소 농도를 줄여서 파라쿼트에 의한 활성 산소종 발생 자체를 줄이는 저농도 산소요법의 유용성을 연구하였다. 이를 위해 백서를 활용하여 생존률 및 파라쿼트에 의한 활성 산소종의 영향을 가장 빠르고 많이 받는 폐조직의 육안적 조직학적 변화를 비교 분석함으로써 세포 독성 상황에서 저농도 산소요법의 효과를 분석하였다. 그 결과 저농도 산소요법을 처리한 군에서 유의한 생존률 증가와 함께 H&E Stain결과에서는 염증세포 증가 및 Aveolar space에 부종 소견이 저농도 산소요법을 함께 시행한 군에서 완화된 소견을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 파라쿼트의 독성기전의 핵심인 산화스트레스발생 분석을 시행한 결과, MDA assay, Glutathione assay 및 SOD Assay모두에서 파라쿼트는 산화스트레스를 증가하지만 파라쿼트와 함께 저농도 산소요법을 처리한 경우 산화 스트레스가 감소함을 증명하였다. 이를 통해 본 연구는 임상에서 파라쿼트 중독에 대한 새로운 치료 대안으로서의 기초 연구로서 활용이 기대된다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제62권2호
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• pp.113-118
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• 2007

연구배경: 파라쿼트 중독은 다발성 장기부전과 폐섬유화를 유발하여 높은 사망률을 초래한다. 폐섬유화의 약화를 위해 여러 종류의 면역억제제가 사용되었으나 그 치료효과는 다양하다. 철은 파라쿼트로 유발된 산화 스트레스에 의한 폐손상에 중요한 역할은 한다. 본 연구는 파라쿼트 중독의 치료시 철 킬레이트 제제인 deferoxamine의 효과를 보고자 시행되었다. 방 법: 2001년 10월부터 2005년 4월까지 파라쿼트 중독으로 내과계중환자실에 입원한 37명 중 28명이 본 연구에 포함되었다. 환자들은 서울아산병원의 파라쿼트 치료 프로토콜에 따라서 치료되었다. 이 중 12명이 추가로 deferoxamine 투여군으로 무작위 분류되었다. 결 과: 두 군간의 성별, 나이, 파라쿼트 중독의 정도, 섭취 후 병원까지의 도착 시간 등은 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 파라쿼트 섭취 후 간기능과 신기능의 변화도 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 전체 사망률은 두 군 간의 차이는 없었으나 deferoxamine 투여군에서 대조군과 비교시 호흡부전의 빈도가 높았다(4/7 versus 0/9, p=0.019). 결 론: 파라쿼트 중독 시 본 연구에서 적용된 용량과 기간의 deferoxamine (100mg/kg during 24 h)은 치료효과가 없을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.379-382
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• 2002

A patient (Pointer+Viszula mixed breed, 4 months old, male), with chief historic sign of acute vomiting, hemorrhagic diarrhea, anorexia and dyspnea during 4 days was admitted to College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University. Necropsy findings were revealed ulcer and hemorrhage contained hemorrhagic diarrhea in gastrointestinal tract, severe emphysema and hemorrhage in the lung and kidney and cardiac hypertropy. Histopathological changes showed emphysema, hyperemia and hemorrhage in the lung, severe hyperemia, hemorrhage, hepatic vacuolation and cellular necrosis in the liver, hyperemia, hemorrhage, necrosis of tubular epithelium in the kidney, hemorrhage in cardiac muscle and hyperemia, necrosis and sloughing of epithelium in the intestine. Histopathological diagnosis was made as paraquat poisoning.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.339-344
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• 2003

Paraquat는 가장 효과적이고 널리 사용되는 제초제이지만 인간에게 매우 유독한 물질이다. 중독환자에 있어 뇨중 농도는 가장 중요한 인자중의 하나로 알려져 있으나 일반 검사실에서 이를 위한 정량검사는 거의 시행되지 않고 있다. 본 연구에서는 sodium dithionite를 이용하여 뇨중의 paraquat의 농도를 측정하는 새로운 방법의 진단 시험지를 개발하였다. 이 이차유도성 방식을 사용하여 paraquat의 농도를 측정한 결과 $0.5{\%}$ borate 완충용액(pH 8.0), 유도체 0.25 M $Na_2S_2O_4,\0.1~0.8{\%}$ PolyVinyl Pyrrolidone(PVP) 안정제, $1{\%}$ decanol의 구성비로 만들어진 진단시험지의 반응 색상이 안정하며 표준 비색표에 의한 육안적인 감별은 물론 화학 자동분석기에서의 응용성이 좋았다.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2009년도 제40회 하계학술대회
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• pp.1232_1233
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• 2009

Paraquat is well-known to cause hepatotoxic responses in human and other mammal species. In solution, it forms free radicals and charge-transfer complex of which formation plays an important role in determination of its biological activity in the presence of various anions. The HepG2 cells were cultured onto a quartz crystal sensor which is possible to detect the density and a viscosity changes using the resonance frequency (F) and the resonance resistance (R). The plot of F-R diagram is able to explain the rheological change of cells onto the surface of the quartz crystal sensor. In this paper, we investigated the physical properties of the HepG2 cells cultured onto a ITO electrode of the quartz crystal sensor according to the paraquat injection at various concentrations (100 mM, 10 mM, 1 mM). We also observed the morphological changes with a micro CCD camera, simultaneously. The HepG2 cells were cultured onto the ITO electrode surface of the quartz crystal modified a collagen film in $CO_2$ incubator. After the paraquat injection, we observed the changes of the morphologies by the micro CCD camera depending on time and analyzed the physical changes of cells on the electrode surface of quartz crystal using F-R diagram. From all results, we proved the effect of paraquat at various concentrations which is led to an apoptosis such as weakening and death of the cells by oxidation and reduction reaction that were produced the superoxide anions and other free radicals.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.6-13
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• 2013

Purpose: Sulforaphane is a naturally-occurring isothiocyanate abundant in broccoli. It has been suggested as a promising antioxidant. In this study, the therapeutic effect of sulforaphane in paraquat intoxication was investigated. Methods: Paraquat was administered via the tail vein, after which sulforaphane or a vehicle (4% DMSO) was administered intraperitoneally 15 minutes after paraquat administration. Histological injury, lipid peroxidation, plasma cytokine (IL-6, IL-10), and nitric oxide were measured. In addition, the effect of sulforaphane on survival in paraquat-intoxication was observed. Results: Regarding histological injury, lipid peroxidation, and plasma cytokine and nitric-oxide response, sulforaphane administration showed no protective effects in paraquat-intoxicated rats. Rather, it increased mortality (log rank p=0.03) and caused lipid peroxidation, as well as plasma cytokine and nitric-oxide production, to be increased. Conclusion: Sulforaphane had no therapeutic effect on paraquat-intoxicated rats; rather, it increased mortality.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.14-19
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• 2011

Purpose: Most paraquat poisonings are easily diagnosed by history taking on physical examination, however, some are failed to be diagnosed initially if the poisoning was veiled. The purpose of this study was to explore the clinical characteristics of veiled paraquat poisoning. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients whose discharge diagnosis was paraquat poisoning in one university teaching hospital between 1 Jan, 2001 and 31 Dec, 2010. Veiled paraquat poisoning was determined when there was a positive urine paraquat kit in patients who did not mention paraquat poisoning in an initial physical examination or had unknown cause of pulmonary fibrosis, acute renal failure, or multi-organ failure. Results: Of the 117 patients with paraquat poisoning during the study period, 6 patients (5.1%) had veiled paraquat poisoning. The clinical characteristics were 1) proteinuria - 6 (100%), 2) increased creatinine - 4 (66.7%), 3) green skin stains - 2 (33.3%), 4) mucosal ulcer - 3 (50%). Blood chemistry results were variable. Conclusion: We should suspect veiled paraquat poisoning for patients who have proteinuria, increased creatinine, green skin stain, mucosal ulcer and vomiting, or if they have rapidly progressing acute renal failure or multi-organ failure with unknown cause, even if patients didn't mention about paraquat poisoning upon the initial physical examination. In cases with the above clinical conditions, a thorough repeated physical examination including history taking and use of urine paraquat kits should be performed.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.122-125
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• 2005

Paraquat, is a widely used for its great effect as a herbicide. But the mortality rate by paraquat intoxication is known to be very high. It is thought to act by changing form to superoxide and peroxide free radical. Almost paraquat intoxication is through ingestion. A few intoxication of paraquat is through skin absorption. But there was no known death case through skin absorption. We experienced a case of a expired patient by paraquat intoxication through skin abrasion and scratching wound. A 75-year-old man was visited emergency room after motorcycle accident during transporting paraquat. He has multiple abrasion and scratching wound on extremities, and pelvic bone fracture. There was no evidence of ingestion of paraquat. But serum/urine gramoxone level was all positive. In spite of wound irrigation and hemoperfusion, his condition was been gone form bed to worse. 2 days after, multiple organ failure and the respiratory arrest were developed and he was expired. Paraquat intoxication through skin wound is extremely dangerous and death by that could possibly happen

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.130-133
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• 2008

In South Korea, attempted suicide by paraquat (PQ) intoxication is fairly common, and is lethal by pulmonary fibrosis and hypoxemia. However, the treatment of PQ poisoning is primarily supportive management. To increase the survival rate associated with PQ intoxication, many treatments have been developed. Here, we treated a case of PQ intoxication with steroid pulse therapy. A 23-year-old man was admitted to the hospital because of PQ intoxication. He drank two mouthfuls of Gramoxon (24% commercial paraquat). His vital signs were stable, but he had a throat infection, and navy blue urine in the sodium dithionite test. Standard treatment, including gastric lavage with activated charcoal was performed, and emergent hemoperfusion with a charcoal filter was initiated 11 h after PQ ingestion. Pharmacotherapy was initiated 18 h after PQ ingestion with the administration of 5 mg dexamethasone. On day 10, chest PA showed pulmonary fibrosis. Therefore, we initiated steroid pulse therapy, with 1g methylprednisolone in 100 mL of D5W administered over 1 h repeated daily for 3 days, and 1 g cyclophosphamide in 100 mL of D5W administered over 1 h daily for 2 days. On day 15, dexamethasone therapy was initiated. On day 30, pulmonary fibrosis was improved. Thus, if pulmonary fibrosis becomes exacerbated after dexamethasone therapy during the subacute stage, pulse therapy with methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide could be helpful.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.53-63
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• 2005

Purpose: This study was designed to determine if methylene blue inhibited the lipid peroxidation, the production of NO, and the gene expression of iNOS in acute lung injury induced by paraquat and if the inhibitory effect was dose dependent. Methods: Female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: the control group, the group treated with paraquat only, the group treated with paraquat and a low dose of methylene blue (2 mg/kg), and the group treated with paraquat and a high dose of methylene blue (20 mg/kg). Methylene blue was administered via the jugular vein 1 h after paraquat administration, and animals were sacrificed 6 and 24 h after paraquat administration. Malondialdehyde (MDA) as lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione (GSH) as an antioxidant defense, the plasma NO concentration, and the expression of iNOS mRNA in the lung tissue were measured Results: Lung MDA contents decreased, with no significant difference between the methylene-blue groups and the paraquat-only group. Lung GSH contents were significantly elevated at 24 h in the methylene-blue groups compared with the paraquat-only group. Plasma NO concentrations were significantly reduced at 6 and 24 h in the methylene-blue groups compared with the paraquat-only group. There was also a significant decrease in the plasma NO concentration at 6 h in the high-dose methylene-blue group compared with the low-dose methylene-blue group. The expression of iNOS mRNA in the lung tissue was slightly decreased in the methylene-blue groups. It was also markedly increased at 24 h in the paraquat-only group compared with the methylene-blue groups. The gene expression was relatively decreased in the high-dose methylene-blue group compared with the low-dose methylene-blue group. Conclusion: This study suggests that methylene blue has an inhibitory effect on the plasma NO concentration and the expression of iNOS mRNA in lung injury induced by paraquat. No inhibitory effect of methylene blue on lipid peroxidation or dose-dependent inhibitory effects were clearly shown.