• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.525-532
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• 1995

In this paper, a new try to measure nonlinear propagation characteristics of the pulse along blood vessel by using bispectral analysis is introduced, and the possibility of its application to the medical diagnosis is shown. In this method, the waveforms of pulse motion of blood vessel at two separated measuring points on the wall were detected from Doppler frequency modulation of transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then the auto- and crossbispectrum of detected waveforms are calculated to estimate the quadratic NTF (nonlinear transfer function) between the two measuring positions. In order to show relationships between the NTF and the nonlinear propagation characteristics, computer simulations have been performed. As the propagation distance increases, harmonic frequency components in NTF increases broadly due to the nonlinear effect in the propagation of blood pulse. In order to represent this phenomena quantitatively, we propose a new parameter, dispersion ratio of WTF. Basic experimental system was constructed by using 3.5MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the preliminary experiments were carried out on ague phantom and human body. Experimental results showed the validity of the measurement system enoughly.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.203-214
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• 2010

This study numerically investigates the wave control of 2-rowed Impermeable Rectangular Submerged Dike(IRSD) with an object of how to control short-period and solitary waves simultaneously based on the Bragg resonance phenomenon that elevates the wave control performance. The boundary integral method using Green formula and the 3-D one-field Model for immiscible TWO-Phase flows (TWOPM-3D) by 3-D numerical wave flume have been used for the numerical predictions for short-period and solitary waves, respectively. These numerical models were verified through the comparisons with the previously published numerical results by other researchers. Through the parametric tests of numerical experiments for short-period waves, an optimum model of 2-rowed IRSD of a lowest transmission coefficient has been found. Furthermore, the performances of 3-D wave control for solitary waves were evaluated for the various free board, crown widths and gap distance between dikes, and have been compared with those of a single-rowed IRSD. Numerical results show that a 2-rowed IRSD with a less cross sectional area than 1-rowed one improves the wave attenuation performances when it is compared to that of single-rowed IRSD. Within the test frequency ranges of the numerical simulations conducted in this study, 2-rowed IRSD with an optimum gap distance shows an outstanding improvement of the wave attenuation up to 58% compared to that of single-rowed IRSD.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.30 no.1B
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• pp.89-100
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• 2010

The performance evaluation of a conventional Wave Resonator at the entrance of harbors against solitary wave has been performed using 3D numerical wave flume. A wave resonator has been designed for the attenuation of the transmitted wave energy by trapping the short periodic incident waves only. In this study, however, the controlled performance of the wave resonator by its various widths has been numerically investigated for solitary waves. Source distribution method based on the Green function and the 3D one-field Model for immiscible TWO-Phase flows (TWOPM-3D) using 3D numerical wave flume were used for the short-periodic waves and the solitary waves, respectively, and these models were verified through the comparisons with the previous experimental and numerical results by other researchers. It was confirmed that the wave resonator is effective enough to control the solitary waves as well as the periodic waves when it compares with the case of no resonance system. Further, it was found that there is the optimal width of a wave resonator to attenuate the target solitary waves.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.121-129
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• 2004

The different types of coastal souctures have been constructed for the protection of coastal region from the incident waves. Among them. the permeable submerged breakwater has been widely used as a wave dissipater and sediment transport controller because of its excellent advantages in scenery effects, construction efficiency and environment aspects. This study numerically investigated the characteristics of wave energy variations and transmission coefficient at the rear of the permeable submerged breakwater installed in the irregular wave field. To analyze it's performance numerically, a two-dimensional numerical wave flume based on VOF method was used. A frequency spectral analysis showed that the spectral peak moved to the short-period in the one-row submerged breakwater, and the wave energy was distributed evenly for the whole period in the two-row submerged breakwater in the case of breaking on the submerged breakwater. The spectral peak was shown to be converged within the significant wave period at the rear of the permeable submerged breakwater in the case of non-breaking conditions. From the result of transmission coefficients analysis. it was confirmed that a considerable quantity of wave energy was transmitted to the rear of the permeable submerged breakwater in the case of non-breaking rather than breaking.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.10-19
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• 2007

Conventional MRI methods using T1-, T2-, diffusion-, perfusion-weighting, and functional imaging rely on characterizing the physical and functional properties of the tissue. In this review, we introduce an imaging modality based on measured the mechanical properties of soft tissue, namely magnetic resonance elastography (MRE). The use of palpation to identify the stiffness of tissue remains a fundamental diagnostic tool. MRE can quantify the stiffness of the tissue thereby providing a objective means to measure the mechanical properties. To accomplish a successful clinical setting using MRE, hardware and software techniques in the area of transducer, pulse sequence, and imaging processing algorithm need to be developed. Transducer, a mechanical vibrator, is the core of MRE application to make wave propagate invivo. For this reason, considerations of the frame of human body, pressure and friction of the interface, and high magnetic field of a MRI system needs to be taken into account when designing a transducer. Given that the wave propagates through human body effectively, developing an appropriate pulse sequence is another important issue in obtaining an optimal image. In this review paper, we introduce the technical aspects needed for MRE experiments and introduce several applications of this new field.

• Broadcasting and Media Magazine
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.31-45
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• 2011

사용자가 원하는 3D 사운드 혹은 소리의 공간감을 원하는 대로 재현할 수 있는 오디오 시스템은 오랜 기간 동안 인류가 가지고 싶었던 꿈의 기계였다. 그러나 과연 개인 혹은 사용자가 원하는 3D 사운드라는 것이 무엇이며 어떻게 정의하여야 하는지는 명확하지 않다. 이것은 매우 주관적인 개념일 뿐만 아니라 개인에 따라 다를 수 있으며, 그 평가에 대한 객관적인 방법 또한 존재하지 않는다. 관련된 연구를 살펴보면, 원하는 소리의 파동 전파 자체를 시공간 상에서 물리적으로 재현하는 WFS(Wave Field Synthesis)나 Ambisonics, 또는 머리전달함수(HRTF: Head Related Transfer Function)를 기반으로 한 많은 연구들이 있다. 이렇게 재현된 음장(sound field)을 보면 이들이 인지되고 평가되는 등의 객관화를 위하여는 청취 환경에 따라 그 특성이 바뀌고 동일한 환경에서도 청취자에 따라 다르게 인지되는 근본적인 문제점을 가지고 있다. 음장 재현 방법의 이러한 근본적인 문제는 놀랍게도 과거의 스테레오 시스템에서 볼 수 있는 밸런스 노브(balance knob)로부터 그 해결의 실마리를 찾을 수 있다. 밸런스 노브는 보편적인 최적의 소리를 찾는 대신에 청취자가 원하는 음향 효과를 얻을 때까지 직접적으로 소리를 청취하고, 스스로 조절하여 평가할 수 있는 매개체의 역할을 수행한다. 만일 밸런스 노브와 같이 청취자가 원하는 3D 사운드를 스스로 평가하고 조절하기 위한 방법을 마련할 수 있다면? 즉, 청취자가 시공간적으로 원하는 3D 사운드를 실시간으로 청취하고 변화시킬 수 있는 인터페이스를 구현할 수 있다면? 과연 그러한 것이 어떻게 가능할 수 있는지 체계적인 검토가 이루어질 수 있다면 매우 좋을 것이다. 본 고는 이러한 것을 가능케 할 수 있는 즉, 청취자가 자유 자재로 원하는 음장을 형성할 수 있는 렌더링 기법 및 즉각적인 피드백이 가능한 인터페이스를 소개하고 있다. 인터페이스는 현재까지 오디오 시스템에서 주로 사용되는 주파수 이퀄라이져(frequency equalizer)와 매우 유사한 특징이 있다. 이러한 점을 감안하여 "Spatial Equalizer$^{(R)}$"라는 이름을 붙여 보았다. Spatial Equalizer$^{(R)}$는 공간 상에 하나의 점 또는 다수의 점으로 표시되는 가상 음원을 사용자가 조종하여 원 소리의 공간감을 제어할 수 있도록 구성되어 있다. 공간 상에 다수의 점 음원들의 위치를 변화시키거나 크기를 변화시킴으로써 청취자가 원하는 공간감을 구현할 수 있도록 하고 있다. 중요한 것은 종전의 이퀄라이져와 같이 Spatial Equalizer$^{(R)}$에 의해 형성되는 음장이 어떤 객관적인 척도에 의해서 평가되는 대신 사용자에 의해 직접 주관적으로 평가되고, 선택된다는 점이다.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.32-39
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• 1999

In this paper, the characteristics of the ray tracing method (RTM) based on the cylindrical wave are discussed for the high frequency vibration analysis of two-dimensional structures. A ray tube describing the emanating cylindrical wave is used to derive the governing equation for incident reflected, and transmitted ray tubes which satisfies the condition at the coupled boundary. The suggested ray model is applied to panel array structures, and the predicted results for 2-panel, 3-panel, and 4-panel array structures are compared to those by Statistical energy analysis (SEA) and Wave intensity analysis(WIA). More enhanced prediction was obtained compared to the SEA, and similar prediction performance was observed to the WIA. Additionally, the RTM has a novel feature that it can estimate the spatially smoothed distribution of vibration energy and vibration intensity. It is expected that the present RTM can be used as one of the useful tools for the high frequency vibration analysis of two-dimensional coupled structures.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.180-198
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• 2019

In recent years, countries like Europe and Japan have been involved in many researches on the Low-Crested Structure (LCS) which is the method to protect beach erosion and it is regarded as an alternative to the submerged breakwaters, and compiled its results and released the design manual. In the past, studies on LCS have focused on two-dimensional wave transmission and calculating required weight of armor units, and these were mainly examined and discussed based on experiments. In this study, three-dimensional numerical analysis is performed on permeable LCS. The open-source CFD code olaFlow based on the Navier-Stokes momentum equations is applied to the numerical analysis, which is a strongly nonlinear analysis method that enables breaking and turbulence analysis. As a result, the distribution characteristics of the LCS such as water level, water flow, and turbulent kinetic energy were examined and discussed, then they were carefully compared and examined in the case of submerged breakwaters. The study results indicate that there is a difference between the flow patterns of longshore current near the shoreline, the spatial distribution of longshore and on-offshore directions of mean turbulent kinetic energy in case of submerged breakwaters and LCS. It is predicted that the difference in these results leads to the difference in sand movement.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.34 no.12
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• pp.115-131
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• 2018

Extension plate attached PHC piles and bolts spliced PHC piles were installed in field test site. Pile integrities were checked during installation with dynamic pile test and the actual pile conditions after installation were compared with integrity index (${\beta}$ index) by PDA test. Theoretically the break in near pile end or pile end (especially extension plate itself) was very difficult to access by integrity index (${\beta}$ index) and also require a high level of knowledge and field experience on PDA test. First actual wave equation of bolts spliced PHC piles due to bolts spliced equipment can be different with welding spliced. Second wave length of the stress wave from installing can be longer than the height of bolts spliced equipment (about 100 mm). Third Beta processing in PDA analysis function is very difficult to access without a high level of knowledge and field experience on wave equation. Above-mentioned three reasons can make conclusion that traditional PDA test in domestic site can not access the integrity of bolts spliced equipment in bolts spliced PHC piles.