• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.155-160
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the feasibility of Multi Process of Aerobic Digestion (MPAD) for recycling of swine manure slurry as fertilizer. MPAD consisted of three kinds of difference process which are thermophilic aerobic oxidation (TAO) system, lime solidification system, and reverse osmosis (R/O) membrane system. TAO system was studied well previously for decade. The chemical composition of the lime-treated solid fertilizer was as like that organic matter 17.4%, moisture 34.1%, N 0.9%, P 1.7%, K 0.3%, Ca 12.7%, and which was expected to be useful as acid soil amendment material. The concentrated liquid material produced by R/O membrane system was also expected as a good fertilizer for crops production and soil fertility improvement.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.527-537
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• 2018

Column tests of a sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) bioreactor were conducted to determine the design factors for sulfate-rich mine drainage. Various substrates were applied to the bioreactor, including cow manure and its mixture with a mushroom compost, with rice straw and limestone as subsidiary materials. This procedure provided a removal efficiency of up to 82% of the total sulfur with the mixture of cow manure (70%), mushroom compost (10%) and rice straw (20%), and higher efficiencies were observed after 2 days of retention time. In the downflow condition of the flow direction, oxygen supply and re-oxidation of the sulfates occurred, causing a decrease in sulfate removal efficiency. The addition of an inorganic sludge containing heavy metals, which was intended for production of metal-sulfides in the bioreactor, had a negative effect on the long-term operation owing to arsenic release and toxicity to the SRB. The results thus show that a bioreactor using a mixed substrate with cow manure and operating in the downflow direction could reduce sulfates and total dissolved sulfur content; this process confirms the applicability of the SRB bioreactor to sulfate-rich saline drainage.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.104-112
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• 2012

BACKGROUND: Agricultural inputs (fertilizer and organic inputs) and water conditions can influence $CH_4$ and $CO_2$ emission from agricultural soils. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of agricultural inputs (fertilizer and organic inputs) under changing water regime on $CH_4$ and $CO_2$ emission from a soil in a laboratory incubation experiment. METHODS AND RESULTS: Four treatments were laid out: control without input and three type of agricultural inputs ($(NH_4)_2SO_4$, AS; pig manure compost, PMC; hairy vetch, HV). Fertilizer and organic inputs were mixed with 25 g of soil at 2.75 mg N/25 g soil (equivalent to 110 kg N/ha) in a bottle with septum, and incubated for 60 days. During the first 30-days incubation, the soil was waterlogged (1 cm of water depth) by adding distilled water weekly, and on 30 days of incubation, excess water was discarded then incubated up to 60 days without addition of water. Based on the redox potential, water regime could be classified into wetting (1 to 30 days), transition (31 to 40 days), and drying periods (41 to 60 days). Across the entire period, $CH_4$ and $CO_2$ flux ranged from 0 to 13.8 mg $CH_4$/m/day and from 0.4~1.9 g $CO_2$/m/day, and both were relatively higher in the early wetting period and the boundary between transition and drying periods. During the entire period, % loss of C relative to the initial was highest in HV (16.4%) followed by AS (8.1%), PMC (7.5%), and control (5.4%), indicating readily decomposability of HV. Accordingly, both $CH_4$ and $CO_2$ fluxes were greatest in HV treatment. Meanwhile, the lower $CH_4$ flux in AS and PMC treatments than the control was ascribed to reduction in $CH_4$ generation due to the presence of oxidized compounds such as ${SO_4}^{2-}$, $Fe^{3+}$, $Mn^{4+}$, and ${NO_3}^-$ that compete with precursors of $CH_4$ for electrons. CONCLUSION: Green manure such as HV can replace synthetic fertilizer in terms of N input, however, it may increase $CH_4$ emission from soils. Therefore, co-application of green manure and livestock manure compost needs to be considered in order to achieve satisfactory N supply and to mitigate $CH_4$ and $CO_2$ emission.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.120-124
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• 2014

This study was performed to compare the level of odorous compounds in feces and urine of finishing pigs. Feces and urine from 16 finishing pigs were separately collected for 28-d. Concentrations of volatile organic compound (VOC; phenols and indoles) and volatile fatty acid (VFA; SCFA and BCFA) were measured in feces and urine. Amount of phenols and p-cresol was higher (P<0.05) in urine than in feces. Urinal levels of phenols and p-cresol were 257.8 ppm and 250.9 ppm, and those of fecal phenols and p-cresol were 0.50 ppm and 0.05 ppm, respectively. There was no difference in concentration of indoles from feces (1.0 ppm) and urine (1.8 ppm). Short chain fatty acid (SCFA) level in urine was higher (P<0.05) than in feces showing 4,547 ppm and 863 ppm, respectively. Proportion of acetic acid to total SCFA was higher in urine (94%) than in feces (66%). However, level of branched fatty acid (BCFA) was greater in feces (118 ppm) compare to that of urine (87 ppm). Odorous compounds analyzed in the current study, phenols and SCFA, were contained more in urine than in feces. Greater amount of VFA is typically found in feces than in urine since it is generated in the large intestine. However, urine contained more VFA than feces in the current study. Therefore, it will be necessary to exploit odor reducing techniques especially for pig urine as grassland fertilizer.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.200-206
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• 1998

The distributions and characteristics of bacteria on the deodorizing biofilters were studied as a part of biofiltration research for odor gas removal. The odor gas originated from a currently operating nightsoil treatment plant were mainly nitrogenous compounds of ammonia and amines. The filter media were consisted various ratio of pine bark, nightsoil cast and compost, and were sampled before and after operation of 153 days. Before operation, the level of bacteria on nitrification agar medium, nutrient agar medium and thiosulfate agar medium were around $10^7{\sim}10^8cfu/g$ media. After operation, the level decreased but still high as $10^5{\sim}10^7cfu/g$ media. The bacteria from reactors before and after operations were either rod or coccus after growth on nitrification agar media. The 45 isolated heterotrophic bacteria were further characterized and Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Flavobacterium, Alcaligenes were dominant genera. Genus Alcaligenes was particularly dominant when the isolates were incubated on nitrification agar media first and then transfered to nutrient media. The portion of Alcaligenes in the biofilter increased after operation, and was higher in the media contained nightsoil cast, which showed better treatment than the media with pine bark only.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.2162-2176
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• 1971

From the ancient times our forefathers settled down in this peninsular and cultivated the hills and waste-lands into fields. Instead of fertilizing the lands they moved to find other fertile lands and lived a feudal life of agriculture and various machines played a main role in the land reclamation. The best method of land clearing, the time and efficiency in the operation and the effect of growing crops should sysematically analized prior to the time of 3rd Five-year Economic Development(1972-1976) in order to cultivated 210,000 ha of waste-land or the modernization of our country. The present study was investigated to find out a new working-system of mechanical land clearing and development of fertile soil. The results are as follows: 1) The land reclamation in natural slope is much more encourageable in land clearing and farming when the slope is below ten grades than bench terrace. 2) Weeds were mixed with soil in the land clearing work in order to supply organic materials and to make soil swollen instead of burning of just removing. 3) The equipments such as bulldozers, harrows, power tillers and so on should be prepared in order to do a systematic work in the land clearing. 4) The work of pulling-up roots is dependent upon the forms of roots spreading under the ground. The work of the pulling-up the straight roots was most difficult. 5) The land clearing work of the wrinkled style blocks was easy in pulling up roots and in the time of first plowing. The harrowing work could also be simply done. 6) The amount of soil carried was $240m^3/10a$, 15.6% increased amount from the standard block, while the required time of clearing work was 2 hours 15 minutes 45 seconds/10a, the one third of time required for the standard block. 7) The time disc harrowing work increased 50%, or 15 minutes/10a compared to the harrowing work required in the cultivated soil. 8) The time of rotary tilling increased 2.4 times or 1 hour 47 minutes 43 seconds/10a compared to the time required in the cultivated soil. 9) The reclamed land should be fertilized according to the soil quality, especially added fertilizer should be more than 1,200kg/10a, limes 20kg/10a. In order to produce added fertilizer grass fields should be needed. 10) The experiment of pasture growing is now progressing and therefore the effect of land clearing and the degree of developed soil will be investigated before long.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.97-105
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• 1996

This study conducted to determine the evaluation and improvement for enforcement of the waste recycling system in Pohang city and surveyed 4 areas at the southern and northern districts respectively by a team of two officials during the period 6 February 7 February 1995. The rates of the use for waste recycling system's envelope from home trash were 94.2% at the northern district and 92.8% at the southern district by areas, 95.6% at the group houses (apartments and tenement houses) and 91.3% at the separate houses by patterns of house, the low economic class 96.4%, the middle economic class 96.3% and the upper economic class 87.5% by the economic levels, and the bell method 96.5%, the container method 95.6%, door take method 86.1% in order, respectively. The trash from houses were garbage 57.4%, paper 18.7%, plastic 10.3%, fiber 7.9%, bottle 2.7%, metal and can 1.4%, and wood and rubber 0.7% in order. The rates of the reuse trash(reuse possible paper, plastic, bottle, can and metal) were 20.2% of the total, 21.8% at the southern district and 18.5% at the northern district by areas, 25.7% at the separate houses and 14.7% at the group houses(apartments and tenement houses) by patterns of house, and the door take method 34.3%, the bell take method 17.1% and the container take method 14.7% in order, respectively. There were the double envelopes of the plastic bag from stories 46.3% and the clear plastic bag 29.5% in the waste cycling system's envelopes. There were 1.9 double envelopes in the waste cycling system's envelopes. Garbage occupied more than half of the total trash, so it is need to be compost and provender.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.159-163
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• 1973

A by-product from glutamic acid fermentation prepared by treating the fermentation residue with sulfuric acid and ammonium hydroxide was studied in the light of its chemical properties by chemical analysis and X-ray diffraction technique. Its effectiveness as fertilizer was also investigated with corn as test plant. The results are summarized as following. 1. The chemical analyses and study with X-ray diffraction technique revealed that the by-product contains an appreciable quantity of water soluble ammonium as ammonium sulfate and ammonium chloride, water soluble amino acid and in-soluble organic carbon. Particularly, the X-diffraction pattern of the material indicated the presence of unidentified water soluble double salt of ammonium sulfate and ammonium chloride. 2. The water soluble ammonium in this material was found to be as effective as urea on the growth of corn plant. 3. The organic portion of the material was found to be equally effective on the growth of corn plant as the other sources of organic matter such as compost and rice bran. It was, however found that the organic matter in the fermentation residue is more persisting in the soil than the compost and rice bran. 4. It was noticed that the application of the fermentation by-product, lowers the soil pH significantly. Inspite of the pH lowering effect, the absorption of iron by corn plant was surpressed by the application of this material.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.68-75
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• 1985

Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of compost and humic acid treatment on adsorption of Cd, Zn, and Cu in soils. Three soils differing in physical and chemical properties used in this experiments were Bonyrang (Typic Udifluvents) SL, Gangseo (Aquatic Eutrochrepts) L, and Gyorae (Typic Distrandepts) SiL. Adsorption of Cd, Zn, ana Cu on the soils followed Langmuir isotherm up to 75 ppm of initial concentration. The adsorption maxima of Cd, Zn, and Cu for the Bonryang soil, the lowest in pH, organic matter content, and CEC, were the lowest of the three soils. Although the Gyorae soil derived from volcanic ash was the highest in organic matter content and CEC, the adsorption maxima of heavy metals for the Gyorae soil were lower than those for the Gangseo soil of which organic content and CEC were intermidiate. The adsorption maxima/CEC ratios for the Bonryang, the Gangseo, the Gyorae soils were found to be in the range of $23{\sim}27%,\;28{\sim}57%$, and $11{\sim}14%$ respectively The bonding energy constants of Cd, Zn, and Cu for the soils were in the order of Gangseo>Bonryang>Gyorae soils. The adsorption maxima of Cd, Zu, and Cu for the Bonryang soil increased with compost treatment by $100{\sim}210%,\;90{\sim}230%$, and $130{\sim}290%$ respectively, while little difference was observed when the soil was treated with humic acid Bonding energy constants of Cd, Zn, and Cu for the Bonryang soil increased significantly with compost treatment, and showed insignificant correlation with humic acid treatment.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.655-668
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• 1994

Conventional deodorization filters using soil and compost reach the capacity limitation of deodorization in short period, because its removal mechanism primarily depends on adsorption. Therefore, in this study the experiment was performed on the removal of ammonia which is a strong inorganic malodor, frequently emitted from night soil treatment plants and sewage treatment plants, by seeding activated sludges on the bio-peat containing higher organic contents, water conservation capacity, permeability and lower pressure drop. As a result, in raw peat filter natural ammonia outlet was observed in consequence of pH increase resulted from ammonia ionizing in liquid phase. Ammonia removal mechanism primarily depended on the adsorption onto the anion colloidal substances in peat. In peat bio-filter, theoretical ammonium salts ratio was higher than that of raw peat, resulted from slight pH increase by microorganism activity, however, the experimetal value of ammonia-nitrogen accumulated in bio-peat was lower than that of raw peat because of nitrification by nitrifying bacteria. In the initial reaction period, adsorption was predominant in the ammonia removal mechanism, but nitrification was conspicuous after the middle period. Mass balance of nitrogen was established using experimental data of input $NH_3$ loading, output $NH_3$ loading, $NH_4{^+}$-N, $NO_x$-N, and Org-N. The critical time of unsteady state, which is the maximum activating point of microorganism in bio-filter, was determined using experimental data, and the ammonia adsorption curve was computed using regression analysis. On the basis of the results obtained by above analysis, the delay days for the saturation of adsoption capacity in peat bio-filter was calculated.