• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 2006

The effects of turning frequency were examined on the efficiency of composting lime treated excess sludge amended with sawdust from the activated sludge process after a liquid/solids separation process. The raw and excess sludge from the activated sludge process associated with the hog wastewater treatment system is a significant problem and composting is an effective method far reducing the pollution potential of hog wastewater sludge. The coagulant used sludge composting and ammonia emissions from composting are not well established. The effect of compost properties such as high total carbon, C/N ratio and pH value on performance of composting sludge and biofiltration of ammonia from composting process were investigated. The ammonia emission was not significantly increased during composting. The ammonia concentrations of the exhaust air of composter were ranged from 0.5 and 7 ppm about 12 days after composting. The performance of the hog wastewater sludge composting was the most sensitive to chemical treated sludge properties such as high total carbon and high C/N ratio of the initial compost mixes. Temperature in compost and ammonia emission were not greatly affected by the turning frequency.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.432-435
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• 2006

전 세계적으로 방대하게 배출되는 도축 부산물인 우모는 높은 영양적 가치를 가짐에도 불구하고 현재 사용하는 물리화학적 처리법의 여러 단점으로 효율적으로 이용되지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 그 결과 2차 오염을 발생시키지 않는 경제적 방법인 생물학적 처리에 대한 연구의 필요성이 커지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 그러한 방법 중 대표적인 방법으로 미생물이 생산하는 keratinase를 이용한 생분해에 대해 연구를 하기 위해 경남 일대 퇴비화 볏짚에서 keratinolytic protease 생성능이 우수한 균주인 RS7을 분리하였고 생화학적 동정법과 16S rDNA를 이용한 동정결과 B. pumilus로 동정되었다. 본 실험에서 분리된 B. pumilus는 기존에 활발히 연구되어 있지 않는 균주로써 native feather 분해도가 기존에 알려진 Bacillus 속들이 3일 정도에서 분해 완료되는 것과는 달리 36시간 ${\sim}$48시간 내에 깃대까지 완전히 분해하였다. 또한 분리 균주의 경제적인 분해능을 토대로 분해산물이 식물 생장에 주는 영향과 아미노산 함유량을 검토한 결과 기존의 화학적 분해에 의한 분해산물보다 아미노산 함유량이 4배가량 많았으며 식물 생장에 있어서도 생장율과 개화시점으로 미루어볼 때 비료로써의 역할을 수행할 수 있었다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.109-115
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• 1989

This study was aimed to find out the influence of long-term fertilization for 21 years on soil enzyme activities in the silty clay loam textured normal paddy soil. Total urease activity (TUA) and the microbial urease activity (MUA) were shown to be changed significantly, but the accumulated urease activity (AUA) was similar within trial plots. Especially the MUA of the plots annually applied N.P.K. fertilizers with compost and N.P.K. fertilizers with silicate fertilizer were the highest among plots. The total L-glutaminase activity (TGA) and the accumulated L-glutaminase activity(AGA) were changed significantly among trial plots, but the microbial L-glutaminase activity (MGA) was not. By the simple correlation analysis, it was shown that the TGA and the AGA correlated highly significant to available phosphorus available $SiO_2$ content and pH. Addition of the toluene to the incubation mixture did not markedly affect the activity of phosphatase, but the difference of phosphatase activity among plots was significant. By the simple correlation analysis, it was shown that the phosphatase activity ; correlated highly significant to pH, available $SiO_2$, available phosphorus and exchangeable calcium in soils.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.27
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• pp.47-55
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• 1984

The results of series studies on the ratio of supplements, out-door composting and out-door fermentation induced by using the rice straw as a main substrates at the cultivation of Agaricus bisporus, and the cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus using the rice straw bundles on its compost are as follows; When rice straw for cultivation of A. bisporus was used as the main substrates in synthetic compost as a carbon source, yields were remarkably high. Fermentation was more rapid than that of barley straw or wheat straw and the total nitrogen content was high in rice straw compost. Use of barley straw compost for cultivation of A. bisporus was shown of low yield compared with rice straw, but when a 50% barley straw and 50% rice straw mixture was used, the yield was almost the same as that using only rice straw. The total organic nitrogen on the compost were shown the positive relation to the yield of A. bisporus, but the ammonium nitrogen negative relation to the mycelial growth and yield of A. bisporus. When rice straw was used as the main substrate for compost media, urea was the most suitable source of nitrogen. Poor results were obtained with calcium cyanamide and ammonium sulfate. When urea was applied three separate times, nitrogen loss during composting was decreased and the total nitrogen content of compost was increased. The supplementation of organic nutrient activated compost fermentation and increased yield of A. bisporus. The best sources of organic nutrients selected were as follows: perilla meal, sesame meal, wheat bran and poultry manure, etc. Soybean meal, tobacco powder and glutamic acid fermentation byproducts which were industrial wastes, could be substituted for perilla meal, sesame meal and wheat bran as organic nutrient sources for compost media. During out door composing of rice straw for cultivation of A. bisporus, using of tuner, composter and tunnel system increased up to 13% of its yield, and also cut down 34% of production Cost. The cultivation of P. ostreatus and utilizing of rice straw and wheat straw was established and its yield was high on the rice straw pots. When the substrates 'Rice straw' was heated by steam at $60^{\circ}C$ for 6 hr. mycelial growth of P. ostreatus was moderately rapid and its yield was high.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.163-168
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• 2004

This research was carried out to investigate the moisture evaporation and property change depenging on the composting temperature for the escalator reversing composting system. The system was supported by the Y livestock cooperative composting factory. According to the test, the composting remperature eas varied in the range of $65\~80^{\circ}C$. The water content was de-creased to $75\%$ and became about $60\%$ at the end of the phase. Total nitrogen became $0.58\%$, total phosphoric acid $1.47\%$ and potashium $0.49\%$ at the end of the phase.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.80-86
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• 2002

The simultaneous analysis of the odorous compounds designated by law in Korea and Japan was examined with the thermal desorber gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using one column. The approximate concentrations of trimethyl amine, acetaldehyde, methyl mercaptan and dimethyl sulfide were estimated. Styrene, dimethyl disulfide, propionaldehyde, n-butyl aldehyde, i-butyl aldehyde, n-valeraldehyde, i-valeraldehyde, ethyl acetate, toluene, xylene, methyl i-butyl ketone and i-butanol were detected at concentrations of the detection limits of their threshold values. As a typical example of simultaneous analysis of the odorous compounds, the volatile organic compounds emitted from compost procedure of food waste were concentrated and analyzed with thermal desorber/GC/MSD, and major malodorous compounds were estimated from the concentrations and threshold values of the detected components. From the result of analysis, 34 compounds were confirmed and among them, trimethyl amine, i-valeraldehyde, methyl mercaptan, methyl allyl sulfide, dimethyl sulfide, acetaldehyde, ethanol, n-butyaldehyde were expected to attribute to the odor in order of strength.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.246-251
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• 2006

Organic compost is a useful fertilizer for organic farming. However, it poses a microbiological hazard to the farm produce because most of the compose are originated from excrementitious matters of domestic animals. Irradiation was performed to improve microbiological safety of organic compost and the effectiveness of gamma-irradiation for inactivating Salmonella typhimurium and E. coli was investigated. Total aerobic bacteria and coliform bacteria in 16 produce or commercial compose were ranged from $10^5\;to\;10^7\;CFU/mL\;and\;0\;to\;10^3\;CFU/mL$, respectively. All coliform bacteria in the composts were eliminated by irradiation at 5 kGy, while about $10^2\;CFU/mL$ of total aerobic bacteria survived up to 10 kGy of irradiation. In the inoculation test the test organisms (inoculated at $10^7\;CFU/mL$) were eliminated by irradiation at 3 kGy. $D_{10}$ values of inoculated Salmonella typhimurium and E. coli in the compost were $0.4{\pm}0.05\;and\;0.39{\pm}0.03kGy$. It was considered that $3{\sim}5kGy$ of gamma irradiation was effective for radicidation (radiation sterilization of pathogenic microbes) of organic fertilizer.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.118-126
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• 2012

In this study, two types of ozone generating experimental instrument were installed in commercial livestock manure fertilization facility, which can treat hundred tons of pig manure in a day. Gas samples to be treated were collected from the upper part of the liquid fertilization system and composting system of the commercial livestock manure fertilization facility. The gas sample was flowed to oxidation reactor through pipe line by suction blower, therefore, contacted with ozone. Ammonia and sulfur compounds of gas samples collected from the inlet and outlet point of the experimental instrument were analyzed. The oxidation effect by the contact with ozone was higher in sulfur compounds than ammonia. Ammonia content was reduced about 10% by ozone contact. Sulfur compounds, on the other hand, reduced significantly while treated with ozone. In case of gas sample collected from liquid fertilization system, the concentrations of hydrogen sulfide ($H_2S$), methyl mercaptan (MM), dimethyl sulfide (DMS), and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) of inlet gas were 50.091, 4.9089, 27.8109 and 0.4683 ppvs, respectively. After oxidized by ozone, the concentrations of sulfur compounds were 1.2317, 0.3839, 14.7279 and 0.3145 ppvs, respectively. Another sample collected from aerobic composting system was oxidized in the same conditions. The concentrations of $H_2S$, MM, DMS and DMDS of the sample collected from inlet point of the reactor were 40.6682, 1.3675, 24.2458 and 0.8289 ppvs, respectively. After oxidized, the concentrations of $H_2S$, MM, DMS, and DMDS were reduced to 3.013, ND, 8.8998 and 0.3651 ppvs, respectively. By application of another type of ozone, the concentrations of $H_2S$, MM, DMS and DMDS of inlet gas were reduced from 43.397, 1.4559, 3.6021 and 0.4061 to ND, ND, ND, and 0.21ppvs, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.335-340
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• 2010

This study was conducted to select organic materials (OM) and nitrogen sources in composting of waste mushroom bed from Agaricus bisporus. We examined physio-chemical properties of the organic materials and the mixture ratio for preparing the wasted mushroom bed (M) compost. The carbon content of sawdust was higher than those of rice straw (R) as OM source and the nitrogen content was high in the order of fowl manure (F)>> pig manure (P)> cow manure (C). The compost was prepared to maintain the criteria of above 25% organic matter and then the change of their ingredients was estimated during the process of fermentation. The temperature of waste mushroom bed+pig manure+rice straw (MRP) treatment was varied fast throughout fermentation, on the other hand the temperature of waste mushroom bed+pig manure+sawdust (MSP) treatment was steadily elevated to the middle of composting. The pH of the compost was somewhat high to pH 8.5~9.0 at the early stage, but decreased to 7.5 at the end stage of composting. The content of OM after fermentation was decreased to the level of 19~21% in rice straw, but the sawdust treatment maintained 25~27% organic matter. The waste mushroom bed+fowl manure+rice straw (MRF) treatment, which contains 26.2% organic matter and 0.68% nitrogen, was the highest among them. The volume of compost was reduced to 50% by using rice straw as organic matter, but reduced to 30% by using the sawdust. The contents of heavy metal in the compost were suitable within the legal criteria. The number of microorganisms were higher in the rice straw than those in the sawdust. It was high in the order of fowl manure> pig manure> cow manure. The major groups consisted of aerobic bacteria, gram negative bacteria and Bacillus sp. and their populations after fermentation were increased to $1{\times}10^1{\sim}1{\times}10^2\;cfu\;g^{-1}$ rather than those before fermentation. Therefore we concluded that the waste mushroom bed+fowl manure+sawdust (MSF 3:9:1 v/v/v) treatment was suitable combination for high organic matter and nitrogen source, and the periods of composting were 50~60 days.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.31 no.2 s.83
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• pp.160-164
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• 2005

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of washing food wastes before aerobic composting on temperature, pH and salinity, and the effects of washing after composting on salinity of sample mixtures. Weight ratios of food wastes to water in washing were 1:0(Control), 1:1(W-1), 1:2(W-2), 1:3(W-3) and 1:0(N-4), respectively. Ratios of food wastes to wood chips in reactor of Control, W-1, W-2, W-3 and N-1 were $5\;kg:0\iota,\;5\;kg:5\iota,\;5\;kg:5\iota,\;5\;kg:5\iota\;and\;5\;kg:5\iota$, respectively. Reactors were operated for 24 days with 1 hour stirring by 1 rpm and 2 hours of forced aeration per day. The increase in the ratio of water to food wastes resulted in the increase of the maximum reaction temperature and the shortening of the high temperature reaction period. The increase in the ratio of water to food wastes also resulted in faster reaching to the lowest pH and then to the steady state of pH 9.0. The final salinities of Control, N-1, W-1, W-2 and W-3 were $1.04\%,\;0.92\%,\;0.78\%,\;0.64\%\;and\;0.53\%$, respectively. The salinities of the N-l samples which were washed by the weight ratios (water:N-l) of 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1 after composting were $0.72\%,\;0.61\%\;and\;0.51\%$, respectively. Therefore, washing food wastes before aerobic composting is more efficient method than that after aerobic composting.