• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.28-31
• /
• 2016

Purpose $^{223}Ra-Dichloride$ is used for the medicine of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and which emits ${\alpha}-ray$ of 28 Mev that is used for therapy. However $^{223}Ra-Dichloride$ emits ${\beta}-ray$ of 3.6% and ${\gamma}-ray$ of 1.1%(80,156,270 keV) aside from ${\alpha}-ray$ in decay. Therefore we would like to evaluate external radiation expose dose rate of ${\gamma}-ray$ of $^{223}Ra-Dichloride$. Materials and Methods We calculated external radiation expose dose rate using ${\gamma}-constant$ of $^{223}Ra-Dichloride$, $^{99m}Tc$ based on Health physics(2012). $^{223}Ra-Dichloride$ of 3.5 MBq and $^{99m}Tc-MDP$ of 740 MBq were applied. external radiation expose dose rate 15 times from 1m by survey meter. Results ${\gamma}-contant$ of $^{223}Ra$, $^{99m}Tc-MDP$ from 1m distance based on Health physics(2012) is 0.0469, 0.0215. calculated value of external radiation expose dose rate was $16{\mu}Sy$, $34{\mu}Sy$ which activity is $^{223}Ra-Dichloride$ of 3.5 MBq and $^{99m}Tc-MDP$ of 740 MBq from 1 m and measured mean value of 1 m was $0.7{\mu}Sy/h$, $18{\mu}Sy/h$. Conclusion ${\gamma}-constant$ of $^{223}Ra$ is higher than $^{99m}Tc$ based on Health physics(2012). however calculated maximum external radiation expose dose rate of $^{223}Ra-Dichloride$ is lower than $^{99m}Tc$ due to actually used quantity of activity of $^{223}Ra-Dichloride$ is small. measured value of $^{223}Ra-Dichloride$ is also lower than $^{99m}Tc-MDP$. Therefore external radiation expose dose rate of ${\gamma}-ray$ of $^{223}Ra-Dichloride$ is very low.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.94-100
• /
• 2002

Purpose : The system to refer terminally ill patients to palliative or hospice care which ultimately give them emotional, psychological, and social support hasn't been fully developed and organized yet in Korea. The controversies concerning the current referral system are being analyzed to present the improvements. Methods : The questionnaires were asked to be filled out by family members of the 76 patients by phone interview, who were referred from the Seoul National University Hospital between April, 2001 to March, 2002. They were referred to the 35 palliative and hospice care-giving institutes and hospitals which were given questionnaires by mail. Results : Of the 76 patient's family members, 47 family members accepted to answer the questionnaire. The first thing that influence to family to determine the referral of patient was solicitation of doctors or nurses (44%). And they were influenced by allowance for the other things such as convenience of patients (32%), convenience of caring family members (24%). In the course of determining of referred institutes, responders had considered at first their dwelling area, and then fame of institutes, the place which patent had wanted to spend last hours or which is suitable for patient's funeral service, and their financial condition. Thirty-eight the 47 responders answered that they had experienced difficulties in referral procedure. The worst among difficulties was unwanted discharge, and followings were lack of information about the referred institutes, concern about patient's suffering, resistance of patient and opposition of other family members, etc. Although they expressed dissatisfaction in referral procedure, most of them answered they had been satisfied with hospice care at referred institute after referral. Merits of referral which responders counted were patient's peace, caring family's comfort and reduced cost in order. Of the 35 referred institutes, 24 institutes' staffs responded mail questionnaires and sent to us in return. Except one responder, the rest approved the referral system and thought that referred patients had been satisfied with their hospice care. And they claimed that systemic support of the government is definitely necessary. The most difficult thing which responders experienced in care of referred patients was lack of information about patients. Besides, there were patient's financial problems, lack of understanding about their institutes of patients or family, and inconvenience of terminal cancer patient's pain control. Conclusion : The development and support of the organized referral system is needed to alleviate the troubles which patients, family members, and palliative or hospice institutes and hospitals have to face through the procedure of the referral.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.26-31
• /
• 2012

For the purpose of production of GABA-rich tomato paste, this study was carried out to investigate GABA producing lactic acid bacteria from Korean traditional fermented food, Kimchi and optimize the culture conditions. As a result of fermentation, Lactobacillus brevis B3-20 among lactic acid bacteria isolated at the pre-experiments was the best producer of GABA at the tomato paste medium with 50%(wet-base) levels of dionized water. At the result of fermentation on the tomato paste medium with 0.5%(w/w) yeast extract, as a source of nitrogen, 3%(w/w) MSG(monosodium glutamate) and dionized water(the ratio of tomato paste and water was 2:8), Lb. brevis B3-20 produced the maximum GABA concentration, 143.38 mM. GABA-rich tomato paste showed the activity of free radical scavenging. Because GABA-rich tomato paste have functional ingredients such as ascorbic acid, lycopene, carotenoid, as well as GABA by lactic acid bacteria fermentation, GABA-rich tomato paste can be considered high functional materials.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.275-286
• /
• 2007

Background : Acute renal failure is one of the leading causes of postoperative morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study was to determine the risk factors that are associated with acute renal failure after colorectal surgery. Materials and Methods : Five hundred seventy patients who operated colorectal surgery at the Yeungnam University Medical Center over three years from 2004 to 2006 were enrolled in this study. The effects of gender, age, ASA classification, concomitant disease, surgery type and duration, reoperation, urogenital manipulation, medication, hypotension, hypovolemia, transfusion, and postoperative ventilatory care on the occurrence of acute renal failure after colorectal surgery were studied. Results : The major risk factors of acute renal failure after colorectal surgery were age of patients (P=0.003), ASA classification (P<0.001), concomitant disease (P<0.001), duration of the time surgery (P=0.034), reoperation (P=0.001), use of intraoperative diuretics (P=0.005), use of postoperative diuretics (P<0.001), intraoperative hypotension (P=0.018), intraoperative transfusion (P<0.001), postoperative transfusion (P<0.001), and postoperative ventilatory care (P=0.001). Conclusion : Multiple factors cause synergistic effects on the development of acute renal failure after colorectal surgery. Therefore, efforts to reduce the risk factors associated with acute renal failure are needed. In addition, intensive postoperative care should be provided to all patients.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.163-169
• /
• 2016

Purpose: The unmet medical service needs of caregivers critically influence their caring for terminal cancer patients, but not much research has been done in this regard. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate the association between caregivers' characteristics and their unmet medical service needs. Methods: The survey was conducted with 109 family caregivers of terminal cancer patients admitted to four hospice units. The data were collected from March 2014 through December 2014 using a structured questionnaire. The unmet medical service needs were measured using 14 items which were adopted and modified by authors. Results: Seven areas of unmet medical service needs were shown to be significant. A well-educated group showed stronger needs for counsel about cancer screening and complementary-alternative medicine and health supplement food. A never-smoked group was identified with less need for sexual dysfunction counsel. Counsel about family and personal relations was more necessary for current drinkers and current workers, and less necessary for the married. Insurance counsel was more needed for a no-religion group. Occupation counsel was less necessary for healthy patients. Financial support was less necessary for the married group. Conclusion: Based on the results, it is highly recommended to further investigate the unmet medical service needs of family caregivers for terminal cancer patients and causes of the unmet needs.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.78-84
• /
• 2007

Purpose: The prevalence of lung cancer is increasing continuously these days. We studied clinical characters of the terminal lung cancer patients who had died in hospice units and our study is the basic report for efficient hospice and palliative care to the lung cancer patients. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 129 terminal lung cancer patients who had died in Sam Anyang Hospice Unit from March 2003 to December 2006. The survival days during the hospice and palliative care were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier method of SPSS 13.0. Results: There were 93 males (72%) and 36 females (28%), and median age of patients was 68 years (range $37{\sim}93$). Eighty two patients (64%) took analgesics, the others 47 (36%) not. The most prevalent reason for admission was dyspnea (47 patients, 36%) and it was different from the terminally ill cancer patients being hospitalized because of pain. And the most common symptom was general weakness (103 patients, 80%). One hundred twenty of the paitents (93%) were administered opioid analgesics, and IV morphine shots were mostly used (103 patients, 80%). Sedation was used in 87 patients (67%), and midazolam was mostly used (68 patients, 53%). The median survival in hospice and palliative care was 35 days and the median hospitalization was 24 days. Conclusion: It is very important to manage dyspnea in terminal lung cancer patients. The length of hospice and palliative care for the terminal lung cancer patients is still short. Therefore continuous education and promotion of hospice and palliative care is needed for an effective care for the patients, their families and doctors.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
• /
• v.31 no.1
• /
• pp.20-32
• /
• 2014

Objectives : There has been some controversy about the modulatory effects on brain function during acupuncture on each side of the same acupoint. This study was designed to investigate and compare the blood oxygen level-dependent(BOLD) responses of acupuncture on each side of ST36. Methods : Fourteen healthy subjects were recruited for imaging and received acupuncture or placebo stimulations either on the left or on the right acupoint of ST36 in each scan. For the voxel-wise statistical analysis, one sample T-test and the within-subject analysis of variance(ANOVA) test were performed using SPM8 software. Results : This study showed that acupuncture on each side of ST36 showed different BOLD signal patterns. Higher BOLD responses after acupuncture stimulations at the left ST36 compared to the right were observed mainly in the parahippocampal gyrus(BA 28), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex(DLPFC, BA 44), thalamus, culmen and claustrum. We investigated the different neural responses between rest and activation periods of placebo and acupuncture stimulations on each side of ST36. Acupuncture at the right ST36 elicited activation mainly in the insula, supplementary motor area(SMA) and anterior cingulate cortex(ACC), while acupuncture at the left ST36 elicited activation mainly in the insula, primary somatosensory cortex(SI, BA 2) and DLPFC(BA 44). Conclusions : To our knowledge, this is the first reported functional MRI study directly comparing when needling at the right and at the left side of ST36. This study's preliminary results proved to be evidence of acupuncture's different effects when performed on opposite sides of an acupoint.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
• /
• v.30 no.2
• /
• pp.277-285
• /
• 2005

The purpose of this study was to evaluate photothermal effect of laser, which eliminates and reduces bacteria causing periodontal disease, on treatment of periodontal disease. This study included subjects with moderate periodontitis who visited the Department of Oral Medicine, College of dentistry, Yonsei University. The subjects were divided into experimental group, where Argon laser treatment was used, and control group, where conventional subgingival curettage was used. Gingival fluids from each subject were collected prior and after 1 week of the treatment, and changes in number of bacterial colonies cultured from aerobic as well as anaerobic bacteria responsible for the periodontal disease, and changes in clinical indices related to the periodontal disease, such as plaque index, gingival index, sulcus bleeding index, were analysed. As a result, the number of bacterial colonies of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria reduced after 1 week of the treatment in both groups, especially the bacterial colonies of anaerobic bacteria which showed statistically significant reduction(p<0.1). However, there was no significant difference between the experimental group and the control group. Clinical indices including plaque index, gingival index, sulcus bleeding index were reduced after 1 week of the treatment in both groups. In the experimental group, gingival index(p<0.1) and sulcus bleeding index(p<0.01) showed significant reduction, and, in the control group, sulcus bleeding index(p<0.01) showed significant reduction. However, there were no significant differences in each indices between the two groups. The above results suggest that Argon laser could be used as a substitute of conventional subgingival curettage, or in combination with subgingival curettage which would increase the effect of the treatment. Although the possibility of clinical application of Argon laser was observed in this study, more randomized-controlled research, including acquirement of sufficient samples as well as long-termed follow up, would be necessary before clinically effective application of Argon laser.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
• /
• v.32 no.3
• /
• pp.337-346
• /
• 2007

This study aimed to evaluate a relation of bruxism with clinical effects of botulinum toxin type A(BTX-A) injection. 5 bruxers and 5 nonbruxers with bilateral masseter hypertrophy were participated in this study. After injecting 25 unit of BTX-A(Allergen Inc, $Botox^{(R)}$) into each masseter muscle, the thickness of masseter(Mm) and anterior temporalis(Ta) muscles was measured by ultrasonography and the maximum bite force was evaluated during a 9-month period. Self-estimation on the recovery of occlusal force during mastication was done as well. Regardless of presence of bruxsim, all subjects showed significantly reduced Ms thickness(p<0.001) and maximum bite force at $1^{st}$ molars(p=0.027) with their peak at 3 months after injection, which then started to return. No significant difference was observed in Ta thickness and the bite force at the central incisors. While self-estimated occlusal force was the least at 2 weeks after injection and then rapidly returned to the baseline level with full recovery at the time of 6 to 9 months after injection, the maximum bite force measured by bite force recorder did not recover the original value, particularly in the nonbruxer group. It is assumed that nocturnal bruxism can influence recovery of atrophic masseter and decreased occlusal force due to BTX-A injection. These findings suggest a need of occlusal appliance to control bruxism or clenching habit for longer clinical effect of BTX-A injection.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.24 no.6
• /
• pp.1026-1038
• /
• 1995

Although aloe lost a lot of its previous popularity in modern clinical uses as medicine numerous scientific researches still have claimed the beneficial properties(curing and general tonic effect) of aloe gel. Whereas considerable contradictory reports have helped to confuse the aloe gel issue and continually aroused controversy about aloe gel efficacy. However health food, cosmetic and medicinal products made from aloe gel are widely available in the world market especially in U.S.A. so the growing of Aloe plant and the processing of A. vera gel have become big industries in some countries. In some previous papers the salicylic acid, one of the common trace gel components, was thought to have an analgetic and antinflammatory effect. Large amount of Mg ion in the gel was suggested to act as anesthetic, Mg-lactate as antihistamic, and Aloctin A(a glycoprotein) as wound healer by promoting the cell growth. The carboxypeptidase and bradykinase activity in the gel were proposed to have the pain relieving and antiinflammatory effect. But any of thes etheories concerining the physiological action of the trace gel components has not been demonstrated by modern pharmacology, and failed to be supported by clinical research. It was suggested by some research workers that trace amount of anthraquinone compounds in the gel play an important role to act as false substrate inhibitors for PG and TX production(antiprostanoid effect), by which, they believed, inflammation, burn and frostbite, and infected wound could be healed. This hypothesis has not been substantiated. Butthe suggested antimicrobial action, antidiabetic, and antidotic effect of aloe gel are likely to be attributed to the trace anthraquinone compounds. In a lot of recent experimental reports it has been claimed that aloe gel polysaccharides(acetylglucomannan, acetylmannan, and glycoprotein) have the antimicrobial, antinflammatory, antitumour, and infected wound healing effect by immunoenhancement. It is hoped that these effects will be soon documented in clinical studies, then the controversy on aloe gel beneficial effect will cease. In the 30 days subchronic toxicity test the lowest observed adverse effect level of acemannan(acetylmannan) on dog was 5.0 mg/kg, IP. But the aloe gel is generally agreed to be harmless and non toxic even for the internal use such as health food. In the case of idiosynrasy one must keep the delayed type hypersensitivity reaction of aloe gel in mind. In conclusion it seem to be impossible to simply refuse a lot of evidences made by research workers who have claimed aloe gel's beneficial effects and to deny the fact that there had been long therapeutic histories of Aloe plants.