• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.239-242
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• 1981

Soil stamping made plant type of barley prostrated root system developed well in deeper soil layer, the chlorophyll content of leaf high, ethylene production in leaf high and elongation of lower internode inhibited. Overall result was higher grain yield.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.77 no.1
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• pp.65-72
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• 1988

This study was conducted to examine the effects of trampling intensity and frequency on the change of forest bed soil and vegetation by experimental trampling. 23 experimental lanes($0.3{\times}5.0m$) were established at non-trampled Quercus acutissima stand in Suweon, Gyunggi-Do, Korea. And soil compaction and ground vegetation were examined during and after 4 weeks trampling. Increasing in trampling intensity resulted in decreasing increment rate of soil compaction and after 400 passes of trampling, soil hardness showed $11.32kg{\cdot}cm^{-2}$, (23.8mm) which affected root growth badly. At the same trampling intensity, soil compaction was high where trampling was spread over a longer period of time. The difference of soil compaction by trampling frequency was not significant below 200 passes, but 16X(every other day trampling) type resulted in the highest soil compaction over 400 passes of trampling intensity. The relative coverage of vegetation was more severely decreased than the relative density by trampling, 16X type of Trampling frequency resulted in most servere vegetational change and difference among trampling frequencies showed significance in case of 200 passes, contrasting to soil compaction.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.165-169
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• 2016

To establish the soil management system for the efficient sod production, survey on the growth of zoysiagrass by different soil managements was conducted in repeated cultivation field with regard to soil physical properties. Soils were subjected to four types of management methods, which include (1) rolling (2) topdressing (3) topdressing + rolling (4) topdressing + tillage + rolling. The topdressing + tillage + rolling treatment significantly ameliorated soil physical properties such as bulk density, porosity and solid phase as compared to rolling and topdressing + rolling treatments, and was not significantly different from the topdressing treatment. Further growth and density of zoysiagrass except for the root dry weight in topdressing + tillage + rolling treatment were significantly higher than that only in rolling treatment. Topdressing + tillage + rolling treatment significantly increased the number of shoot as compared to the other treatments. Therefore, combined topdressing and tillage soil management practice should be conducted for the production of zoysiagrass in repeated cultivation field.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.169-179
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• 2003

The hardness and physical properties of soils were measured in hiking trails of Mt. Halla and Darangshiorum in Jeju Island to examine the characteristics and formative factors of an aquiclude induced by human trampling. The soil hardness, being generally the highest on trails, decreases outward and shows the lowest on adjacent slopes in a natural condition. The bulk density and solid phase also demonstrates a similar tendency, then implying that the aquiclude occurs in the central part of trails. Although the formation of a hard layer in trails is fundamentally attributed to human trampling, the environmental factors such as landform, lithology, soil and vegetation play a role in the occurrence of the aquiclude. Soil compaction varies with the gradient and location of trails which affects a transport and deposition of soil particles to produce a hard layer. Soil compaction also depends on the physical properties of soils including the soil texture largely affected by lithology. Vegetation is not directly related with the formation of a hard layer, but affects its dimensions through an enlargement rate of bare trails depending on the response and resistance of plants to human trampling.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.113-126
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• 1998

Wear simulator로 답압이 가해진 크리핑 벤트그라스 (Agrostis palustris Huds.) 훼어웨이에서 관수방법·예지물 순환 및 질소시비수준의 여러 가지 잔디관리 요인이 엽조직 및 토양질소 함유량에 미치는 효과를 알아보기 위해 본 연구를 수행하였다. 연구포장은 'Penncross'크리핑 벤트그라스 반디밭으로 1988년에 sharpsburg silty-clay loam (Typic Argiudoll) 토양에 조성하였으며, 실험은 1989년부터 1991년까지 3년간 수행하였다. Split-split-plot 실험디자인을 사용하여 주구에 daily or biweekly irrigation, 세구에 clipping return or removal, 세세구에 low-N (5g), moderate-N (15g), high-N (25g N m-2 yr-1)처리를 난괴법 3 반복으로 배치하였다. 생육기간중 잔디예초는 12mm 예고로 일주일에 4번 실시하였고, 기타 잔디관리는 high maintenance 수준으로 유지되는 한지형 양잔디 훼어웨이 기준으로 실시하였다. 엽조직 및 토양샘플은 1989년 2회, 1990년과 1991년에는 3회씩 채취하여, 네브라스카 주립대 토양식물분석실에서 분석하였다. 답압이 가해진 크리핑 벤트그라스 훼어웨이 잔디에서 엽조직 질소함유량은 여러 가지 잔디관리 방법간 상호작용 효과가 관찰되었다. 1989년 나타난 질소시비수준과 관수방법간의 상호작용에서 daily irrigation 지역의 엽질소 함유량은 질소시비량이 low-N 수준에서 high-N 수준으로 증가함에 따라 3.51%에서 3.94%로 quadratic pattern으로 증가하였다. High-N 처리지역에서 엽질소 함유량은 daily irrigation 관수방법이 biweekly irrigation 관수방법보다 약 4% 정도 더 많은 것으로 나타났다. 엽질소 함유량은 특히 질소시비 수준에 따라 크게 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 1990년 질소시비량이 low-N 수준에서 high-N 수준으로 증가함에 따라 3.50%에서 4.25%로 quadratic pattern으로 증가하였고, 1991년에는 4.20%에서 4.60%까지 linear pattern으로 증가하였다. High-N 처리구의 엽조직 질소함유량은 low-N 처리구와 비교시 1990년에는 21%, 1991년에는 10% 더 많은 것으로 나타났다. 잔디조성후 시간이 경과함에 따라 엽조직의 질소함유량도 증가하였다. Low-N 수준에서 1991년 엽질소 함유량은 1990년에 비해 20% 증가하였으며, high-N 수준에서는 1991년의 엽조직 질소함유량이 1990년 보다 8% 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, 잔디조성후 경과기간에 따라 연간 시비량을 조절할 필요가 있으며, 특히 새로 조성된 잔디밭과 조성된 지 어느 정도 지난 기존 잔디밭간에 차별화된 관리프로그램이 필요한 것으로 판단되었다. 잔디관리에서 답압이 가중되는 정도에 따라 지역별로 장기간 차별화된 관리 접근을 해야하고, 정기적으로 토양 및 엽분석을 실시해서 시비프로그램에 활용하는 것이 필요하다 하겠다. 본 연구결과 나타난 잔디관리 요인간 상호작용효과는 잔디관리시 여러 가지 관리방법에 따른 효과를 입체적으로 분석해서 해당 골프장 현실에 적합한 통합적인 잔디관리(integrated turfgrass management)의 필요성을 제시한다고 할 수 있겠으며, 또한 답압가중 정도에 따른 잔디관리요인간의 반응효과차이는 향후 무답압 지역에서 실시된 연구결과를 답압을 받고 있는 경기장 및 골프장 등의 잔디밭에 적용할 경우에는 주의깊게 데이터 활용을 해야 되리라고 사료되었다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.321-328
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• 2002

In order to provide the basic information for restoration of vegetation, conservation of rare species and maintenance of biodiversity, changes of site factors and vegetation by human trampling disturbance were investigated at the subalpine zone near the peak of Mt. Sorak in Korea. The destructed vegetation was found mainly in the southern parts with gentle slope in this study area. Height and coverage of vegetation and the species diversity decreased, and the community structure depended on trampling strength. Soil moisture, organic matter contents and litter thickness in the site with destructed vegetation by human trampling showed lower values than in the undisturbed site. Soil depth decreased, and gravel exposure on the ground surface increased by soil erosion responded to trampling strength.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.148-159
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to validate the effect of improvement such measures as fence installation or planting of bush and herbaceous plants taken from Pinus densiflora forest in Solbat Neighborhood Park in Seoul, which was damaged by stamping. The study was conducted in 2005 and 2010 in order to analyze changes in planting types, planting structure of Pinus densiflora forest, soil hardness, cross-sectional structure of soil, and physicochemical characteristics of soil. It was also measured by the growth of the branches and the diameter of Pinus densiflora, comparing before and after the improvement to study the effect of restoring Pinus densiflora forest damaged by stamping. When it comes to a change in planting type, Pinus densiflora forest without underlay was reduced from 48.5% in 2005 to 6.8% in 2010. Pinus densiflora forest with bush and herbaceous plants was increased dramatically from 7.4% to 46.8%. Regarding planting structure, in most area of the subject site, Pinus densiflora forest without under layer was transformed into the one with bush and herbaceous plants including Rhododendron mucronulatum, Rhododendron schippenbachii, Hemerocallis fulva, Aceriphyllum rossii, Hosta plantaginea growing in a wide area. The soil in the Solbat Neighborhood Park was very stiff with soil hardness of $54.8kg/cm^2$ in average. After the improvement efforts made in the Park in 2010, the soil hardness was mostly less than $4kg/cm^2$, being in a good condition with little influence on the growth of plants. When it comes to the cross-sectional structure of soil, litter layer didn't exist in 2005 because of stamping and the organic matter layer was only 1.0cm thick, which provided an unfavorable condition for plant growth. However, after improvement, litter layer was formed up to 3.0cm and thickness of the organic matter layer also went up to 1.5~8.0cm in 2010 because the damage from stamping was reduced. Concerning the physicochemical characteristic of soil, in 2005 soil showed pH 5.76~6.70, organic matter content 7.15~10.55%, and available phosphorus 9.38~26.47mg/kg, having no big problems as a soil environment for growth of Pinus densiflora. 15 trees of Pinus densiflora were selected to see branch growth and it was found that the branches tended to grow better after improvement. 70 trees of Pinus densiflora from various grades of soil hardness also were selected to identify changes of diameter growth. In most cases, it was analyzed that Pinus densiflora grew better after improvement. After conducting this study, it was validated that such measures as fence installation or planting of bush and herbaceous plants to restore Pinus densiflora Forest damaged by stamping were effective in improving growth of Pinus densiflora.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.32-37
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• 2005

The soil properties of the royal tombs (managed by cultural properties administration) located in Seoul and suburban Gyonggi area were investigated to see the influence of the change in soil environment on the royal tomb s이I. To compare the soil chemical properties of four royal tombs soil of Changdeokgung, Jongmyo, Seooneung, and Dongguneung, pH, organic content, available phosphate, extractable calcium, extractable potassium, extractable magnesium, cation exchange capacity, degree of base saturation, and total nitrogen content were measured. The concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Cu measured as the degree of heavy metal contamination can be an indication of atmospheric pollution in the soil environment. To estimate the degree of soil compaction, soil hardness, pore space, porosity, bulk density, and soil atmosphere were analyzed. Through these studies, following conclusions were made: 1. The soil hardness and pore space which can be used as indexes of soil compaction, were worse in the soil of Seooneung than in those of Changdeokgung and Dongguneury. These phenomena seem to be the result of increase in visitors in Seooneung and Dongguneung better and soil management in Changdeokgung and Dongguneung. When three different regions of forest area, prohibited area, and soil compaction area in Seooneung soil were compared, the degree of compaction in the forest area was less than compaction area, indicating the need for the employment of soil resting period in the compaction area. 2. The pH measurements of all four royal tombs soil were higher in top soil than sub soil. The higher soil pH values in Jongmyo and Seooneung seem to result from the application of soil conditioner. In the case of Seooneung, the values for soil pH and organic content were higher in the forest area than those in compaction area. It is thought that active soil management was employed in the forest area through application of organic matters and soil conditioners. 3. The heavy metal contents from soil of Changdeokgung and Jongmyo were higher than that from soil of Dongguneung. Since Changdeokgung and Jongmyo are located inside Seoul, it is thought that the high level of heavy metal concentrations in these royal tomb soil is the result of accumulation of pollutants from the city.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.239-246
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• 2008

This research tried to find out the optimum fabrication method of calcined clay granules comprising zeolite. Kaolin clay and natural zeolite powder were used as raw materials of calcined clay, and silica stone powder was used for controlling the porosity of the granules. The granulation was performed with two kinds of granulators: a pan granulator and a high-shear mixer granulator. Various granules were fabricated by the mixing ratios and the rotation speeds of the granulators, and were heated from 400 to $700^{\circ}C$ at $100^{\circ}C$ interval. The crushing strength, pore size distribution, and CEC of the granules were measured. The evaluation method for the resistance of granules to human treading was created and the tests were conducted at dry and wet conditions. The resistance and crushing strength improved in proportion to the rotation speed of the granulator and the heating temperature, but the CEC decreased. The pellet made by the pan granulator did not have the strength against treading upon heating to below $700^{\circ}C$, but the pellet made by the high-shear mixer granulator endured the treading test upon heating to over $500^{\circ}C$

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.45-49
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• 2010

Research on nitrate-nitrogen ($NO_3-N$) leaching in turfgrass indicates that in most cases leaching poses minimal risk to the environment. Although there have been many studies investigating $NO_3-N$ leaching, there has been little research to investigate the effect of compaction level and rootzone mix on nitrogen (N) leaching. The research objective is to determine the effect of compaction level and rootzone mix on nitrogen leaching. The four rootzone mixes are 76.0:24.0, 80.8:19.2, 87.0:13.0 and 93.7:6.3 % (sand:soil). The four levels of compaction energies are 1.6, 3.0, 6.1, and 9.1 J $cm^{-2}$. Nitrogen was applied using urea at a rate of 147 kg $ha^{-1}$ split among three applications. Rootzone was packed into a polyvinylchloride pipe with a perforated bottom to facilitate drainage. Rootzone depth was 30 cm over a 5 cm gravel layer. Each column was sodded with Poa pratensis L. Hoagland solution designed for coolseason grasses, minus N, was used to ensure adequate nutrition in the rootzone. Turf grass quality and clipping yield were recorded from each tube at two-week intervals. The clippings were oven-dried at a temperature of $67^{\circ}C$ for 24 h and weighed. At the end of the study, root dry weight was determined by washing and oven-drying samples at $67^{\circ}C$ for 24 h. Leachate solution was collected weekly for analysis. More than 6.1 J $cm^{-2}$ of compaction energy increased possibilities of surface runoff. The compaction energy between 3.0 and 6.1 J $cm^{-2}$ produced more clipping dry weight and less N leaching than 9.1 J $cm^{-2}$.