• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.271-275
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• 2003

The direct count and MPN (Most Probable Number) methods were used to measure the number of nematodes in soils collected from cultivated and non-cultivated fields. As a result, the number of nematodes from cultivated soils was higher than the non-cultivated soils (NC -1, NC -2). On the other hand, upon measuring the value from the organo farming cultivated soils (OC, OR) and conventional cultivated soils (CC, CR), the former showed 16 times higher than the latter. These results indicate that nematode population which can multiply in the organic compounds abundantly exist in the organo farming cultivated soil. Isolated entomopathogenie nematodes are composed of two orders, which were Rhabditida and Diplogasterida. To determine the pathogene-city of them using the 5th larvae and pupae silkworm, and the following mean $LD_{90}$ values were found: 24 to 30 hours in Rhabditida and 36 to 48 hours in Diplogasterida nematode, respectively. This study indicates that nematodes are sensitive to this kind of environmental disturbance. Isolated entomopathogenic nematodes were suggested that aye quite within the realms of possibility for biological control agents.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.409-425
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• 2021

Carbon dioxide has been known to be a typical greenhouse gas causing global warming, and a number of efforts have been proposed to reduce its concentration in the atmosphere. Among them, carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) has been taken into great account to accomplish the target reduction of carbon dioxide. In order to commercialize the CCS, its safety should be secured. In particular, if the stored carbon dioxide is leaked in the arable land, serious problems could come up in terms of crop growth. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of carbon dioxide leaked from storage sites on soil fertility. The leakage of carbon dioxide was simulated using the facility of its artificial injection into soils in the laboratory. Several soil chemical properties, such as pH, cation exchange capacity, electrical conductivity, the concentrations of exchangeable cations, nitrogen (N) (total-N, nitrate-N, and ammonia-N), phosphorus (P) (total-P and available-P), sulfur (S) (total-S and available-S), available-boron (B), and the contents of soil organic matter, were monitored as indicators of soil fertility during the period of artificial injection of carbon dioxide. Two kinds of soils, such as non-cultivated and cultivated soils, were compared in the artificial injection tests, and the latter included maize- and soybean-cultivated soils. The non-cultivated soil (NCS) was sandy soil of 42.6% porosity, the maize-cultivated soil (MCS) and soybean-cultivated soil (SCS) were loamy sand having 46.8% and 48.0% of porosities, respectively. The artificial injection facility had six columns: one was for the control without carbon dioxide injection, and the other five columns were used for the injections tests. Total injection periods for NCS and MCS/SCS were 60 and 70 days, respectively, and artificial rainfall events were simulated using one pore volume after the 12-day injection for the NCS and the 14-day injection for the MCS/SCS. After each rainfall event, the soil fertility indicators were measured for soil and leachate solution, and they were compared before and after the injection of carbon dioxide. The results indicate that the residual concentrations of exchangeable cations, total-N, total-P, the content of soil organic matter, and electrical conductivity were not likely to be affected by the injection of carbon dioxide. However, the residual concentrations of nitrate-N, ammonia-N, available-P, available-S, and available-B tended to decrease after the carbon dioxide injection, indicating that soil fertility might be reduced. Meanwhile, soil pH did not seem to be influenced due to the buffering capacity of soils, but it is speculated that a long-term leakage of carbon dioxide might bring about soil acidification.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.10-17
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• 2009

Bioremediation has been applied as a proven technology in remediation of TPH contaminated soil. However, the efficiency of biodegradation is dependent on temperature as microbial activity is depressed at lower temperature ranges ($30^{\circ}C{\sim}80^{\circ}C$). The objective of this study was to develop microbes with enhanced activities at the stated temperature conditions and to evaluate the remediation effectiveness of these microbes in TPH contaminated soil. Experiments were conducted to isolate hydrocarbon degradable microbial consortia cultured under different temperature conditions. It was found that there were 5 strains of mesophilic ($30^{\circ}C$) and 3 strains of psychrophilic ($80^{\circ}C$) microbes. The TPH concentration was reduced from 4,044 mg/kg to 1,084 mg/kg, (73.2%) in 10 days by using mesophilic microbial consortia and from 5,427 mg/kg to 1,756 (67.6%) in 50 days with psychrophilic microbial consortia in laboratory cultures under controlled conditions. This rate determination excluded physical degradation such as venting and dilution. A field study was then performed to examine the feasibility of applying these microbes in the land-farming process. In this case, 87.1% of the 2,560 mg/kg TPH contaminated soil was degraded in 56 days. The biodegradation rate coefficient (k) was $0.0374\;day^{-1}$. Findings of this study provide viable options for applying microbes for bioremediation of TPH in lower temperature conditions.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.595-604
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• 2015

Soil chemical properties in paddy fields were found to be varied depending upon different cultivation methods such as environmentally-friendly, conventional, and two-crop farming systems and different topographical regions, namely plain, middle mountainous, and reclaimed land regions. Overall soil pH was found to be in optimal range (pH 5.5~6.5) for rice cultivation, except with conventional cultivation fields of the reclaimed lands in Jeonnam province. Electrical conductivity (EC) was relatively higher in the two-crop cultivation fields than in others. However, the concentrations of available phosphate as $P_2O_5$ were exceptionally higher in the two-crop farming fields, thus in submerged paddy condition the phosphate could be released into streams and rivers. Soil organic matter (SOM) contents were mostly in optimal range ($25{\sim}30g\;kg^{-1}$) for paddy field in Jeonbuk province, but in Jeonnam province they were slightly higher values of the range. The concentrations of available silicate ($SiO_2$) were mostly depended on the cultivation methods and the region, but some of paddy fields contained extremely high $SiO_2$ concentration. Statistical relationships among the soil chemical properties showed as follows: Correlations between EC values and exchangeable cation concentrations, between SOM contents and CEC values, and between available $SiO_2$ concentrations and pH, EC, exchangeable cations, and CEC values were positively significant, whereas total nitrogen concentrations were significantly negatively correlated with the concentrations of exchangeable K and Mg. These results might be very useful to establish benchmark paddy fields contained with certain levels of soil fertility.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.38 no.3 s.172
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• pp.207-219
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• 2005

The physical and chemical characteristics of soils in a small watershed were investigated and the effect of geology and land use on soil quality were examined by using multivariate statistical methods, principal components analysis and discriminant analysis. The soil developed from andesite had finer texture and higher contents of water extractable inorganic components, clay, and mafic minerals than the soil developed from granite. It is considered that the accumulation of salts in the farmland soils indicated by electrical conductivity, contents of cations and anions and pH was caused by fertilizer input during cultivation. The low contents of organic matter in the farmland soils was due to the enhanced oxidation of organic matter by tillage and by the harvest of crops. The contents of inorganic components are increased as following order: upland > orchard > paddy field > forest. The high contents of water soluble $SO_4\;^{2-}$ of paddy soils is due to the oxidation of sulfides mineral formed during the flooding period during the air-dry and extraction. The results of principal components analysis show the difference of soil quality was controlled by geology and land use. PCI indicate the input of fertilizer, mineral weathering and ion exchange reaction by application of nitrogenous fertilizers. The results of two discriminant analyses using water extractable inorganic components and their ratios by land use were also clearly classified by discriminant function 1 and 2. In discriminant analysis by components, discriminant function 1 indicated the effect of fertilizer application and increased as following order: upland > orchard > paddy field > forest soil. The investigated and predicted data for land use from discriminant analysis showed similar results. The discriminant analysis can be used as a useful method certifying the change of land use.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.533-536
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• 2008

This study is the application of phosphate magnesia cement for solidification of soils. The object of the study is the application of the pavment of the farm roads. The new pavement method must be environmental, ecologic and durable. So, for solidification of farm road's soil, we use magnesia cement as quick setting, high strength materials. At magnesia phosphate cement, mixing ratio of mono ammonium phosphate and magnesia is 4:6 and w/b is 50 wt%, it show 14 MPa of compressive strength, and high hydration heat. Solidified soils that mixing ratios of magnesia cement and soil are 4:6 and 5:5 have very high durability for freezing and thawing.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2004.04a
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• pp.235-238
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• 2004

유류 오염토양에 대한 과산화수소의 화학적 고도산화에 대한 실험실 및 현장 적용 가능성을 타진하였다. 현장 오염토양 10g에 각각 과산화수소(34.5%) 원액을 중량비로 0.3%, 0.6%, 1.0%, 2.0%를 처리하여 혼합 후 실험실에서 1일 반응 후 TPH 농도를 분석하였다. 분석결과 토양 대비 2.0%의 과산화수소를 투입한 처리구에서 가장 높은 복원 효율을 측정할 수 있었고 2.0%까지의 투입농도에서 미생물의 농도 변화는 측정되지 않았다. 오염된 토양에 과산화수소를 오염 토양 중량 대비 2%를 분무기로 살포 후 로타리가 설치된 경작 장비로 뒤집기 수행하여 1일 후 오염토양의 오염농도를 분석한 결과 초기 TPH 5,365ppm의 농도가 2,317ppm으로 56.8% 복원된 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2004.09a
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• pp.93-96
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• 2004

국내 대부분의 경작지를 차지하고 있는 논농사 지역에서의 질산성 질소의 자연저감을 고찰하기 위하여, 세 유형의 수조 환경을 조성하고 mesocosm 실험 연구를 수행하였다. 두개의 mesocosm에는 논토양을, 그리고 비교를 위하여 다른 하나에는 밭토양(황토)을 사용하였으며, 하나의 논토양 mesocosm과 밭토양(황토) mesocosm에는 벼를 재배하였다. 인위적으로 질산성 질소 성분을 용해한 지하수를 주입수로 사용하였으며, mesocosm을 통과한 물 시료를 41일 동안 12시간 또는 24시간 간격으로 채취하고 화학분석을 실시하였다. 실험 결과, 논토양에서는 실험 시작과 동시에 급격한 환원환경이 형성되었으며, 그 결과 탈질반응에 의해 질산성 질소의 농도가 현저히 저감되었다. 분석 자료의 해석 결과, 논토양 mesocosm에서는 유기물이, 밭토양 mesocosm에서는 철이온(Fe2+)이 질산성 질소의 탈질 반응에 중요한 역할을 수행하는 것으로 판단된다.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.15-19
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• 1974

A severe ginseng root rot disease was occurred and became widespraed in 1973 affecting the ginseng cultivating plot around Kangwha and Gimpo-Gun of Kyunggi province. Soil samples were collected from the area of Wolgot-Myun, Gimpo-Gun, Kuunggi-Do, 1974. We examined general fungi and Fusarium sp. in soil layers and also in different kinds of soil of respective diseased, uncultivated and healthy areas, and found the following results. 1. In the diseased and uncultivated area, the content of moisture, organic matter and silt was greater than in the healthy area. 2. Contray to the above, the healthy area contained a greater amount of inorganic elements such as $P_2O_5$, K,Ca and of soil particle such as Cs and Fs. The degree of pH and content of Mg were even in the three types of soils. 3. General fungi were found in abundance in the diseased and uncultivated soils. It was observed that in all types of areas, general fungi reside in abundance in the rhizosphere, i.e., 10-15cm layers and that the closer the surface, the greater the numbers of fungi. 4. A great number of Fusarium sp. was found in the uncultivated area, and followed diseased and healthy areas. It was observed that in all types of areas, Fusarium sp. distributed in abundance in rhizosphere and that the closer the surface, the greater the numbers of Fusarium sp., with the numbers decreasing as the soil layers increase.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 2002.02a
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• pp.15-22
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• 2002

본 연구에서는 타이어의 공기압이 농용트랙터의 견인성능과 토양다짐에 미치는 효과를 실험적으로 조사하였으며, 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1) 타이어공기압에 따른 트랙터의 견인성능 실험 결과, 공기압의 감소는 트랙터의 운동저항은 감소시키고, 견인력과 견인효율은 증대시키는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 연약지에서 운용되는 트랙터는 공기압의 조절을 통해(최소 허용 공기압까지 타이어공기압의 감소를 통해) 견인성능과 작업성능을 향상시킬 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 2) 트랙터의 타이어공기압과 통과횟수의 증가는 모두 토양다짐을 증가시키는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 토양다짐을 줄이기 위해서는 트랙터가 통과한 궤적상을 연속해서 통과할 수 있도록 작업 계획을 세우면 전체 경작 면적에 대한 토양 다짐을 줄일 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 또한 타이어의 공기압을 최소 허용 공기압 수준까지 감소시킬 경우 토양다짐을 최소화할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 3) 위의 결과로부터 트랙터의 작업성능의 향상과 토양다짐의 최소화는 타이어공기압의 조절을 통해 어느 정도 이를 수 있는 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 이러한 목적을 달성하기 위해서는 운전석에 설치된 제어판을 통해 지면의 상태에 따라 타이어의 공기압을 운전자가 쉽게 조절할 수 있는 최첨단 기술인 CTI시스템을 농용트랙터에 적용하는 연구가 필요한 것으로 판단된다.