• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.1344-1351
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• 2012

We studied the physical, chemical, biological, and antimicrobial effects of eight types of essential oils used in the cosmetics industry: lavender, tea tree, rosemary, juniper berry, Chamaecyparis obtusa, cypress, cedar wood, and pine. Lavender oil had a linalyl acetate (an ester chemical compound) content of 48% and radical scavenging activity of 22.36% at 5,000 ppm. Tea tree oil had radical scavenging activity of 43.94% at 5,000 ppm and antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. mutans, and C. albicans in each 6, 3.5, 6.5, and 5 mm, respectively. Chamaecyparis obtusa oil had the highest acidity (pH 2.64) compared with the other oils, and sesquiterpene compounds were found to have 19.20%. Cedar wood oil had the highest specific gravity and refractive index compared to the other oils and had a sesquiterpene content of 99.73%. The radical scavenging activity of cedar wood essential oil exceeded 39.68% at 5,000 ppm. The clear zone, indicating antimicrobial activity against P. acnes, P. ovale, and C. albicans, was 3.5, 6, and 6 mm, respectively, at a concentration of 1% cedar wood oil. Results showed that with a high sesquiterpene content, the antioxidant effect was generally, but not always, high, suggesting that this is determined according to composition of the compound rather than presence of each antioxidant. The results indicate that antimicrobial activity is determined by the existence of each antimicrobial ingredient rather than terpene composition.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.334-340
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• 2005

This study has attempted to examine the effect of Artemisia princeps and A. argyi on liver function-related enzymes in rats with $CCl_4$ adminisration. The activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase(AST), alanine aminotransferase(ALT) and alkaline phosphatase(ALP) from A. princeps were decreased by 33, 23 and $19\%$, respectively, compared to control. The activities of AST, ALT and ALP from A. argyi were decreased by 37, 33 and $26\%$, respectively. Total phenol contents were 10.2 mg/mL and 4.7 mg/mL in A. princeps, and A. argyi, respectively. Also, flavonoid contents were $6.1\;mg\%\;and\;3.6\;mg\%$ in A. princeps, and A. ar효i, respectively. Ethanol extract from A. argyi showed higher electron donating ability toward DPPH than A. princeps. A total of 31 volatile components(3 hydrocarbons, 10 terpenes, 5 carbonyls, 8 alcohols and 5 esters) were indentified in A. princeps, and A. argyi. The major volatile components of A. princeps were $\delta$-3-carene($2.2\%$) in terpenes and nerolidol($0.9\%$) in alcohols. The major volatile components of A. argyi were eugenol($1.4\%$) in alcohols and thyl pentadecanoate($1.1\%$) in esters.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.412-419
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• 2004

In odor to select optimum extraction methods of volatile compounds in beef extract powder(BEP) as basic data for the development of a new detection method of irradiated BEP, four extraction methods, such as solid phase microextraction with polar fiber(S-PD) and non-polar fiber(S-CD), purge and trap(P&T) and liquid liquid continuous extraction(LLCE) methods, were tested with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method. A total of 106 volatile compounds including 22 hydrocarbons, 7 aldehydes, 6 ketones, 13 alcohols, 6 sulfur-containing compounds, 19 nitrogen-containing compounds, 6 aromatic compounds, 17 terpenes, 8 furans and 2 miscellaneous compounds were detected in BEP by four detection methods. The most compounds(62 compounds) were detected by S-PD method, followed by P&T(43), LLCE(38) and S-CD method(30). Among these methods, S-PD and P&T methods showed a complementary interrelationship to detect volatile compounds as S-PD method showed high detectabiltiy to all compound groups except hydrocarbons and ketones, which had high volatility and low molecular weight(less than RI 1200), but P&T method showed the contrary pattern to that of S-PD method. Moreover, the most of volatile compounds detected by S-CD and LLCE methods were also detectable by S-PD or/and P&T methods. Therefore, the simultaneous application of S-PD and P&T methods were selected as the optimum volatile extraction methods of BEP.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.402-412
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• 2022

This study investigated each forest's stand characteristics and the NVOCs emission characteristics for Quercus acuta, Castanopsis sieboldii, Dendropanax trifidus, Camellia Japonica which are major warm temperate evergreen broad-leaved species, and Pinus thunbergii. Data were collected from May 2019 to January 2020. The seasonal temperature and humidity of each research site indicated the typical climatic characteristics of Korea, which are hot and humid in summer and cold and dry in winter. Also, the atmospheric pressure was generally high in winter and higher in autumn and winter than in spring and summer. Overall, the total volume of NVOCs (Natural Volatile Organic Compounds) from the five research sites was the highest in the summer. The concentration of TNVOCs was relatively high in the Dendropanax trifidus forest in spring and winter, the Castanopsis sieboldii forest in the autumn, and the Quercus acuta forest in the summer. According to the results of this study, it was confirmed that the concentrations of NVOCs emission of warm temperate evergreen broad-leaved species such as Quercus acuta, Castanopsis sieboldii, Dendropanax trifidus and Camellia Japonica were not lower but rather higher than Pinus thunbergii. The correlation was positive (+) between NVOCs emission and temperature (r=0.590, P=0.000) or humidity (r=0.655, P=0.000), whereas it was negative (-) between NVOCs emission and atmospheric pressure (r=-0.384, P=0.000) or wind speed (r=-0.263, P=0.018). Among the micrometeological factors, humidity (β=0.507, P=0.000) was found to have the greatest effect on NVOC emission, followed by temperature, atmospheric pressure, and wind speed.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.505-510
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• 2020

In this study, the anti-stain effect of the Traditional Myoung-oil, which has been reproduced through traditional method, the Clean Myoung-oil, which was developed in an eco-friendly method through scientific analysis of Traditional Myoung-oil, and the perilla oil, which is the raw material of Myoung-oil and is currently used as a finishing agent when repairing wooden cultural properties was evaluated. As a result of the evaluation, perilla oil showed almost no anti-stain effect, whereas both types of Myoung-oil showed high anti-stain effect. However, it was confirmed that the anti-stain effect was significantly reduced after 4 weeks of exposure to the strain when Myoung-oil was diluted with terpene oil, a natural solvent. Thus, it was considered that the amount of treatment in the wood affected the anti-stain effect of Myoung-oil. In other words, in constructing wooden buildings, Myoung-o il is more suitable as a finishing agent to suppress mold growth than perilla oil. And, in order to increase the applicability of Myoung-oil, it is suggested that additional research on the optimal treatment amount and treatment method that can inhibit mold growth inhibition in outdoor environments is necessary.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.32 no.9
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• pp.734-741
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• 2022

Currently, around 40 million people worldwide are living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection making HIV a critical global health risk. Present therapies for HIV infection consist of drug cocktails that target different steps of the HIV life cycle to prevent infection, replication, and release of the virus. Due to its mutating nature, drug resistance coupled with side-effects of long-term drug use, novel strategies, and pharmaceuticals to treat and manage HIV infection are constant needs and continuously being studied. Plants allocate a major repertoire of chemical diversity and are therefore regarded as an important source of new bioactive agents that can be utilized against HIV. Since the early 1990s, upon recommendations of the World Health Organization, numerous studies reported phytochemicals from different structural classes such as flavonoids, coumarins, tannins and terpenes with strong inhibitory effects against HIV infection. The present review gathered and presented recent research (2021-present) on plant extracts and phytochemicals that exhibit anti-HIV properties with the aim of providing insights into future studies where ethnomedical and underutilized plant sources may yield important natural products against HIV. Considering the relation and importance of HIV treatment with current viral infection risks such as SARS-CoV-2, screening plants for anti-HIV agents is an important step towards the discovery of novel antivirals.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.33 no.11
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• pp.859-867
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• 2023

Lupeol is a type of pentacyclic triterpene that has been reported to have therapeutic effects for treating many diseases; however, its effect on insulin resistance is unclear clear. This study examined the inhibitory effect of lupeol on the serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 in insulin resistance-induced 3T3-L1 adipocytes. 3T3-L1 cells were cultured and treated with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) for 24 hours to induce insulin resistance. Cells treated with different concentrations of lupeol (15 μM or 30 μM) or 100 nM of rosiglitazone were incubated. Then, lysed cells underwent western blotting. Lupeol exhibited a positive effect on the negative regulator of insulin signaling and inflammation-activated protein kinase caused by TNF-α in adipocytes. Lupeol inhibited the activation of protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP-1B)-a negative regulator of insulin signaling-and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK); it was also an inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase (IKK) and inflammation-activated protein kinases. In addition, Lupeol downregulated serine phosphorylation and upregulated tyrosine phosphorylation in insulin receptor substrate-1. Then, the downregulated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) pathway was activated, the translocation of glucose transporter type 4 was stimulated to the cell membrane, and intracellular glucose uptake increased in the insulin resistance-induced 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Lupeol may improve TNF-α-induced insulin resistance by downregulating the serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 by inhibiting negative regulators of insulin signaling and inflammation-activated protein kinases in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.551-558
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• 2011

This present study was performed to analyze the efficiency and volatility of a porous film containing $Chamaecyparis$ $obtusa$ extract as a method to effectively package food compounds. Phytoncide was contacted the state of gas and showed effective antimicrobial properties. Limonene can be distilled without decomposition as a relatively stable terpene and was one of the extract components. $Chamaecyparis$ $obtusa$ essential oil. The optimal solvent composition was a ratio 5:20:0.3 of T-500:ethanol:hardener to effectively manufacture film containing phytoncide essential oil and the minimum antibacterial concentration was 2%. The films were made under different conditions(A-50LF1, A-25SF2, B-50SF1, C-50LF1, C-25SF2 and D-50SF1) containing phytoncide and the amounts of limonene inside the 1-L reaction chamber depending on storage were measured by gas chromatography-mass selective detention. The results showed that the 25SF2(width, 25 mm; length, 20 cm) revealed more amount of limonene compared with 50LF1(width 50 mm, length 20 cm). We confirmed that the gas emission amount showed a better layer on the film side than on the internal film. An effect of film thickness on phytoncide emissions was observed in that the amounts was less than the expectation for a thicker film at the beginning time, but the emitting amounts increased with increasing storage periods. In the storage testing of various films at $35^{\circ}C$ and 70% humidity for 14 days, 25SF2 showed longer preservation compared with that of 50LF in the case of bread. $C.$ $obtusa$ essential oil is a useful fresh ingredients, hence, analysis of limonene emission kinetics from various film was helpful to develop films with an optimal antimicrobial effect, and will allow application of such films in food packaging systems.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.102 no.3
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• pp.309-314
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• 2013

The concentration of terpene (18 species) was measured from spring to fall in ambient air and essential oil at three different forests located in Jeollanamdo province. Sampling was conducted at 4-hour-interval a day of each season. In the ambient air, ${\alpha}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-pinene and 2-carene were the most abundant compounds throughout the sampling periods and areas. The highest three-season average concentration of total terpene was 2,597 pptv at Jeamsan(Mt.) in Boseong which was predominantly populated by Pinaceae. The seasonal averages were observed to peak during spring with their max at Palyeongsan(Mt.) in Goheung and Jeamsan(Mt.) in Boseong, and during fall at Woodland in Jangheung. Most of terpenes had diurnal variations with higher concentrations during the daytime, and lower during the nighttime. However in essential oil, the highest annual average concentration of total terpene was $798{\mu}g/dry-g$ at Goheung which was predominantly populated by Chamaecyparis obtusa. Also, the component proportion ratio showed different distribution between ambient air and essential oil. From the results of this study, we suggest that Chamaecyparis obtusa species is more useful, and younger tree is more economical than older one, and spring is the best season for lumbering in order to use essential oil.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.12-18
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• 2021

The in vitro antioxidant activity of oregano seed fractions, fractionizing with 80% ethanol, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water, was evaluated, and their effects on edible oils were determined in corn oil at 180℃. The ethyl acetate fraction had the highest radical-scavenging activity. The ferric reducing antioxidant power activity and total phenol content of the ethyl acetate fraction were determined as 6,130 µmol ascorbic acid equivalents/g extract and 770 µmol tannic acid equivalents/g extract, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of the other fractions (p<0.05). Primary and secondary oxidation products in corn oil added with the ethyl acetate fraction of oregano seed significantly decreased by 1.5 and 1.26 times, respectively, compared with those in the control groups. The major volatile ingredients in the ethyl acetate fraction of oregano seeds were determined to be carvacrol, thymoquinone, and 3-cyclopentylcyl-cyclopentan-1-one. Ethyl acetate is a suitable solvent for extracting antioxidant compounds from oregano seeds and can be used as a natural antioxidant.