• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2019

Carbon storage is one of the regulating ecosystem services provided by urban street trees. It is important that evaluating the economic value of ecosystem services accurately. The carbon storage of street trees was calculated by measuring the morphological parameter on the field. As the method is labor-intensive and time-consuming for the macro-scale research, remote sensing has been more widely used. The airborne Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) is used in obtaining the point clouds data of a densely planted area and extracting individual trees for the carbon storage estimation. However, the LiDAR has limitations such as high cost and complicated operations. In addition, trees change over time they need to be frequently. Therefore, Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry with unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is a more suitable method for obtaining point clouds data. In this paper, a UAV loaded with a digital camera was employed to take oblique aerial images for generating point cloud of street trees. We extracted the diameter of breast height (DBH) from generated point cloud data to calculate the carbon storage. We compared DBH calculated from UAV data and measured data from the field in the selected area. The calculated DBH was used to estimate the carbon storage of street trees in the study area using a regression model. The results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of applying UAV imagery and SfM technique to the carbon storage estimation of street trees. The technique can contribute to efficiently building inventories of the carbon storage of street trees in urban areas.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.27-33
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• 2015

Forest ecosystem is considered as an important stepping stone to minimize the impact of climate change. However, the rapid urbanization has caused fragmentation of forest ecosystem. The fragmentation of forest patch results in edge effect which brings about adverse impacts on forest function and structure. Degradation of forest ecosystem decreases carbon sequestration because edge effect reduces productivity. Therefore, we analyzed the impact of forest edge effect on forest ecosystem carbon stock change in Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do. We used connectivity analysis to determine forest edge and core area. The field study sites were selected with considering forest age, density, class and soil type. Secondly, forest carbon stock was calculated with allometric equation. The soil carbon stock was derived from Walkely-Black method. Lastly, Mann-Whitney test was conducted to validate differences between carbon stock in edge and core area. As a result of study, the connectivity analysis was effective to determine forest edge and core. The core and edge of forest patch showed different composition of tree species and soil properties. Carbon stock per tree in the edge area was lower than that in the core area. However, the difference of soil organic carbon content between the edge and core were relatively small. This assessment can be applied for the conservation of forest patch as well as quantitative assessment on the forest carbon stock change caused by fragmentation.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.303-310
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• 2015

This study was conducted to estimate of carbon stock and greenhouse gas (GHGs) removals by tree species and forest type at Gangwon province. We used a point sampling data with permanent sample plots in national forest inventory and national emission factors. GHGs emissions was caclulated using the stock change method related to K-MRV and IPCC guidance. Total carbon stock and greenhouse gas removals were high in deciduous forest and species than in coniferous. The range of annual net greenhouse gas emissions in other deciduous species was from $-11,564.83Gg\;CO_2\;yr^{-1}$ to $-13,500.60Gg\;CO_2\;yr^{-1}$ during 3 years (2011~2013). On the other hand, coniferous forest was temporally converted to source due to reducing of growing stock in 2012. It was that growing stocks and forest area were likely to reduce by the deforestation and clear cutting. This study did not consider other carbon pools (soil and dead organic matter) due to the lack of data. This study needs to complement the activity data and emission factors, and then will find the way to calculate the greenhouse gas emissions and removals in the near future.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.499-506
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• 2016

This study was conducted to estimate carbon stock and uptake for Larix kaempferi Lamb., the single species, which is the most widely distributed one following Pinus densiflora, using data from 6th national forest inventory and forest type map of 1:5,000. Overall distribution area of Larix kaempferi in South Korea was shown as 272,800ha, in detail, Gangwon-do was the most widely distributed region with 39.6% (108,141 ha) of the whole forest area, and Gyeongsangbuk-do was 18.6%(50,839 ha), Chungcheongbuk-do was 15.1%(41,205ha) in order. As the results of analysis in carbon stock and uptake for each province, the values were high with Gyeonggi-do 109.0 tC/ha, $10.3tCO_2/ha/yr$, Gangwon-do 349.1 tC/ha, $9.7tCO_2/ha/yr$ in order, and Jeollabuk-do was the lowest with 78.3 tC/ha, $7.6tCO_2/ha/yr$. Also, the results of estimation in total carbon stocks and uptakes by year (1989~2015) were turned out that total carbon stocks and uptakes were 24,891 thousand tC, $2,428thousand\;tCO_2$ in 2015, increasing about 4.8 times and 3.8 times each compared with 5,238 thousand C/ha, $640thousand\;CO_2$ in 1989. Although forest area was decreased 26.6% with 371,884 ha in 1989 to 272,800 ha in 2015, carbon stocks and uptakes were increased in 2015 in that forest stock was increased 126% compared to 1989.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.15-27
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• 2022

Climate change is considered a severe global problem closely related to carbon storage. However, recent urbanization and land-use changes reduce carbon stocks in terrestrial ecosystems. Recently, the role of protected areas has been emphasized as a countermeasure to the climate change, and protected areas allow the area to continue to serve as a carbon sink due to legal restrictions. This study attempted to expand the scope of these protected areas to an evaluation-based environmental spatial information theme map. In this study, the area of each grade was compared, and the distribution of land cover for each grade was analyzed using the Ecological and Nature Map, Environmental Conservation Value Assessment Map and Urban Ecological Map of Sejong Special Self-Governing City. Based on this, the average carbon storage for each grade was derived using the InVEST Carbon model. As a result of the analysis, the high-grade area of the environmental spatial information generally showed a wide area of the natural area represented by the forest area, and accordingly, the carbon storage amount was evaluated to be high. However, there are differences in the purpose of production, evaluation items, and evaluation methods between each environmental spatial information, there are differences in area, land cover, and carbon storage. Through this study, environmental spatial information based on the evaluation map can be used for land use management in the carbon aspect, and it is expected that a management plan for each grade suitable for the characteristics of each environmental spatial information is required.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.33-46
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• 2023

In this study, carbon storage in the aboveground biomass, litter layer, and soil layer was calculated for abandoned mining restoration areas to determine the level of carbon storage after the restoration project through comparison with the ecological reference. Five survey sites were selected for each abandoned mining restoration area in Boryeong-si, Chungcheongnam-do, and the ecological reference that can be a goal and model for the restoration project. The carbon storage in the restoration area was 0~21.3Mg C ha^-1, the deciduous layer 3.3~6.0Mg C ha^-1, and the soil layer(0-30cm) 8.3~35.1Mg C ha^-1, showing a significant difference in carbon storage by target site. The total carbon storage was between 6.1 and 35.3% of the ecological reference, with restoration area ranging from 14.0 to 62.4 Mg C ha^-1. The total carbon storage in the restoration area and the ecological reference differed the most in the aboveground biomass and was less than 12%. Based on these results, forest restoration area need to improve the carbon storage of forests through continuous management and monitoring so trees can grow and restore productivity in the early stages of the restoration project. The results of this study can be used as primary data for preparing future forest restoration indicators by identifying the storage of abandoned mining restoration areas.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• 제103권4호
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• pp.593-598
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• 2014

In this study, we developed the carbon emission factors for 4 major species of warm-temperate region in Korea, and tried to provide their carbon emissions and removals estimates using these carbon emission factors. We selected Castanopsis cuspidata, Camellia japonica, Quercus acuta and Quercus glauca as target species and derived their carbon emission factors. The basic wood density that serve as one of the carbon emission factors were 0.583 for Castanopsis cuspidata, 0.657 for Camellia japonica, 0.833 for Quercus acuta and 0.763 for Quercus glauca and their uncertainties ranged from 5.3 to 17.9%. Biomass expansion factors were calculated as well: 1.386 for Castanopsis cuspidata, 2.621 for Camellia japonica, 1.701 for Quercus acuta and 2.123 for Quercus glauca and associated uncertainties varied from 14.7 to 30.5%. Lastly root-shoot ratios for each species were also determined: 0.454 for Castanopsis cuspidata, 0.356 for Camellia japonica, 0.191 for Quercus acuta and 0.299 for Quercus glauca with the uncertainties lying within a range from 19.8 to 35.7%. These three carbon emission factors including basic wood density had the uncertainties of less than 40% recommended by FAO. Therefore the application of country-specific emission factors seemed to provide quite accurate estimates of carbon emissions and removals. The estimation of the carbon stored in the 4 species were also conducted which amounted to $186.10tCO_2/ha$ for Castanopsis cuspidata, $280.63tCO_2/ha$ for Camellia japonica, $344.04tCO_2/ha$ for Quercus acuta and $278.91tCO_2/ha$ for Quercus glauca and their annual carbon removals were $6.65tCO_2/ha/yr$, $6.25tCO_2/ha/yr$, $11.70tCO_2/ha/yr$ and $12.29tCO_2/ha/yr$, respectively. This systematic assessment of forest resources can be a reliable source of information for managing evergreen broadleaved forest in warm temperate regions and thus serve as useful data for effective decision-making to address vegetation zone shifts due to climate change.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.283-292
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• 2015

The total global emission of $CO_2$ from soils is recognized as one of the largest fluxes in the global carbon cycle. Especially it is necessary to quantify the amount of $CO_2$ emitted by the organic material decomposition processes of microorganisms in the soil, because it becomes one of a factor for determining the carbon stocks in the soil. This study was conducted to estimate the impact of the Korean water deer(Hydropotes inermis)' feces to the soil organic matter. Also, effects of Korean water deer' feces on $CO_2$ emissions of soil and land use pattern dependent $CO_2$ flux quantification are studied. The organic materials in the Korean water deer' feces significantly changed organic matter content of soil and influenced the activity of soil microorganisms, both changing of respiration of the soil and physical chemical components in soil. In particular, C/N ratio and the $CO_2$ flux of soil of four regions (Rice paddy, Fallow ground, Salix koreensis community, Phragmites australis community) showed a statistically highly significant correlation (P<0.01) with the presence or absence of feces. $CO_2$ flux of soil affected by the feces was 2-20 times higher than the soil unaffected by the feces. This study has great significance to quantify the extent of the material circulation and its impact to the terrestrial ecosystem and soil zone throughout Korean water deer' feces. Feces of wildlife can affect soil and soil material circulation.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.87-96
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• 2011

Carbon emissions and storages that are strongly related to global warming has have emerged as one of the important issues while many governments and researchers have been interested in climate change and pollution. In this regards, forest biomass estimation is quite importance since forest biomass works as an important medium of the global carbon cycle between the atmosphere and soil. Forest biomass estimation through field survey needs lots of time and labors, and has accessibility issues. Hence, many researchers have focused on the forest biomass approaches based on remotely sensed data. This research comprehensively reviewed forty one international studies using remote sensing data according to five different categories (i.e., location of study area, size of study area, biome, used remote sensing data, and estimation technology). It would be expected that the results of this study can be used for suggesting domestic research directions; domestic research in this field is at the beginning stage in terms of level of technologies and useful materials. As results, 39% out of the reviewed studies used the areas located in North America. 59% out of the researches dealt with small size of the study areas (less than 3,600km2). In case of biome, around 30% of the studies focused on the boreal/taiga areas. Moreover, 35% and 16% of the studies were carried out using Landsat series and Lidar data, respectively. Finally, regression analysis method was most frequently used for forest biomass estimation by 71% out of 41 studies.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• 제109권3호
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• pp.300-312
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• 2020

The growing stocks of young forests that are less than10 years of age have been excluded from the Korean forest resource statistics, despite the existence of standing trees; however, sustainable forest management and carbon removals in the forestry section require complete information regarding forest resources. This study developed a method to estimate the growing stocks for young forests from National Forest Inventory (NFI) data. After reviewing previous research on growth characteristics for young forests, we conducted stem analysis of major species, and examined stand characteristics by site index, based on real yield tables. Our statistical analysis results showed that there were few standing trees with diameters at breast height (DBH) above 6 cm in young stands, and that it would have taken 12 years, on average, to reach 6 cm DBH. This suggests that mean tree height by diameter should be assessed at the root, in order to assess growing stocks for young stands through the NFI. Moreover, the database system should be improved to differentiate tree species, since diverse shrubs, including trees, have been surveyed.