• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.24 no.4
• /
• pp.438-442
• /
• 2013

In the present work, electroless plating was used for coating thin films consisting mainly of Ni and P on carbon fiber. Structural changes appeared upon the post-annealing at various temperatures of the Ni-P film on carbon fiber was studied using various analysis methods. Scanning, a flat surface structure of Ni-P film on carbon fiber was found after electroless plating of Ni-P film on carbon fiber without post-annealing, whereas annealing at $350^{\circ}C$ resulted the formation of porous structures. With increasing the annealing temperature to $650^{\circ}C$ with an interval of $50^{\circ}C$, the pore size increased, but the density decreased. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed the existence of metallic Ni, and Ni-P compounds before post-annealing, whereas the post-annealing resulted in the appearance of NiO peaks, and the decrease in the intensity of the peak of metallic Ni. Using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), phosphorous oxides were detected on the surface upon annealing at $650^{\circ}C$, and $700^{\circ}C$, which can be attributed to the phosphorous compounds originally existing in the deeper layers of the Ni films, which undergo sublimation and escape from the film upon annealing. Escape of phosphorous species from the bulk of Ni-P film upon annealing could leave a porous structure in the Ni films. Porous materials can be of potential applications in diverse fields due to their interesting physical properties such as high surface area, and methods for fabricating porous Ni films introduced here could be easily applied to a large-scale production, and therefore applicable in diverse fields such as environmental filters.

• Fire Science and Engineering
• /
• v.33 no.3
• /
• pp.21-28
• /
• 2019

To examine the mechanical and combustion characteristics of FRTP, either polycarbonate or nylon were used as a matrix, and either glass fiber or carbon fiber were used as the fiber reinforcement. The fiber reinforcement content was differentiated at 0~40 wt%. The tensile strength and heat distortion temperature increased with increasing reinforcement content. When the fiber reinforcement content was above 30 wt%, the flammability rating showed V-0. As the fiber reinforcement content increased from 0 to 40 wt%, the peak heat release rate of polycarbonate decreased by approximately 51% and that of nylon decreased by approximately 24%. The rate of CO generation decreased for a period of time, and then increased. This appears to have resulted from incomplete combustion. The rate of CO₂ generation shows a similar tendency with the heat release rate. As fiber reinforcement content levels increased from 0 to 40 wt%, the CO₂ peak rate of polycarbonate generation decreased by approximately 50% and that of nylon decreased by 28%.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
• /
• v.24 no.6
• /
• pp.818-824
• /
• 2018

CFRP is often used as lightweight hull material for luxury yachts or special-service ships. An electric propulsion system is also eco-friendly, and has been trialled to equip a small vessel as its main propulsion. In this study, replacing the hull materials and propulsion system with CFRP and electric motors, we made an estimate of the effect of weight reduction and compared it to the original design, for this purpose a case study was conducted on a 45-ft yacht. When redesigning structures with CFRP, we applied the reinforcement content of the carbon fiber in the same way as the original (GC = 0.4), and when changing to the electric propulsion system, we designed motors and battery packs to achieve the same performance as the original. The result showed that CFRP and the electric propulsion system could make the structural and machinery weights 45 % and 58 % lighter, respectively. However, in terms of efficiency, it was confirmed that the electric propulsion system is practically inefficient because it requires a huge amount of battery packs for the same navigation range with diesel engines.

• Composites Research
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.46-51
• /
• 2017

Structural battery has been researched extensively to combine the functions of the battery and structure without gravimetric or volumetric increments compared to their individual components. The main idea is to employ carbon fabric as the reinforcement and electrode, glass fabric as the separator, and solid-state electrolyte which can transfer load. However, state-of-the-art solid-state electrolytes do not have sufficient load carrying functionality and exhibiting appropriate ion conductivity simultaneously. Therefore, in this research, a system which has both battery and load carrying capabilities using glass fabric separator and liquid electrolyte was devised and tested to investigate the potential and feasibility of this structural battery system and observe electric properties. It was observed that elongating separator decreased electrical behavior stability. A possible cause of this phenomenon was the elongated glass fabric separator inadequately preventing the penetration of small particles of the cathode material into the anode. This problem was verified additionally by using a commercial separator. The characteristic of the glass fabric and the interface between the electrode and glass fabric needed to be further studied for the realization of such a load carrying structural battery system.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.18 no.10
• /
• pp.688-695
• /
• 2017

Compared to metal, CFRP has excellent mechanical characteristics in terms of intensity, hardness, and heat resistance as well as its light weight that it is used widely in various fields. Therefore, this material has been used recently in the aerospace field. On the other hand, the material has shortcomings in terms of its extreme vulnerability to damage occurring internally from an external impact. This study examined the intensity up to its destruction from repeated use with the internal impact of a CFRP laminated plate that had also been exposed to external impact obtain design data for the external plate of aircraft used in the aerospace field. For the experimental method, regarding the quasi-isotopic type CFRP specimen and orthotropic CFRP specimen that are produced with a different layer structure, steel spheres with a diameter of 5 mm were collided to observe the resulting impact damage. Through a 3-point flexural fatigue experiment, the progress of internal layer separation and impact damage was observed. Measurements of the flexural fatigue strength after the flexural fatigue experiment until internal damage occurs and the surface impacted by the steel spheres revealed the quasi-isotopic layer structure to have a higher intensity for both cases.

• Journal of Conservation Science
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.345-356
• /
• 2011

To remove metal stains of the ceramics, chemical cleaning is essential case by case. This study investigated the removal characteristics of iron stains by oxalic acid and citric acid including their application methods of soaking and poultice. The soaking method in cleaning agents showed removal process by color difference and released iron contents from iron stains on ceramics. Iron stains were removed successfully from ceramics, which soaked in oxalic acid for 60 hours. However, it is recommendable to soak in 0.25M oxalic acid for one to three hours because most iron stains were disappeared in 3 hours soaking. Citric acid is less effective than oxalic acid in removing iron stains because of heavy molecular weight and low acidity. Poultices (bentonite, sepiolite, activated carbon fiber and celite) with oxalic acid were applied on contaminated ceramics. After ten hours, iron stains on ceramics were removed successfully by poultice. Among them, bentonite and sepiolite have better application. Therefore, sepiolite with 0.25M oxalic acid was applied on the iron stains of whiteware and celadon from Ma Island, and then stains were removed. However, it is judged that the application methods can be varied according to the form and depth of contaminant. In addition, the residues of poultice on the ceramics will be considered for preventing contamination.

• Composites Research
• /
• v.31 no.1
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2018

In the case of a conventional composite patch repair using a heat blanket, the adhesive is pressurized using only a vacuum bag. In this study, however, a pressurization system has been developed to apply additional air pressure on the vacuum bag. In order to verify the performance of the developed system, the composite laminates were repaired with scarf patches and then tested under tensile load to be compared with the strength of the defect-free laminate. Tensile tests were also conducted on specimens with the same configuration but bonded in an autoclave. As a result of the test, the tensile strengths of the specimens repaired using the heat blanket with vacuum only without external pressure, the specimens repaired with additional pressure by the developed system, and the specimens repaired with the same external pressure in an autoclave, showed the strength recovery ratios of 74.9, 81.0, and 78.2%, respectively. The results of the tensile test after moisture saturation and the dried fatigue test also showed that the strength recovery ratios of the specimens repaired under the external pressure of 1 atm using the developed system are slightly higher than that of specimens bonded in autoclave.

• Composites Research
• /
• v.30 no.6
• /
• pp.384-392
• /
• 2017

Sandwich panels with three different joint configurations were tested to design a novel sandwich joint structure that can effectively support both the tensile and compressive loads. The sandwich core was mainly aluminum flex honeycomb but the PMI foam core was limitedly applied to the ramp area which is transition part from sandwich to solid laminate. The face of sandwich panel was made of carbon fiber composite. For configuration 1, the composite flange and the sandwich panel were cocured. For configurations 2 and 3, an aluminum flange was fastened to the solid laminate by HI-LOK pins and adhesive. The average compressive failure loads of configurations 1, 2, and 3 were 295, 226, and 291 kN, respectively, and the average tensile failure loads were 47.3 (delamination), 83.7 (bolt failure), and 291 (fixture damage) kN, respectively. Considering the compressive failure loads only, both the configurations 1 and 3 showed good performance. However, the configuration 1 showed delamination in the corner of the composite flange under tension at early stage of loading. Therefore, it was confirmed that the structure that can effectively support tension and compressive loads at the same time is the configuration 3 which used a mechanically fastened aluminum flange so that there is no risk of delamination at the corner.

• Proceedings of the KWS Conference
• /
• 2009.11a
• /
• pp.19-19
• /
• 2009

최근, 유한한 에너지 자원의 한계와 지구 온난화 등으로 세계의 제조 산업은 새로운 국면을 맞이하고 있으며, 특히, 자동차 산업은 화석연료를 주 에너지원으로 사용한다는 점과 이 연료를 연소시킬 때 발생하는 이산화탄소가 지구 온난화의 주된 원인이 될 수 있다는 점에서 상기 문제들을 해결하기 위한 다양한 방법에 주목하고 있다. 그 중에서 자동차의 생산기술 측면에서 볼 때, 가장 중요한 이슈는 차체 경량화다. 자동차 차체는 자동차를 구성하고 있는 여러 가지 부품 중에서 약 40% 정도의 무게 비율을 차지하고 있기 때문에, 차체 경량화는 연비향상과 이산화탄소 배출가스 감소와 직접적인 관계를 가지고 있다. 다양한 차체 경량화 방법 중에서 가장 쉽게 접근할 수 있는 방법이 경량소재 적용에 의한 경량화 방법이다. 현재, 탄소섬유 강화 플라스틱과 같이 무게 절감 비율을 최대화 할 수 있는 소재들도 개발되어 일부 적용되고 있지만, 일반적으로 차체 경량화 소재로 가장 널리 사용되고 있는 소재는 알루미늄 합금이며, 이에 대한 차체 적용 비율이 점차로 높아지는 추세에 있다. 이에, 본 연구에서는 알루미늄 합금이 차체에 적용되었을 때의 장단점을 살펴보고, 알루미늄 합금을 적용한 차체 생산과정에서 유의해야 될 사항들과 이를 바탕으로 하는 생산성 극대화 방안에 대하여 고찰하였다. 먼저, 기존의 알루미늄 저항 점 용접공법의 단점을 최소화하고 대량생산 체계에 적합하도록 개발된 새로운 개념의 저항 점 용접 시스템에 대해 그 성능과 양산성을 검증하였다. 구리 전극과 알루미늄 피용접물 사이에 프로세스 테이프를 삽입하여 용접하는 이 시스템은 열전도성이 큰 알루미늄 용접부에서 저전류의 조건에서도 효과적으로 균일한 발열현상이 발생하게 하였으며, 전극 팁 드레싱 없이 모든 용접점이 항상 동일한 조건에서 용접이 이루어질 수 있도록 하였다. 용접 조건 설정에 있어서도 용접전류가 통전되는 순간에 전극 가압력을 자유로이 변형시켜 용접부 크랙 발생을 최소화할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 알루미늄의 또 다른 대표적인 접합방법인 아크용접에 있어서는 용접 입열량을 조절하여 용접변형을 최소화 할 수 있는 아크용접 시스템에 대해 양산성과 적용 타당성을 검토하였다. 와이어 송급 방향을 자유자재로 바꿀 수 있는 이 시스템의 특성에 의해 스패터를 최소화하면서 용융금속이 효과적으로 모재에 금속이행 될 수 있음을 확인하였으며, 판재, 압출재, 및 다이캐스팅재 등 다양한 차체 소재에 대한 용접 가능성 및 미그-레이저 하이브리드 용접과의 비교분석을 통하여 차체 박판 용접에서도 최소의 열변형으로 효과적으로 사용될 수 있음을 보였다.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.277-290
• /
• 1995

The study was carried out to analyze the fracture behavior and the acoustic emission(AE) characteristics and to find the relationship among tensile strength, fracture toughness and cure pressure in owe process of the carbon fiber reinforced composites of two types, $[0^{\circ}/90^{\circ}]_{2S}$ and $[0^{\circ}\;_2/90^{\circ}\;_2]_S$. AE signals were detected during the curing process, tensile tests and fracture toughness tests by acoustic emission(AE) measurements, respectively. Tensile strengths showed that the less cure pressurizing steps and the side of $[0^{\circ}/90^{\circ}]_{2S}$ specimens had the higher strengths than those of the others. Fracture toughness by the change of test temperature showed nearly same values in the same temperature region, but the higher test temperature had the lower fracture toughness values. In order to examine the relationship between fracture behavior of CFRP in tensile and fracture toughness tests and AE signals, the post processing for AE parameters of AE data and the observations of microscope and SEM have been carried out respectively.