• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.19-42
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• 2018

In this study, we surveyed weathering progressing aspect by major elements variation and rock hardness by using XRF analysis, schmidt hammer, and thin section analysis. This observation suggested that the weathering process is likely to develop differently according to microstructural characteristics. R-value on the inside wall are lower than those on the outside. Also, the shadier the environment was, the closer it was to inshore areas, the R-value appeared to be lower. The movement of the elements such as Ca, Na and K shows that feldspar is hydrolyzed and can form salt crystallization like a gypsum or halite when they combine with the elements such as S or Cl. It proved a high CaO, $Na_2O$ and $K_2O$ content on flaking inside wall and rock meal. The exfoliation was mainly observed along the shady backwall and ceiling of tafoni. This helped in predicting the growth of tafoni as well as the direction of its progress.

• Proceedings of the Speleological Society Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.18-32
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• 2005

용신작용에 의한 지형변화에서 지하공간속의 요새화기법을 석회동굴에서 찾아볼 수 있듯이, 여러가지 자연현상 중에서 풍화작용을 같은 원인적 현상에 의한 변형을 통하여 오랜 세월속의 지형지물의 변화에서 나마(gnamma/가마솥바위), 타포니(tafoni/벌집바위) 등의 풍화혈(風化穴/weathering pits)과 같은 기이한 지형물들을 만나볼 수 있다, 특히 우리나라는 대륙에 이어진 반도국가로서 해양성기후권의 해안에서의 해식이나 파식 현상으로 인한 해식애와 파식대 및 해식동굴 등 지형물의 특이한 변화현상이 두드러져 나타나 발견되고 있다. 본 논문은 우리나라 곳곳에 분산되어있는 자연속의 여러 가지 변형지물들을 고찰하기 위하여 먼저 풍화작용과 그 풍화물들에 대한 특이한 지형의 성인과 특징 분석을 통하여 현존 상태의 지형미학적 측면을 비교 관찰하고, 자연의 아름다움과 현경의 중요성을 새롭게 인식하면서 우리의 역할과 가치의 의미를 재조명해보는 현지탐사 활동과 자료조사의 일부이다.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.328-336
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• 2009

This study aims to figure out the first-class geomorphic resources included in Yeongyang map sheet. The fieldwork shows that the first-class geomorphic resources are found mainly along the Banbyeoncheon(incised meander) and The Soojungsa(temple) valley that retain beautiful landscapes such as river cliff(including river bluff), water fall, pot hole. tafoni, canyon Such geomorphic resources are highly concerned with Bulguksa intrusive rocks (Cretaceous). Especially The Seonbawi and The Namipo(Yeongyang county), The Punghojung and its vicinities (Cheongsong county), and The Soojungsa(temple) valley are important in viewpoint of story telling tour marketing.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.39-57
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• 2012

The volcanic edifice of Ulleungdo is largely divided into a shield volcano underwater and a tholoide above seawater. The geological features of the volcano above seawater are basically alkali volcanic rocks that are further divided into five geological strata: agglomerates and tuffs trachyte and phonolite trachytic pumice trachyandesite, and sedimentary layer. The topography of Ulleungdo consists of volcanic landform on the whole, and such volcanic landform is weathered and eroded into various weathering landform, stream landform, coastal landform, structural landform, etc. Major volcanic topography includes caldera basin, central cone, and columnar joint, whereas weathering topography features, tafoni, gnamma, tor, weathered cave, talus, etc. In major coastal topography are sea cliff, wave-cut platform, sea stack, sea arch, sea cave, shingle beach, coastal terrace, etc. For stream topography, its development is minimal except for waterfalls.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.99-108
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• 2012

To consider geomorphological and geological characteristics to Gatbawi(the 500th natural monument), it was investigated with the aspect of scale, form, mineralogy, chemistry and weathered state. Showing typically erosional features, micro-terrains as sea cliffs, sea notches, marine plateaus and tafoni developed well on coastal areas near the monument. Sea cliffs are vertical and form sea notches in their bases. Coastal terraces are 3.5m in width and 20m in trace. Tafoni are honey combed. The monument is mainly composed of quartz, plagioclase, microcline, biotite, sericite in mineral and corresponded to crystalline tuff dominated in quartz and plagioclase. It has 23.60~28.27 wt.% of $Al_2O_3$, 3.27~5.80 wt.% of $Na_2O$, and 0.11~0.20 wt.% of Cl in chemical contents, leveling higher than those of earth crust standards. It is considerably weathered on the basis of CAI(77.42~83.93%). The monument is very useful for natural perspective tourism and education. Therefore, it is necessary that several ideas as guide plates, observing telescope, explaining guider, education programs connected with related services, touring goods, picture for books on utilization on the monument must establish.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.501-517
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• 2014

Based on a summary of the previous studies on columnar joints, this study presents research strategies and subjects to understand a formation of columnar joints, and its application in South Korea as follows; geometry of colonnade and entablature, formation mechanism and pattern change, surface morphology and internal structure, platy joint at the top and the bottom of columnar joints, crack patterns in drying starch-water slurries, using numerical models and computer graphics on joint formation, scale and geometry concerned with occurrence of volcanic rock, petrological and mineralogical study of the host rock. Additionally, more research is needed, such as deformation of column pattern during the hot state, secondary landform by alteration and weathering on the Earth's surface such as rock stream, tor and tafoni. This study will take an active role in research of columnar joint and the Cenozoic lava flow of South Korea. Results of this study will be useful to the activation of geotourism and geological field study.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.1-10
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• 2011

Sanbangsan and Yongmuri Beach as geosites are very wide areas, and tourists have accessed them via various courses; hence the need to double the number of geosite signs and disperse them at each point. The signs should read "Sanbangsan lava dome," "Yongmuri tuff ring," and "Relationship between the Sanbangsan lava dome and Yongmuri tuff ring." The contents of the sign should be systemic, simple, and clear because tourists have to read it in a short time. The viewpoint of the research area can be largely divided into Sanbangsan View, Yongmuri Beach View, Sanbangsan, and Yongmuri Beach View. Three of each viewpoint (total of 9 viewpoints) can be placed. In the geosite of Sanbangsan and Yongmuri Beach are 5 sub-theme views including the boundary sheet of Sanbangsan and Yongmuri tuff ring, xenolith basalt, marine pothole, tafoni, and crossed sedimentary layer. These sub-theme views are important in understating not only the geosite but the overall geopark as well, so they should be developed and utilized aggressively.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.53-70
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• 2020

Silgyeong sansuhwa (Realistic landscape paintings) are drawn in Korea since 17th century. It has characteristics of more realistic description of landscape than painting from previous periods. Kim Hong Do's 'Haedong Myeongsan docheop (The album of paintings of famous mountains in Korea)' has been recognized as fine example of realistic description of geomorphic landscapes. Kim Hong Do and Kim Eung hwan did official travel to Gwandong and Geumgangsan area by order of King Jeongjo in 1788. As a result of that travel they draw about 100 piece of landscape painting. About 60 pieces of the paintings are still remaining. These are open to public by Korea National Museum in 1996. 14 pieces of painting, Daegwanryeong and Gangneung, Gyeongpo-dae, Hohae-jeong, Gahak-jeong, Cheonggan-jeong, Mun-am, Mangyang-jeong, Wolsong-jeong, Neungpa-dae, Naksan-sa, Mureung-gye, Gyejo-gul, and Hyeonjong-am, are analysed in this study. Coastal depositional landforms, like lagoon, sand beach and spit or barriers, erosional forms, like sea stack, sea cliff and sea cave, depicted in the paintings are analysed. In addition, structural landforms, colluvial landform and bedrock incision form by the running water in mountain area were analysed and weathered forms of granite and excursion to karst cave also discussed. It is found that sea arch in the printing destroyed since 1788, though exact position and reason is still unknown. There are strong need for discovery and identification of geomorphic landscape resources, for applied geomorphological studies and for prepare educational materials for non-face-to-face education. It also be emphasized that it can be used of the course work materials for future education using augmented reality and virtual reality technology.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.37-48
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• 2019

This study, which starting from Yangyang Jukdo's topography formation and questioning revealed in landscape guide and landscape commentary board, is to sort out the characteristics of Jukdo natural landscape through literature research, field observation research and stakeholder interview as part of the proper recognition of Jokdo landscape and search for landscape resources, and pursued a review of nominations and criticism. The results of this study are summarized as follows. Yangyang Jukdo is an island named because it was full of blue bamboo. From before the first half of the 14th Century. to the middle of the 18th Century., there was a Gwanlan-pavilion to see the sea and the bamboo in the west. The time when the original island, the Jukdo, have been a land-tied island connected with the land by the tombolo formed by the erosion of the sand. It is located at the end of the 14th Century. and before the middle of the 18th Century. In Jukdo, colorful weathered terrains, coastal terrain, and structural terrain formed by long-time weathering are found. Among them, the type of weathering, the tafoni style and the gnamma style are the scenic landscapes with the key stories of legend and poetry that are brought to Jukdo. In addition, there are seven kinds of letters caved in the rocks in Jukdo. The rocks found on the coast, basketball cannons, shrines, and sutras are seen as shrouds based on a Taoist hermit motifs and style. In addition, it can be interred from the photography of "jeongssisejeog" that the souvenir of Jukdo was the family of Chogyejeong of mid 18th Century. In terms of observational geography and poetry, Jukdo has been handed down a great deal of missionary color with key motifs such as 'Jukdo-seongoo', 'Jukdo-Dolgooyoo', or 'Stone mortar of Taoist hermit' It is proved that the pearl which is called 'The stone of the Taoist hermit' is a porthole formed in a separate space rather than the topography of the geomorphology in terms of shape, size and function. Currently named Shun-tang is a product of the ridiculous 'naming' of interest. The present landscape guide and commentary is not only incompatible with the place of Jukdo, but also does not match the traditional cultural landscape. Future scenery information such as guide signs and commentary boards should be improved in the direction of positively highlighting the stories and motifs related to the present that are present in order to enhance the landscape identity of Yangyang Jukdo.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.164-177
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• 2018

Even though various geological attractions are distributed domestically, the geological attractions are rarely utilized as field course site. The purpose of this study is to make Seonangbawi area as the field course site after geological investigations are carried out in detail. Seonangbawi is located about 1km southeast from Songjiho beach in Gangwon-do. Seonangbawi area is simply composed of Cretaceous Seokcho granite with the overlay of Quaternary alluvium. Geological field course in the Seonangbawi area will be useful to the student and citizen for developing the knowledge of geological phenomena, such as the formation of granite and minerals, and weathering process. In addition, the student and citizen can develop the knowledge of the geological structures, such as joint (N50E/80NW, N40W/84SW), fault (N42W/83SW), foliation (N32E/54SE), and dyke (N35E/40SE, N26W/63SW), and geographical features, such as tor, taforni, groove, and gnamma in the field. Accordingly, the Seonangbawi area is the best place to learn various geological and geographical phenomena and to discuss the origin of Seonangbawi with limited space.