• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.159-164
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• 2016

The winter cherry bug (Acanthocoris sordidus Thunberg, Coreidae, Hemiptera) is a insect pest that have a piercing sucking type mouthpart, and it is injured to solanaceous plants including pepper plant. For the control of the winter cherry bug, 20 organic synthetic insecticides and 7 environmental friendly agricultural materials (EFAMs) were selected with single formulation. Fenitrothion, fenthion and phenthoate were significantly higher mortality to adults and 3rd instar nymphs of winter cherry bug as over 95 and 100 % after 72 hours with treatment. Otherwise, in case of EFAMs, there is no significantly higher effective materials to adults and 3rd instar nymphs of winter cherry bug. Eighty percentage of Sophora flavescens was showed only around 50% mortality with the high variation after 72 hours with treatment against adult of the winter cherry bug.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.49-58
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• 2012

Greenhouse whitefly, $Trialeurodes$ $Vaporariorum$, is the most important insect pest in environmental friendly tomato production. Natural enemies, $Nesidiocoris$ $tenuis$ and environmental friendly agricultural materials (EFAM) are major control agents in Korea. The aim of the present work is to evaluate release time of $N.$ $tenuis$ in controlling of $T.$ $vaporariorum$ and to select environmental friendly agricultural materials (EFAM) to suppress both $T.$ $vaporariorum$ and $N.$ $tenuis$ which if the density were high causing necrotic rings. Six EFAM selected to control of $Trialeurodes$ $Vaporariorum$ in three times spray with seven days intervals. Three EFAM showed high mortality 67.7-70.5% in spray after release plot but low in release after spray plot. It should be careful to spray with $N.$ $tenuis$. When $N.$ $tenuis$ were early release at 7 days after transplanting which before occurring and establishment of greenhouse whitefly, it could suppress the density. Extracts of bead tree + matrin, matrin 1, Chrysanthemum showed high mortality on $T.$ $vaporariorum$ adults and $N.$ $tenuis$. The results suggested that this three EFAM could be control agents of the damage of necrotic rings from $N.$ $tenuis$.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.945-955
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• 2016

To date, chemical managements of plant bacterial diseases are complicated by limitations on use of antibiotics in agriculture, antibiotic resistance development, and limited efficacy of alternative control agents. In this study, thus, we performed screening of eco-friendly farming material (notice no. 2-4-064) containing tannic acid as new antibacterial-activity against 7 plant bacterial pathogens: Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc), Ralstonia solanacearum (Rs), Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli (Aac), Xanthomonas cirti pv. citri (Xcc), Erwinia pyrifoliae (Ep), Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm), and Streptomyces scabies (Sc), Initial screening of antibacterial effects of eco-friendly farming material was performed using the paper disk diffusion method and co-cultivation in broth culture. Tannic acid based eco-friendly farming material showed inhibitory effect against Pcc, Rs, Aac, Xcc, Cmm, and Ss, whereas it did not show inhibition zone against Ep. However, when it tested by co-cultivation in broth culture, it showed strong inhibition effect against all pathogens that declined growth curve compared to bacterial pathogen only. Interestingly, when we observed morphological changes on those pathogens by SEM, cell morphologies of 7 pathogens were slightly changed that seem to be malfunction in their cell envelope.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.142-147
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• 2011

In order to develop a environmentally friendly control protocol for managing tomato leaf mold disease in the field, we employed bacteria- and fungi-based commercially available microbial preparations. The field experiment was conducted from April to July in 2010. Average incidence rates tomato leaf mold caused by Fulvia fulva were 13.1% at the two plastic houses located in Jangsung, Jeonnam area. Initially 11 microbial preparations were tested for antifungal activity against F. fulva in vitro. Among them, 7 selected preparations showed to be inhibited the mycelial growth of the fungal pathogen over 50%. Four microbes suppressed disease incidence as much 50% under greenhouse condition. Eventually in the field two microbial products including Bacillus subtilis GB-0365 and B. subtilis KB-401 respectively were showed control value up to 71.8% for four times sprays from 20 days to 70 days after transplanting. Furthermore, the control value of three times spray program demonstrated 79.3%. Efficacy of the three and four spray programs was more effective than that of non-spray control treatment. Our results indicated that adjustment of application method of commercially available microbial preparation could be used to control a target plant disease as an effective and efficient crop protection system for organic farming.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.613-626
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• 2010

Coming with the well-being era, consumer's demand for safe agricultural products is increasing. It is urgent to develop an environment-friendly pear production system. Accordingly, this study was conducted to develop an environment-friendly pear production system by using several environment-friendly agricultural materials which is known to be effective in agricultural production. In the effects of environment-friendly agricultural materials on the soil chemical characteristics in pear orchard, the content of total carbon, organic matter, Ca and Mg increased a little respectively compared with those of 2008, and 2nd treatment showed the highest EC and Mg content in the soil among treatments. The content of leaf N, P and Ca in 2009 decreased compared with those of 2008, while Mg content showed no difference between 2008 and 2009 years. Average pear weight in 2009 was 31g higher than that of 2008 (682g) and 2nd treatment showed the highest pear weight (738g) among treatments. The average sugar content was higher in 2009 (12.6$^{\circ}Bx$) compared with that of 2008 (12.2$^{\circ}Bx$) and the plot of 2nd treatment highest sugar content (12.6$^{\circ}Bx$) among treatments. There were no difference in hunter value of L among treatments, but hunter value of a showed higher 1.62 in 2009 than that of 2008 (3.73). The highest of gumminess and cohesiveness of fruits were obtained from 1st treatment and adhesiveness and chewiness of fruits were obtained from 3rd and 1st treatment respectively. Firmness of fruit increased a little in 2009 compared with that of 2008, while the highest firmness was obtained from 3rd treatment with 1.63kg/5mm$\oint$ among treatments. Phosphate content in the peel of 'Niitaka' pear of fruit skin in 2009 (0.97g/kg) showed 0.06g/kg more content than that of 2008 (0.91g/kg), while the highest content was obtained from 3rd treatment (1.15g/kg). Potassium content in the peel of 'Niitaka' pear in 2009 was 8.20g/kg, which is 0.06g/kg more content than that of 2008 (7.82g/kg) and the highest content was obtained from 1st treatment (8.34g/kg) among treatments. The highest nitrogen content in the flesh of 'Niitaka' pear was obtained from 3rd treatment (4.32mg/g), while it was the lowest in control plot (3.10mg/g). Phosphate content in the flesh of 'Niitaka' pear in 2009 (8.20g/kg) showed 0.06g/kg more content than that of 2008 (7.82g/kg), while the highest content was obtained from 1st treatment (8.34g/kg). There were no difference of the potassium content in the fruit peel of 'Niitaka' pear between years, but 1st treatment showed the highest content (11.81g/kg) among treatments, while the lowest was obtained from the control plot (10.83g/kg).

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.269-280
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• 2014

This study was performed to test the insecticidal and antimicrobial activity of plant extracts from clove, Sophora flavescens Aiton and neem. As the result of antimicrobial activity test, clove extract showed the strongest activity against Botrytis cinerea. In insecticidal activity test, the extract of Sophora flavescens Aiton was the highest against Nilaparvata lugens. The pyroligneous liquor (10%) and emulsified spreader (10%) were added to the extracts of clove and Sophora, respectively, to apply the environment-friendly rice field. In the field treated clove extract, disease damage occurred 49.1% and insect damage occurred 29.5% compared to control plot (100%). In the field treated Sophora extract, disease damage was 56.7% and insect damage was 21.0% compared to control plot (100%). In conclusion, plant extracts from Sophora and clove could control about 50% of disease and about 70% of insect damage that they could be used as environment-friendly resources to control disease and insect in rice farming.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.413-419
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• 2011

Recently, the rate of cultivation of such as hairy vetch was increased as a way of reducing the current soil problem. However, the occurrence of insect pest such as bean bugs, Riptortus pedestris, were increased in the field of green manure crops and their injuries to hairy vetch were observed. While minimizing insecticide use for the environmental friendly agriculture, the control of the bean bug can be utilized environmental friendly agricultural materials (EFAMs) in the green manure crop fields. The control effects of some EFAMs and most of chemical insecticides to the bean bug were significantly high. As a result of direct spray of EFAM that contained sophora extract or neem extract, the control effects of six EFAMs were higher than 70% at 120 hours after treatments. Among them, three EFAMs were showed over 90% of control effects. On the other hand, most of chemical insecticides were showed 100% of control effect against the bean bug at 48 hours after treatment. As mortality effects of EFAMs were sloely observed until 120h after treatment, we must use selected EFAMs at the beginnibgs of occurrence and entrance in the field of green manure for effective control of bean bugs.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.168-174
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• 2014

It was conducted to evaluate the control efficacy of Bordeaux mixture on pepper anthracnose in vitro and in vivo. The suppressive efficacy of Bordeaux mixture on mycelial growth and spore germination of Colletotrichum acutatum was investigated on PDA, cellophane membranes and pepper fruits, respectively. Furthermore, its control value was evaluated on detached pepper fruits inoculated with C. acutatum by wound and non-wound inoculation method, and in fields. The mycelial growth of C. acutatum JC24 was inhibited by 90.0% on PDA amended with $937{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ of Bordeaux mixture. While the spore germination of C. acutatum JC24 was inhibited perfectly on cellophane membranes treated at $187{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ of Bordeaux mixture, that on fruits inoculated with the pathogen by wound inoculation and non-wound inoculation method was inhibited by 88.1% and 91.3%, respectively. Although the control value on fruits treated with $937{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ of Bordeaux mixture was 17.6% in wound inoculation method, it was 58.8% in non-wound inoculation method. In fields, when Bordeaux mixture was sprayed five times at 14 day-intervals, it showed 55.7% and 61.7% of control value in 2012 and 2013, respectively. We think Bordeaux mixture was able to use as an eco-friendly organic farming material to control pepper anthracnose based on the above-mentioned results.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.343-349
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• 2013

Environment-friendly agro-materials tend to be preferred to chemical insecticides recently. For this reason, many studies are conducted to develop environment-friendly insecticides containing natural materials. The purpose of this study was to assess ecotoxicity for pepper extract and cassia oil (11.5+46%, A), pepper extract and cassia oil (23+34%, B), and pepper extract and lavender oil (40+10%, C). They are expected to prevent from pests especially diamondback moth, and can be used for agro-materials. Their formulation was emusifiable concentration (EC). Target species used to assess acute toxicity were aquatic invertebrate (Daphina magna), fish (Cyprinus carpio), honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) and earthworm (Eisenia fetida). The $EC_{50}$ value of A, B, and C to aquatic invertebrate were 0.46, 1.9, 0.25 mg $L^{-1}$ respectively and these values were moderately toxic according to standard of USEPA. In case of acute toxicity test to fish, the $LC_{50}$ of A, B, and C were 1.9, 2.9, 3.8 mg $L^{-1}$ respectively. A was category II in acute toxicity of fish and not acceptable to evaluation criteria of environment-friendly agro-materials. B and C were category III and acceptable. Acute contact and oral toxicity test to honeybee were conducted and the $LD_{50}$ of A, B, and C were > 100 ${\mu}g$ a.i. $bee^{-1}$ in both of tests. It indicated they were low toxic to honeybee. In case of acute toxicity test to earthworm, $LC_{50}$ of A, B, and C were 695, 988, and 564 mg $kg^{-1}$. In conclusion, pepper extract+cassia oil 57% EC and pepper extract+lavender oil 50% EC were expected to be used for environment-friendly insecticide materials with low risk against ecosystem and contribute to developing environment-friendly agro-materials.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.233-241
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• 2005

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of odor removal such as $NH_3$, volatile organic acid (VOA) during the pig manure composting using of the Pyroligneous acid liquor (PAL). The odor removal efficiencies were evaluated throughout the dilution rates (${\times}0$, ${\times}100$, ${\times}300$) of PAL. The results of the study are as followings. $NH_3$ content in all treatments (volume 10L) was approximately 8 mg/kg in compost piles on the first day. In the case of control treatment, it was increased by 46 mg/kg within 10 days and was not detected after 25 days. In contrast, those levels in PA-100 and PA-300 treatments were similar values at 38 mg/kg within 6 days and decreased after 15 days. And GC. equipment was used to analyze the volatile organic acids (acetic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, isovaleric aicd, 2,3-methylbutyric aicd, and propionic acid). The concentration of acetic acid and butyric acid were the higher than other VOAs during the initial composting day and sharply declined after 15 days. The VOAs in the control treatment were detected until 40 days, but PA-100 and PA-300 treatments were not measured after 15 days. The PA-100 in all treatments was the most effective treatment for $NH_3$ gas and VOAs reduction during composting. In addition, these studies for the odor reduction in compost manufacture process would have to research on more effective methods for the PAL utilization in agro-biological aspects.