• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.374-382
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• 2011

Aflatoxin ($AFB_1$) is a potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin in humans. It is also well-known to be accumulated in animal tissues via various metabolic pathways. This study was conducted to determine the effects of vitamin C on the residual $AFB_1$ in rat sera that were treated with radiation and $AFB_1$. Six week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups: a control group, $AFB_1$-treated group, the group treated with $AFB_1$ and vitamin C, the group treated with X-ray and AFB1, and the group treated with X-ray and $AFB_1$ with vitamin C. On the first day of the experiment, only one dose of X-rays was exposed to the entire liver at 1,500 cGy. Next, vitamin C was injected at 10 mg/kg body weight via intraperitoneal injection, followed 1 hr later by the administration of 0.4 mg/kg of $AFB_1$ via intraperitoneal injection. These treatments were then administered every three days over a period of 15 days. On the 16th day of treatments, the animals were sacrificed. The contents of $AFB_1$ in rat sera were determined via indirect competitive ELISA and HPLC method. In the quantitative analysis of $AFB_1$ in rat sera via ELISA, $5.17{\pm}0.34$ ng/mL of $AFB_1$ was detected in the $AFB_1$-treated groups, but the amount more significantly decreased to $3.23{\pm}0.76$ ng/mL in the groups treated with $AFB_1$ and vitamin C (p<0.01) than in the $AFB_1$-treated groups. The $AFB_1$ contents of the rat sera of the groups treated with X-ray and $AFB_1$ did not significantly decreased with the administration of vitamin C. The $AFB_1$ content of the rat sera that was analyzed via HPLC showed a tendency similar to that of the content that was analyzed via ELISA. With regard to these data, vitamin C was very effective in reducing $AFB_1$ residue in rat sera.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.472-482
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• 2017

To improve functionality and palatability of Korean Campbell Early wine. Campbell Early and aronia were fermented by either individually or at 5:5 (v/v) mixed culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fermivin and Pichia anomala JK04. Blending was carried out using those two wines with different mixing ratio. Antioxidant activity analysis and sensory evaluation of blending wines were conducted. The Campbell Early wine and aronia wine blended with 9:1 (v/v) ratio showed excellent antioxidant activity and sensory scores. Total anthocyanin compound, DPPH radical scavenging activity and total phenolic compound of blending wines were higher than those of Campbell Early wine (control). Hue and intensity values increased in the order of A, B, C and D, E, F depending on P. anomala JK04 use. Anonia wine contributed the increase in a and b values of blending wine. Although blending wines fermented by P. anomala JK04 increased small amounts of aldehyde and acid compound, ester compound, the most important factor for wine aroma was also increased sharply. Adding aronia wine fermented by single culture of P. anomala JK04 (A, D) got higher color, taste, sourness and overall preference scores than other wines in the sensory evaluation. All of blending wines showed higher flavor scores than control did. This research shows a possibility of blending and utilizing non-Saccharomyces yeast for Korean wine industry.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.107-116
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• 2018

The aim of this study is to investigate the antioxidant and intracellular anti-inflammatory efficacy of blueberry leaf extracted with hot water (BLW), 70% ethanol (BLE), and 70% acetone (BLA) in RAW 264.7 macrophages. In order to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of blueberry leaf extracts, RAW 264.7 macrophages were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce the production of inflammation-related factors, which were measure by Western blotting and real-time PCR methods. i-NOS, COX-2 protein, and mRNA expression showed concentration-dependent decrease. The decreases in the mRNA expression levels of interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) were concentration-dependent. Further, the antioxidant effects of blueberry leaf on total polyphenol contents, electron donating ability and $ABTS^+$ radical scavenging activity were evaluated. The total polyphenol contents of BLW, BLE, and BLA were $217.04{\pm}2.98$, $156.72{\pm}3.90$, and $182.88{\pm}3.02mg\;TAE/g$, respectively, while the electron donating abilities at $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ of BLW, BLE, and BLA were 81.7, 79.6, and 79.3%, respectively. The $ABTS^+$ radical scavenging activity was fond to be concentration dependent. The nitric oxide (NO) production inhibition activities at $50{\mu}g/mL$ of BLW, BLE, and BLA were 35.1, 42.4 and 42.7%, respectively. In conclusion, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory test results indicate that blueberry leaf extracts (BLW, BLE, and BLA) can be used as potential anti-inflammatory agents.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 1976

In order to investigate inherent erodibility of the soil, which is a major factor is soil erosion prediction, a survey on runoff and soil loss of reclaimed upland soil was carried out by using a portable rainulator. The relations of soil loss and some physical properties of the soil were discussed. The soil erodibility factor for Universal soil loss equation was calculated and compared with that of Wischmeier's nomograph. The result were as follows: 1. Total runoff increased for finer textured soil in order of Jeonnam silty clay loam, Songjeong clay loam, Yesan loam, Samgag and Sangju sandy loam. Total soil loss and soil content in runoff were not correspondently related with textural characteristic in order of Jeonnam, Samgag, Sangju, Yesan, and Songjeong. Total runoff, soil loss, and soil content in runoff were increased for steeper slope. 2. Soil loss and soil content in runoff negatively correlated with organic matter content of surface soil, while positively correlated with dispersion ratio, clay ratio, silt content, and significantly correlated with Middleton erosion ratio for coarser textured soil but not correctly related for finer textured soil. 3. The soil erodibilty factor K values for Universal soil loss equation were 0.32 for Jeonnam, 0.22 for Samgag, 0.17 for Sangju, 0.15 for Yesan, and 0.13 for Songjeong respectively. These values were close to those from Wischmeier's nomograph. So, it seems that the nomograph is useful for estimation of soil loss in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1976

1. Under an asumption that Ficks diffusion equation could be applicable in soil systems, the diffusivities of NaCl in several flooded soil systems were measured to range from $0.4{\times}10^{-5}cm^2sec^{-1}$ to $0.83{\times}10^{-5}cm^2sec^{-1}$ 2. It was discussed that, when a polder soil with a uniform initial salt content through the profile is desalinated only by diffusion to flooding water, the salt content in profile is a function of soil depth, diffusion time, and diffusivity as following $$C=C^{\circ}erf\frac{x}{\sqrt[2]{Dt}}$$ 3. On the basis of Kirkham, et al's integration of complementary erra function, the speed of desalting was discussed to be inversely proportional to the square root of time as following $$dq/dt=C^{\circ}{\sqrt{D/{\pi}t}}$$ 4. It was estimated enough to exchange the flooding water once or twice, even when desalination of polder soil is carried out only by diffusion, if the desalination begins in June, the used flooding water is fresh water, and flooding depth is 10cm. 5. Desalination of polder soil by diffusion requires 2 month for good standing of planted rice.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.165-175
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• 1995

To determine the effect of soil moisture stress on growth of barley and grain quality, a pot experiment was carried out for two barley varieties(Olbori and Chogangbori) by using large plastic pot(52cm in diameter and 55cm in depth) filled with sandy loam soil under rain-controlled open green house. By means of measuring soil water potential with micro tensiometer and gypsum block installed at 10cm in soil depth, soil moisture was controlled by sub-irrigation at several irigation points such as -0.05bar, -0.2bar, -0.5bar, -1.0bar, -5.0bar and -10.0bar in soil water potential. The lower soil water potential was controlled, the shorter length of stem and internode became, and the more narrow stem diameter was. Leaf area was significantly decreased when soil water potential was controlled lower than -0.5bar, although chlorophyll content of flag and first leaves was not changed so much. Weight of grain and ear was significantly decreased when soil water potential was lower than -5.0bar and the highest grain yield was obtaind in a plot where soil water potential was controlled at -0.2bar. However, the most efficient water use of Olbori and Chogangbori was obtained at -0.5bar and -1.0bar in water potentials, respectively. Crude protain content, maximum viscosity, consistency and ${\beta}$-glucan content of barley flour increased as soil water potential significantly decreased, especially below -5.0bar, but gelatination temperature decreased as soil water potential decreased.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.37 no.5_2
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• pp.1259-1268
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• 2021

The 2nd Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI-II) is the successor to the Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI), which employs one near-ultraviolet wavelength (380 nm) and eight visible wavelengths(412, 443, 490, 510, 555, 620, 660, 680 nm) and three near-infrared wavelengths(709, 745, 865 nm) to observe the marine environment in Northeast Asia, including the Korean Peninsula. However, the multispectral radiance image observed at satellite altitude includes both the water-leaving radiance and the atmospheric path radiance. Therefore, the atmospheric correction process to estimate the water-leaving radiance without the path radiance is essential for analyzing the ocean environment. This manuscript describes the GOCI-II standard atmospheric correction algorithm and its initial phase validation. The GOCI-II atmospheric correction method is theoretically based on the previous GOCI atmospheric correction, then partially improved for turbid water with the GOCI-II's two additional bands, i.e., 620 and 709 nm. The match-up showed an acceptable result, with the mean absolute percentage errors are fall within 5% in blue bands. It is supposed that part of the deviation over case-II waters arose from a lack of near-infrared vicarious calibration. We expect the GOCI-II atmospheric correction algorithm to be improved and updated regularly to the GOCI-II data processing system through continuous calibration and validation activities.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.382-390
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• 2021

In this study, solubilized yuzu pulp powder (EYP) was produced using enzyme treated yuzu pulp powder (YP) and used to manufacture yuzu granules (0-20% EYP content). The physicochemical, product stability, and functional properties of Yuzu granules were compared among five enzyme treatments. Among the five treatments, CL had the highest YP solubilization yield (48.68%). Microstructural observation of EYP using FE-SEM revealed that its surface became irregular and porous after enzymatic treatment. Compared to YP, EYP had 2 times lower insoluble dietary fibers and 3 times lower hemicellulose and cellulose content. Among the yuzu granules, IV (yuzu granules with 15% EYP) had an excellent water and oil holding capacity and flowability. IV granule had the highest narirutin and hesperidin content of 3.4 mg and 2.2 mg/g DW, respectively and the highest antioxidant (68.4%) and tyrosinase inhibitory activities (82.5%). Therefore, EYP or granule with EYP can be used as a functional component in food industry or pharmaceutical field.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.47-59
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• 2021

This study aims to review the trends of the population outflows in the metropolitan area of Busan and to investigate the factors that affect population out-migration to the Seoul metropolitan area. The following variables are considered for analysis: traditional population movement variables and quality of life variables, such as population, society, employment, housing, culture, safety, medical care, greenery, education, and childcare. The 'domestic population movement data', provided by the MDIS of the National Statistical Office, was used for this research. Out of the total of 57 million population movement data in the period 2012 - 2017, population outmigration from Busan to the Seoul metropolitan area was extracted. Independent variables were drawn from public data sources in accordance with the temporal and spatial settings of the study. The multiple linear regression model was specified based on the dataset, and the fit of the model was measured by the p-value, and the values of Adjusted R2, Durbin-Watson analysis, and F-statistics. The results of the analysis showed that the variables that have a significant effect on population movement from Busan to the Seoul metropolitan area were as follows: 'single-person households', 'the elderly population', 'the total birth rate', 'the number of companies', 'the number of employees', 'the housing sales price index', 'cultural facilities', and 'the number of students per teacher'. More positive (+) influences of the population out-movement were observed in areas with higher numbers of single-person households, lowers proportions of the elderly, lower numbers of businesses, higher numbers of employees, higher numbers of housing sales, lower numbers of cultural facilities, and lower numbers of students. The findings suggest that policies should enhance the environments such as quality jobs, culture, and welfare that can retain young people within Busan. Improvements in the quality of life and job creation are critical factors that can mitigate the outflows of the Busan residents to the Seoul metropolitan area.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.43-54
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• 2019

In this study, results of completion inspection are investigated according to the performance of the firefighting construction supervision personnel and according to the necessity of clean air supply in a performance test of the firefighting construction supervision personnel. The results of the completion inspection are measured and the causes of defects in the fire protection facilities after issuance of a completion inspection certificate are analyzed. The findings of this investigation can be used to minimize the risk of apartment fires and improve the performance of firefighting construction supervision personnel. The results of this study are summarized as follows. First, the results of the completion inspection conducted by the firefighting construction supervision personnel varies according to particular occupation. The performance of fire facility supervisors from design companies and fire construction companies were significantly higher than the fire officers. Therefore, it is necessary to employ supervisors who have experience in supervising the construction of apartments, in order to improve the performance of fire construction supervision officers. Second, the analysis of the completion inspection results according to the necessity of a clean air supply for performance tests of firefighting construction supervision personnel showed that the necessity of a clean air supply was significantly higher for fire facility supervisors from design companies and fire construction companies than for the fire officers. In order to improve, the completion inspection should be carried out up until the completion date of the building. In addition, a system needs to be established to ensure that clients are not able to demand that a completion inspection certificate be issued on the construction completion date. Finally, it is found that defects of completion inspection after issuance of a completion inspection certificate affects the result of the completion inspection. The results of the completion inspections conducted by the fire facility supervisors from design companies and fire construction companies were affected significantly less by defects than that of the general contractors. Research shows that faults have occured in firefighting facilities after the issuance of a completion inspection certificate due to the client and the construction company demanding the issuance of the completion inspection certificate.