• Title/Summary/Keyword: 측방선량분포

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Effect of an Acrylic Plate and SSD on Dose Profile and Depth Dose Distribution of 9 MeV Electron Beams (에너지 저하체로서 아크릴과 SSD 가 9MeV 전자선의 측방 및 깊이선량분포에 미치는 효과)

  • 강위생
    • Progress in Medical Physics
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    • v.9 no.2
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    • pp.65-71
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    • 1998
  • The aims are to evaluate the effects of an 1.0 cm acrylic plate and SSD on the dose profile and depth dose distribution of 9 MeV electron beam and to analyse adequacy for using an acrylic plate to reduce energy of electron beams. An acrylic plate of 1.0 cm thickness was used to reduce energy of 9 MeV electron beam to 7 MeV. The plate was put on an electron applicator at 65.4 cm distance from x-ray target. The size of the applicator was 10${\times}$l0cm at 100 cm SSD. For 100cm, l05cm and 110cm SSD, depth dose on beam axis and dose profiles at d$\_$max/ on two principal axes were measured using a 3D water phantom. From depth dose distributions, d$\_$max/, d$\_$85/, d$\_$50/ and R$\_$p/, surface dose, and mean energy and peak energy at surface were compared. From dose profiles flatness, penumbra width and actual field size were compared. For comparison, 9 MeV electron beams were measured. Surface dose of 7 MeV electron beams was changed from 85.5% to 82.2% increasing SSD from 100 cm to 110 cm, and except for dose buildup region, depth dose distributions were independent of SSD. Flatness of 7 MeV ranged from 4.7% to 10.4% increasing SSD, comparing 1.4% to 3.5% for 9 MeV. Penumbra width of 7 MeV ranged from 1.52 cm to 3.03 cm, comparing 1.14 cm to 1.63 cm for 9 MeV. Actual field size increased from 10.75 cm to 12.85 cm with SSD, comparing 10.32 cm to 11.46 cm for 9 MeV. Virtual SSD's of 7 and 9 MeV were respectively 49.8 cm and 88.5cm. In using energy reducer in electron therapy, depth dose distribution were independent of SSD except for buildup region as well as open field. In case of using energy reducer, increasing SSD made flatness to deteriorate more severely, penumbra width more wide, field size to increase more rapidly and virtual SSD more short comparing with original electron beam. In conclusion, it is desirable to use no energy reducer for electron beam, especially for long SSD.

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Determination of Output Factors for the Gamma Knife using a Radiophotoluminescent Glass Rod Detector (유리선량계를 이용한 감마나이프의 출력인자 결정)

  • Rah, Jeong-Eun;Suh, Won-Seop;Shin, Dong-Oh;Kim, Hee-Sun;Suh, Tea-Suk
    • Progress in Medical Physics
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    • v.18 no.1
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    • pp.13-19
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    • 2007
  • The purpose of study Is to Investigate whether glass rod detector (GRD) would be suitable for dosimeter of radiotherapy units. A GRD Is used for the measurement of the ou4put factors and x-axis beam profiles from Gamma Knife. The output factors measured with GRD from the 14, 8 and 4mm collimators relative to the 18mm collimator are $0.980{\pm}0.013,\;0.949{\pm}0.013\;and\;0.872{\pm}0.012$, respectively. The output factors obtained with a GRD are within 1.0% In good agreement with the values recommended by the manufacture. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of x-axis beam profiles measured with GRD are 5.9mm at a 4mm collimator.

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A Study on Dosimetry for Small Fields of Photon Beam (광자선 소조사면의 선량 측정에 관한 연구)

  • 강위생;하성환;박찬일
    • Progress in Medical Physics
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    • v.5 no.2
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    • pp.57-68
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    • 1994
  • Purpose : The purposes are to discuss the reason to measure dose distributions of circular small fields for stereotactic radiosurgery based on medical linear accelerator, finding of beam axis, and considering points on dosimetry using home-made small water phantom, and to report dosimetric results of 10MV X-ray of Clinac-18, like as TMR, OAR and field size factor required for treatment planning. Method and material : Dose-response linearity and dose-rate dependence of a p-type silicon (Si) diode, of which size and sensitivity are proper for small field dosimetry, are determined by means of measurement. Two water tanks being same in shape and size, with internal dimension, 30${\times}$30${\times}$30cm$^3$ were home-made with acrylic plates and connected by a hose. One of them a used as a water phantom and the other as a device to control depth of the Si detector in the phantom. Two orthogonal dose profiles at a specified depth were used to determine beam axis. TMR's of 4 circular cones, 10, 20, 30 and 40mm at 100cm SAD were measured, and OAR's of them were measured at 4 depths, d$\sub$max/, 6, 10, 15cm at 100cm SCD. Field size factor (FSF) defined by the ratio of D$\sub$max/ of a given cone at SAD to MU were also measured. Result : The dose-response linearity of the Si detector was almost perfect. Its sensitivity decreased with increasing dose rate but stable for high dose rate like as 100MU/min and higher even though dose out of field could be a little bit overestimated because of low dose rate. Method determining beam axis by two orthogonal profiles was simple and gave 0.05mm accuracy. Adjustment of depth of the detector in a water phantom by insertion and remove of some acryl pates under an auxiliary water tank was also simple and accurate. TMR, OAR and FSF measured by Si detector were sufficiently accurate for application to treatment planning of linac-based stereotactic radiosurgery. OAR in field was nearly independent of depth. Conclusion : The Si detector was appropriate for dosimetry of small circular fields for linac-based stereotactic radiosurgery. The beam axis could be determined by two orthogonal dose profiles. The adjustment of depth of the detector in water was possible by addition or removal of some acryl plates under the auxiliary water tank and simple. TMR, OAR and FSF were accurate enough to apply to stereotactic radiosurgery planning. OAR data at one depth are sufficient for radiosurgery planning.

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두경부암의 6MV 광자선 치료 시 표면선량 증가를 위한 Spoiler의 유용성 평가

  • 이강혁;김원택;이화중;김대영
    • The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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    • v.14 no.1
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    • pp.41-47
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    • 2002
  • 1.목적 두경부암(head and neck Ca)과 쇄골상부(Supraclavicular)에 6MV 광자선으로 치료 시 치료부위(Target volume)가 피부에서 대략 $1^{\sim}2mm$정도 깊이에 위치할 경우, 6MV 광자선의 선량분포는 표면선량이 낮아서 치료에 적합하지 않기 때문에 Bolus와 같이 사용하지만 Skin Sparing(피부보호)효과의 손실로 피부의 손상이 발생할 수 있다. 이러한 이유로 피부의 보호와 치료 시 표면선량의 증가를 위해 Spoiler(산란판)를 제작하여 측정 후 그 특성을 이해하고 선량의 분포를 통하여 Bolus와 비교한 후에 Spoiler의 유용성에 대해 평가하고자 하였다. 2.방법 Siemens사 선형가속기(PRIMUS)의 6MV 광자선을 사용하여 Spoiler의 사용여부 및 Spoiler의 사용 시에는 조사면의 크기를 $5{\times}5,\;7{\times}7,\;10{\times}10,\;15{\times}15,\;20{\times}20cm^2$로 하고 Spoiler와 표면과의 거리는 6, 10, 15cm로 바꾸어 가면서 물팬톰(PTW. 독일)을 이용해 깊이와 측방에 따른 선량분포를 Markus 전리함(PTW. 독일)으로 측정하였으며 전리함의 방수를 위해 씌어진 방수 캡 때문에 표면선량을 별도의 고형 팬톰으로 측정하였다. 표면의 측정선량은 전리함의 측면 벽 등에 의한 선량 측정치의 증가 현상으로 과 반응을 보였으며 이를 교정하였다. 그리고 측정된 데이터를 치료계획 시스템(Pinnacle 6.0m)으로 비교, 분석하였다. 3.결과 Spoiler의 사용 시 3cm깊이 측정선량 백분율과 Spoiler를 사용하지 않은 해당 치료 조사면의 3cm깊이 선량의 백분율에 일치하도록 하여 가상의 치료 깊이인 2mm에서 측정값을 비교하여 본 결과 조사면 $5{\times}5,\;10{\times}10,\;20{\times}20cm^2$에서 OPEN시 62, 64, $70\%$, Bolus는 97, 97, $99\%$로 Spoiler의 사용 시 표면과의 거리가 6cm에서 82, 98, $103\%$, 10cm에는 72, 89, $101\%$, 15m에 65, 79, $96\%$로 나타났으며 표면에서의 측정값을 비교하여 본 결과 OPEN시 11, 17, $27\%$, Bolus는 84, 84, $86\%$, Spoiler의 사용 시 6cm에서 40, 71, $93\%$, 10cm에는 25, 50, $81\%$, 15cm에 18, 36, $67\%$를 나타내었다. 또한 3m깊이에서의 측방 선량분포에서 Spoiler의 거리변화(6, 10cm)는 심부선량의 변화에 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 확인할 수 있었다. 그리고 위의 실험측정치를 치료계획 시스템에 입력하여 선량분포를 확인한 결과 Spoiler를 사용하는 경우 OPEN에 비해 선량분포 영역을 표면으로 끌어 올릴 수 있으며 Bolus 보다 피부 보호효과는 어느 정도 유지가 되는 것을 보여주었다. 4.결론 이와 같이 Spoiler는 Bolus와 비교하여 6MV 광자선의 build up 영역을 표면으로 증가시키는 동시에 Skin Sparing(피부보호)효과를 유지할 수 있으며 두경부암의 치료에서 Spoiler의 사용이 가능한 조건으로는 조사면이 $5{\times}5cm^2$에서 Spoiler와 표면과의 거리가 6cm일 때, $7{\times}7cm^2$에서 6cm, 10cm였고 $10{\times}10cm^2$는 10cm, 15cm로, $15{\times}15cm^2$는 15cm의 간격으로 평가되었다. 또한 $20{\times}20cm^2$의 조사면, Spoiler가 6cm 간격 인 경우 Bolus를 사용한 것 보다 더욱 높은 표면선량을 나타내었다. 그러나 Spoiler와 표면간의 거리를 다르게 함으로써 깊이에 따라 선량분포를 다양하게 나타낼 수 있기 때문에 표면선량의 증가와 피부의 보호를 위해 환자의 피부 두께, 실제 치료 부위의 깊이 등을 고려한다면 Spoiler를 사용하는 것이 bolus를 사용하는 것보다 더 유용하게 적용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

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The Dose Characteristics of Designed Ir-192 Micro-source for Brachytherapy (근접조사용 Ir-192 마이크로선원의 디자인과 선량 특성)

  • 최태진;김진희
    • Progress in Medical Physics
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    • v.14 no.2
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    • pp.81-89
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    • 2003
  • The dose distributions of designed Ir-192 micro-source were investigated by dose computations which were accomplished by employing shape of encapsule material and thickness of the source for self-absorption. The computation dose derived from air-kerma rate (S$_{k}$ ) and dose rate constant (Λ) includes the anisotropy of dose distribution around the source. We got the dose rate constants in a water medium is 1.154 cGy h$^{-1}$ U$^{-1}$ . The size of the source was 0.5 mm in diameter and 3.5 mm in length and it was encapsuled in 1.1 mm$\Phi$${\times}$5.5 mm of stainless steel sealed with 0.3 mm of filter thickness. The tissue dose of reference point at 1.0 cm radial distance of the source axis was delivered 1.154 Uh$^{-1}$ (1.3167${\times}$10$^{-3}$ cGy/mCi-sec) from the S$_{k}$ 4.108U/mCi of Ir-192 source. The filtration effect contributed to air-kerma strength as exponential filtering effect of 86.2% in total attenuation, but self-absorption was 88.4% from radial dose distributions. In particular, the dose attenuations showed a rapid anisotropic distributions as 56% of reference dose along to $\pm$10 degrees from the tip of source axis and 50% for of that to source-cable direction. We persist in use the large diameter of applicator will avoid the dose anisotropy by the filtered attenuation effects along the axis of Ir-192 micro-source.

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Development of Dose Planning System for Brachytherapy with High Dose Rate Using Ir-192 Source (고선량률 강내조사선원을 이용한 근접조사선량계획전산화 개발)

  • Choi Tae Jin;Yei Ji Won;Kim Jin Hee;Kim OK;Lee Ho Joon;Han Hyun Soo
    • Radiation Oncology Journal
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    • v.20 no.3
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    • pp.283-293
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    • 2002
  • Purpose : A PC based brachytherapy planning system was developed to display dose distributions on simulation images by 2D isodose curve including the dose profiles, dose-volume histogram and 30 dose distributions. Materials and Methods : Brachytherapy dose planning software was developed especially for the Ir-192 source, which had been developed by KAERI as a substitute for the Co-60 source. The dose computation was achieved by searching for a pre-computed dose matrix which was tabulated as a function of radial and axial distance from a source. In the computation process, the effects of the tissue scattering correction factor and anisotropic dose distributions were included. The computed dose distributions were displayed in 2D film image including the profile dose, 3D isodose curves with wire frame forms and dosevolume histogram. Results : The brachytherapy dose plan was initiated by obtaining source positions on the principal plane of the source axis. The dose distributions in tissue were computed on a $200\times200\;(mm^2)$ plane on which the source axis was located at the center of the plane. The point doses along the longitudinal axis of the source were $4.5\~9.0\%$ smaller than those on the radial axis of the plane, due to the anisotropy created by the cylindrical shape of the source. When compared to manual calculation, the point doses showed $1\~5\%$ discrepancies from the benchmarking plan. The 2D dose distributions of different planes were matched to the same administered isodose level in order to analyze the shape of the optimized dose level. The accumulated dose-volume histogram, displayed as a function of the percentage volume of administered minimum dose level, was used to guide the volume analysis. Conclusion : This study evaluated the developed computerized dose planning system of brachytherapy. The dose distribution was displayed on the coronal, sagittal and axial planes with the dose histogram. The accumulated DVH and 3D dose distributions provided by the developed system may be useful tools for dose analysis in comparison with orthogonal dose planning.

A Study on Electron Dose Distribution of Cones for Intraoperative Radiation Therapy (수술중 전자선치료에 있어서 선량분포에 관한 연구)

  • Kang, Wee-Saing;Ha, Sung-Whan;Yun, Hyong-Geun
    • Progress in Medical Physics
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    • v.3 no.2
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    • pp.1-12
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    • 1992
  • For intraoperative radiation therapy using electron beams, a cone system to deliver a large dose to the tumor during surgical operation and to save the surrounding normal tissue should be developed and dosimetry for the cone system is necessary to find proper X-ray collimator setting as well as to get useful data for clinical use. We developed a docking type of a cone system consisting of two parts made of aluminum: holder and cone. The cones which range from 4cm to 9cm with 1cm step at 100cm SSD of photon beam are 28cm long circular tubular cylinders. The system has two 26cm long holders: one for the cones larger than or equal to 7cm diamter and another for the smaller ones than 7cm. On the side of the holder is an aperture for insertion of a lamp and mirror to observe treatment field. Depth dose curve. dose profile and output factor at dept of dose maximum. and dose distribution in water for each cone size were measured with a p-type silicone detector controlled by a linear scanner for several extra opening of X-ray collimators. For a combination of electron energy and cone size, the opening of the X-ray collimator was caused to the surface dose, depths of dose maximum and 80%, dose profile and output factor. The variation of the output factor was the most remarkable. The output factors of 9MeV electron, as an example, range from 0.637 to 1.549. The opening of X-ray collimators would cause the quantity of scattered electrons coming to the IORT cone system. which in turn would change the dose distribution as well as the output factor. Dosimetry for an IORT cone system is inevitable to minimize uncertainty in the clinical use.

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Performance Evaluation of Stealth Chamber as a Novel Reference Chamber for Measuring Percentage Depth Dose and Profile of VitalBeam Linear Accelerator (VitalBeam 선형가속기의 심부선량백분율과 측방선량분포 측정을 위한 새로운 기준 전리함으로서 스텔스 전리함의 성능 평가)

  • Kim, Yon-Lae;Chung, Jin-Beom;Kang, Seong-Hee;Kang, Sang-Won;Kim, Kyeong-Hyeon;Jung, Jae-Yong;Shin, Young-Joo;Suh, Tae-Suk;Lee, Jeong-Woo
    • Journal of radiological science and technology
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    • v.41 no.3
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    • pp.201-207
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    • 2018
  • The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of a "stealth chamber" as a novel reference chamber for measuring percentage depth dose (PDD) and profile of 6, 8 and 10 MV photon energies. The PDD curves and dose profiles with fields ranging from $3{\times}3$ to $25{\times}25cm^2$ were acquired from measurements by using the stealth chamber and CC 13 chamber as reference chamber. All measurements were performed with Varian VitalBeam linear accelerator. In order to assess the performance of stealth chamber, PDD curves and profiles measured with stealth chamber were compared with measurement data using CC13 chamber. For PPDs measured with both chambers, the dosimetric parameters such as $d_{max}$ (depth of maximum dose), $D_{50}$ (PDD at 50 mm depth), and $D_{100}$ (PDD at 100 mm depth) were analyzed. Moreover, root mean square error (RMSE) values for profiles at $d_{max}$ and 100 mm depth were evaluated. The measured PDDs and profiles between the stealth chamber and CC13 chamber as reference detector had almost comparable. For PDDs, the evaluated dosimetric parameters were observed small difference (<1%) for all energies and field sizes, except for $d_{max}$ less than 2 mm. In addition, the difference of RMSEs for profiles at $d_{max}$ and 100 mm depth was similar for both chambers. This study confirmed that the use of stealth chamber for measuring commission beam data is a feasible as reference chamber for fields ranging from $3{\times}3$ to $20{\times}20cm^2$. Furthermore, it has an advantage with respect to measurement of the small fields (less than $3{\times}3cm^2$ field) although not performed in this study.

The Comparison of Beam Data between Measured Beam Data and Calculated Beam Data Using Treatment Planning System (6 MV 광자선의 측정데이터와 치료계획장치에 의한 계산데이터의 비교)

  • Park Sung Kwang;Cho Byung Chul;Cho Heung Lae;Ahn Ki Jung
    • Progress in Medical Physics
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    • v.16 no.3
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    • pp.125-129
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    • 2005
  • The first step in the commissioning procedure of a treatment planning system is always verification of the basic beam data. In this work, we have measured POD curves and beam profiles between 1 $\times$ 1 cm$^{2}$ and 40 $\times$ 40 cm$^{2}$ . In an attempt, Pinnacle 7.4f detect discrepancies between predicted dose distribution and delivered dose distribution. The discrepancies between measurement data and caculation data was found. The delivered dose was underestimated in field but overestimated out of field. The D$_{max}$ depth of 1 $\times$ 1 cm$^{2}$ was reduced about 2 mm. For the larger field size ($\geq$4$\times$4 cm$^{2}$, the beam profile and PDD curve showed good agreement between measurement data and calculation data.

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The Dosimetric Data of 10 MV Linear Accelerator Photon Beam for Total Body Irradiation (전신 방사선조사를 위한 10MV 선형가속기의 선량측정)

  • Ahn Sung Ja;Kang Wee-Saing;Park Seung Jin;Nam Taek Keun;Chung Woong Ki;Nah Byung Sik
    • Radiation Oncology Journal
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    • v.12 no.2
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    • pp.225-232
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    • 1994
  • Purpose : This study was to obtain the basic dosimetric data using the 10 MV X-ray for the total body irradiation. Materials and Methods : A linear accelerator photon beam is planned to be used as a radiation source for total body irradiation (TBI) in Chonnam University Hospital. The planned distance from the target to the midplane of a patient is 360cm and the maximum geometric field size is 144cm x 144cm. Polystyrene phantom sized $30{\times}30{\times}30.2cm^3$ and consisted of several sheets with various thickness, and a parallel plate ionization chamber were used to measure surface dose and percent depth dose (PDD) at 345cm SSD, and dose profiles. To evaluate whether a beam modifier is necessary for TBI, dosimetry in build up region was made first with no modifier and next with an 1cm thick acryl plate 20cm far from the polystyrene phantom surface. For a fixed sourec-chamber distance, output factors were measured for various depth. Results : As any beam modifier was not on the way of radiation of 10MV X-ray, the $d_{max}$ and surface dose was 1.8cm and $61\%$, respectively, for 345cm SSD. When an 1cm thick acryl plate was put 20cm far from polystyrene phantom for the SSD, the $d_{max}$ and surface dose were 0.8cm and $94\%$, respectively. With acryl as a beam spoiler, the PDD at 10cm depth was $78.4\%$ and exit dose was a little higher than expected dose at interface of exit surface. For two-opposing fields for a 30cm phantom thick phantom, the surface dose and maximum dose relative to mid-depth dose in our experiments were $102.5\%$ and $106.3\%$, respectively. The off-axis distance of that point of $95\%$ of beam axis dose were 70cm on principal axis and 80cm on diagonal axis. Conclusion: 1. To increase surface dose for TBI by 10MV X-ray at 360cm SAD, 1cm thick acrylic spoiler was sufficient when distance from phantom surface to spoiler was 20cm. 2. At 345cm SSD, 10MV X-ray beam of full field produced a satisfiable dose uniformity for TBI within $7\%$ in the phantom of 30cm thickness by two-opposing irradiation technique. 3. The uniform dose distribution region was 67cm on principal axis of the beam and 80cm on diagonal axis from beam axis. 4. The output factors at mid-point of various thickness revealed linear relation with depth, and it could be applicable to practical TBI.

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