• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2001.04a
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• pp.153-155
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• 2001

법송 방조제 조성지역 매립부 지반의 측방 및 수직변화를 조사하였다. 매립부 지반은 측방 및 수직으로 구성광물과 풍화정도에서 차이를 보여준다 이러한 차이는 기원암의 차이를 반영하는 것으로 편광현미경분석, 주사전자현미경분석, X-선회절분석에서 공통적으로 인지 할 수 있다. 해성점토층의 출현심도는 10m의 일정한 심도로 분포하여 방조제 축조이전 해성층이 수평층이었음을 지시하며 이러한 심도는 매립층의 하한선이 된다. 매립물질의 토색,토성. 풍화도, 구성광물차이에 의한 매립부 지반은 모두 같은 모재를 사용하여 매립되지 않았음을 지시하며 매립물질이 층서구조를 가지고 있는 점은 방조제의 수 차례에 걸쳐 조성되었음을 지시한다. 조사 결과 방조제 코어부와 성토부는 서로 다른 시기에 매립되었을 것으로 추정되며 성토부의 조성은 서로 다른 기원지의 모재를 사용하여 3회 이상에 걸쳐 시행되었음을 의미한다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2010.05a
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• pp.1049-1052
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• 2010

수제는 본래 제방의 보호나 주운의 수심확보 등을 주목적으로 주로 호안 또는 하안 전면부에 설치되어지는 구조물이다. 과거에 하천이 주운으로 이용되었던 시기와는 달리, 제방축조기술 등의 발달에 따라 그 역할이 점차 줄어들면서 주역할 기능이 사라지게 되었다. 하지만 최근에 수제의 설치로 인한 수제역 내의 역흐름과 재순환영역이 하천환경을 개선시킨다는 기능이 주목받으면서 국부적인 침식과 퇴적을 유도하여 다양한 생태환경을 제공하는 수제의 효용이 재인식되고 있다. 하천의 주운용 수심을 확보함과 동시에 생태서식환경을 개선시키기 위한 수제 설치가 주요한 공법으로 재인식되어, 일정 수위확보로 수생태계의 교란을 억제하고 하천의 황단적 단류를 막아 건습교체를 억제하는 등의 하천생태계의 유도가 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 하도에 수제를 설치함으로서 생태하천을 창출하기 위한 수제기법을 제시토록 하였다.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.355-362
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• 2017

The Nongso tomb of Sunchang was built in a relatively deep place; hence there was little damage from grave robbers. The tomb was completely filled with a large amount of charcoal, and therefore the wooden coffin was excavated in relatively good condition. On the basis of the structure of the tombs, excavated artifacts, and radiocarbon dating results, the tomb is estimated to be from between the late Goryeo and the early Joseon period. The wooden coffin excavated is double-layered structures consisting of an outer coffin and an inner coffin. The outside of the wooden coffin is thickly lacquered and decorated with yellow letters and white motifs. An analysis of the pigments' components revealed that the major component of the letters was gold (Au) and the major component of the motifs was silver (Ag). The coffin lacquer had three layers: a pigment layer, a yellowish-brown layer, and a black layer. The wooden bases of the coffins were painted with a black substance, such as soot, as mineral elements were not detected in the black layer. The yellowish-brown layer is presumed to be refined lacquer. From the analysis of the structure of the layers and pigments, we can estimate the method was adopted for making lacquer for wooden coffin. It is assumed that the method used gold leaf and gold powder. The form of the pigment and the internal structure are likely to be gold leaf, but the shape of the surface letters appears to have been formed using gold powder. This study will serve as important information for understanding lacquer making techniques at the time of the tombs' construction by confirming the making method through reproduction experiments using gold leaf and gold powder.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.216-233
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• 2020

This study set out to review tomb culture in the Gyeongju region during the Bronze Age, and also examine the patterns of dolmens during their end phase. For these purposes, the study analyzed 18 tomb relics from the Bronze Age and nine from the early Iron Age. Gyeongju belongs to the Geomdan-ri cultural zone. Approximately 120 tombs from the Bronze Age have been excavated in the Gyeongju region. There are fewer tombs than dwellings in the region, which is a general characteristic of the Geomdan-ri cultural zone. Although the number of tombs is small, the detailed structure of the dead body is varied. During the Bronze Age, tombs in the Gyeongju region were characterized by more prolific construction of pit tombs, dolmens with boundaries, and stacked stone altars than were the cases in other areas. There is a great possibility that the pit tombs in the Gyeongju region were influenced by their counterparts in the northeastern parts of North Korea, given the spindle whorl artifacts buried at the Dongsan-ri sites. Dolmens with boundaries and stacked stone altars are usually distributed in the Songguk-ri cultural zone, and it is peculiar that instances of these are found in large numbers in the Gyeongju region as part of the Geomdanri cultural zone. Even in the early Iron Age, the building of dolmens with boundaries and stacked stone altars continued in the Gyeongju region under the influence of the Bronze Age. A new group of people moved into the area, and they crafted ring-rimmed pottery and built wooden coffin tombs. In the early Iron Age, new rituals performed in high places also appeared, and were likely to provide venues for memorial services for heavenly gods in town-center areas. The Hwacheon-ri Mt. 251-1 relic and the Jukdong-ri relic are ruins that exhibit the aspect of rituals performed in high places well. In these rituals performed in high places, a stacked stone altar was built with the same form as the dolmens with boundaries, and a similar rock to the cover stone of a dolmen was used. People continued to build and use dolmens with boundaries and stacked stone altars while sustaining the Bronze Age traditions, even into the early Iron Age, because the authority of dolmens was maintained. Some dolmens with boundaries and stacked stone altars, known as being Bronze Age in origin, would have continued to be used in ritual practices until the early Iron Age. Entering the latter half of the second century B.C., wooden coffin tombs began to propagate. This was the time when the southern provinces, including the Gyeongju region, were included in the East Asian network, with the spread of ironware culture and the arrival of artifacts from central China. Around this time, dolmen culture faded into history with a new era beginning in its place.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.187-200
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• 2007

This study look into the 3 stages which is distinguished by the usage of human in Man-Kyeong river. 'A nature based usage stage' is acknowledge the river itself and used only the tributary and built reservoir in a small scale from ancient to 1910s. 'A human based usage stage' is built the large scale reservoir at upper stream area and make the artificial waterway from 1920s. And the main stream is remodeled to protect the flood and get the agricultural land. 'A human and nature integration stage' is the main stream has a role not only the spill way but also clean water for inhabitants does together with river. The role and meaning of river is given newly. The development of technique and increase the need of the human is required the change in the role and meaning of river. The river is natural existence as it is, but the meaning and role is given by the human. Also it accompanied the change of the landscape in neighbor region. The natural river is controled the human life in the past, but it changed to social existence which is given the role and meaning by the human now.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.44-61
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• 2015

Mural tomb in Goa-ri(Goryeong) built in the 6th Century Gaya period investigated precisely by the scientific method. They were used to optical equipments for investigation and made a damage map according to the damaging types. The mortar layer was mostly exfoliated from the rest of the wall except for the burial chamber ceiling and corridor ceiling. Also painting layers rarely not observed. Most of the paintings were damaged except lotus painting in burial chamber ceiling. Various damage types that exfoliation, earthen dirt, film coating were found in murals. Damage factors of mural were the porous characteristics of mortar layer and the movement of moisture in the murals. They were caused physical damage such as crack, exfoliation. It was getting worse and causing to secondary damage like earthen dirt, film coating.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.260-279
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• 2021

The Goguryeo kingdom established a unique defense system centered on a series of mountain fortresses. However, modern-day studies on its defense system have tended to focus on how they were positioned and generally consist of little more than individual surveys or introductions to the relevant materials, leaving much to be desired. This study attempts to extend the scope of studies about fortresses dating back to the Goguryeo period, taking into account the limitations of the available materials. As such, this study reviews the defense system of Goguryeo during the Gungnaeseong Period (i.e., the period when Gungnaeseong was the capital of Goguryeo) using the GIS system, with the focus on fortresses that are thought to have been built in the area extending from the middle and upper reaches of the Amnok River to the mid-stream region of the Liohe River, based on the aforementioned studies. The results of the study are as follows. First, the major roads built during the Gungnaeseong Period were as stated in the foregoing studies to some extent. Researchers believed that during the middle period of the dynasty, a major road ran along the Suzihe, Fuer and Xinkai rivers before finally reaching Jian. The study found that fortified walls and fortress strongholds were built along this road. Second, there were seven fortresses between the middle and upper reaches of the Amnokgang River and the midstream region of the Liaohe River. A primary defense line was closely established between the strongholds and the nearby walls, with secondary and tertiary defense lines established more loosely and encompassing a much wider area. Third, regarding the defense system along the major roads, the Choejinbosanseong, Goisanseong and Cheolbaesanseong fortresses served as strongholds along the 60-kilometer-long primary defense line, with 80-kilometer-long secondary and tertiary defense lines set up behind it. The final 120-kilometer-long defense line of the capital was established along with the Onyeosanseong Fortress, while a stumbling block was set up close to the capital as a defense system, rather than building a fortified wall. To summarize, a primary defense system was established centered on a series of fortresses, with each stronghold maintaining a closely-knit defense system in connection with other nearby strongholds to repel invaders.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.7-31
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• 2000

Quaternary Geological and geophysical investigation was performed at the Eurimji reservoir of Jaechon City in order to interprete depositional environment and genesis of lake sediments. For this purpose, echo sounding, bottom sampling and columnar sampling by drilling on board and GPR survey were employed for a proper field investigation. Laboratory tests cover grain size population analysis, pollen analysis and $^{14}C$ datings for the lake sediments. The some parts of lake bottom sediments anthropogenically tubated and filled several times to date, indicating several mounds on the bottom surface which is difficult to explain by bottom current. Majority of natural sediments were accumulated both as rolling and suspended loads during seasonal flooding regime, when flash flow and current flow are relatively strong not only at bridge area of the western part of Eurimji, connected to stream valley, but at the several conduit or sewage system surrounding the lake. Most of uniform suspend sediments are accumulated at the lake center and lower bank area. Some parts of bottom sediments indicate the existence of turbid flow and mudflow probably due to piezometric overflowing from the lake bottom, the existence of which are proved by CM patterns of the lake bottom sediments. The columnar samples of the lake sediments in ER-1 and ER-3-1 boreholes indicate good condition without any human tubation. The grain size character of borehole samples shows poorly sorted population, predominantly composed of fine sand and muds, varying skewness and kurtosis, which indicate multi-processed lake deposits, very similar to lake bottom sediments. Borehole columnar section, echo sounding and GPR survey profilings, as well as processed data, indicate that organic mud layers of Eurimji lake deposits are deeper and thicker towards lower bank area, especially west of profile line-9. In addition the columnar sediments indicate plant coverage of the Eurimji area were divided into two pollen zones. Arboreal pollen ( AP) is predominant in the lower pollen zone, whreas non-aboreal pollen(NAP) is rich in the upper pollen zone. Both of the pollen zones are related to the vegetation coverage frequently found in coniferous and deciduous broad-leaved trees(mixed forest) surrounded by mountains and hilly areas and prevailing by aquatic or aquatic margin under the wet temperate climate. The $^{14}C$ age of the dark gray organic muds, ER1-12 sample, is 950$\pm$40 years B.P. As the sediments are anthropogenetically undisturbed, it is assumed that the reliability of age is high. Three $^{14}C$ ages of the dark gray organic muds, including ER3-1-8, ER3-1-10, ER3-1-11 samples, are 600$\pm$30 years B.P., 650$\pm$30 years B.P., 800$\pm$40 years B.P. in the descending order of stratigraphic columnar section. Based on the interpretation of depositional environments and formation ages, it is proved that Eurimji reservoir were constructed at least 950$\pm$40 years B.P., the calibrated ages of which ranges from 827 years, B.P. to 866 years B.P. Ancient people utilize the natural environment of the stream valley to meet the need of water irrigation for agriculture in the local valley center and old alluvium fan area.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.445-445
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• 2012

농업 수자원 시스템은 유역의 유출량으로부터 용수를 생산하고 농작물 재배를 위하여 용수를 공급하는 일련의 체계로서, 여름철 집중되는 강우를 저류하여 가용 용수를 확보하고 적절한 시기에 필요한 용수량의 공급을 목적으로 한다. 농업용 저수지, 용 배수로 및 평야부 수리시설물과 같은 구성 요소들은 오랜 기간에 걸쳐서 축조되어 지속 가능하고 안정적인 농업용수 공급을 수행하고 있다. 농업 수자원 시스템을 운영하는 과정에서 물 수요량에 대한 실시간 관리가 불가능하여, 수요와 공급의 불균형으로 인한 용수 공급 효율 저하 및 수리시설물의 노후화 및 누수 등으로 인한 관리 손실량 발생과 같은 문제점이 제기되었다. 스마트 물관리는 농업 수자원 환경의 급격한 변화에 대응하기 위하여 첨단 정보통신 기술을 도입하는 차세대 물관리 시스템으로 실시간 모니터링, 수자원의 분석/모의/운영 및 정보 관리 등 전 분야에서 정보화와 지능화를 구현하기 위한 기술 총화로 정의된다. 본 연구에서는 스마트 물관리를 구현하기 위한 구체적 방안으로써, 통합적인 농업용수의 실시간 운영 및 정보 관리를 위하여 첨단 정보통신기술을 이용한 모니터링 기술, 수집된 정보 분석 및 제공을 위한 웹 기반의 정보관리 기술, 정보교환을 위한 네트워크 기술 등을 통합 운영할 수 있는 체계를 구성하였다.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.265-280
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• 2022

Hwangnyongsa Temple was the large Buddhist monastery of Silla that has existed for about 685 years. The temple underwent a series of excavations from 1976 to 1983, during which it was discovered that its layout consisted of one pagoda and three main dharma halls. This discovery also led to the production of four artistic depictions of the temple at various times from its foundation to its final phase. Previous studies on the architectural layout of Hwangnyongsa Temple are largely focused on the inner sanctuary ("Buddha's Land"). The studies on the temple's main architectural structures may be natural for those who are interested in the origins of and background to its establishment, but the studies on its outer sanctuary ("Sangha's Land") have to come first to acquire a deeper knowledge of the architectural layout of the temple as a whole. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the entire layout of Buddhist monasteries of the Silla dynasty, including both their inner and outer sanctuaries, the studies on Hwangnyongsa Temple are essential as it was once the kingdom's most highly honored temple. The studies on Korean Buddhist monasteries of the Three Kingdoms Period have produced only a limited amount of information concerning the outer sanctuary, resulting in little evidence about the exact scope of the temple's sanctuary. Meanwhile, the excavations of the Hwangnyongsa Temple site have revealed the archaeological features of the walls that divided the monastery and its neighboring facilities, thus helping to delineate the size of the temple site. The excavations have revealed the boundaries between the inner and outer sanctuaries of Hwangnyongsa Temple, as well as the entire temple precincts and the exterior, providing valuable information about the changes made to the layout of the temple. In this study, the main discussion focuses on the changes made to the sanctuary of Hwangnyongsa Temple during the Unified Silla and Goryeo Periods, particularly in relation to the architectural layout of the temple. The discussion is based on a review of the periods in which the Nammunji(South Gate site) was built, which provides tangible evidence about the expansion of the temple to the south, and the walls enclosing the temple precincts on the four sides and the changes that occurred afterwards. As a result, the study concludes that both the inner and outer sanctuaries of the temple probably changed through the 1 st and 3rd. It also concludes that the changes made to the architectural layout of Hwangnyongsa Temple were intended not only to alter the scope of the temple but were also closely associated with the politico-geographical significance of its location at the center of the royal capital of Silla and the urban archaeological remains around it.