• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.797-804
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• 2003

This study was conducted to determine the effect of feeding a mixture of broiler litter and bakery by-product on production, economy and meat characteristics of growing ‘Hanwoo’ steers. A control diet (conventional formulated feed and rice straw) and a treatment diet(90% mixture of broiler litter 64% and bakery by-product 36% and 10% rice straw on DM basis) were prepared on an isoenergetic basis and fed to 20 steers for 12 weeks. Palatability of TMR by ‘Hanwoo’ was fair. Compared with feeding a control diet, feeding a treatment diet resulted in increased(P〈0.05) DM intake, similar OM intake, similar daily weight gain(0.75 vs 0.64 kg/d) and feed efficiency of DM(10.1 vs 12.5) and OM(9.0 vs 10.6), considerably(45%) reduced(P〈0.05) feed cost/gain, and similar meat characteristics. These results show that a mixed ration manufactured with broiler litter and bakery by-product may be potentially used for growing ‘Hanwoo’ steers.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.510-510
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• 2016

농업 비점오염원의 영향을 분석하고 여러 가지 대안(관리정책)이 수계의 수질에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위해서 유역모형의 적용이 필요하다. 이러한 유역모형에는 모형의 복합성, 계산시간 등에 따라 simple method, mid-range model, detail model로 나눌 수 있다. Simple methods는 요구되는 자료가 작으나 그 결과의 정확성은 떨어진다. 반면에 detail model는 정확한 결과를 획득할 수 있으나 그만큼 방대한 자료와 모니터링을 요구하며, 보정 및 검증에 많은 시간과 노력을 필요로 한다. 특히, 복잡한 유역특성 및 축산오염원을 포함한 복잡한 특성들을 고려해서 모델링하기 위해서는 detail model이 필요하며 본 연구에서는 HSPF모델을 이용해서 그 영향을 분석하고자 하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 농업에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위해서 청미천 유역 및 덕천천 유역을 대상유역으로 선정하여 그 영향을 분석하였다. 농업에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위해서 유역내 투입된 비료사용량을 통계청 자료를 활용하여 산정후 적용하였으며, 축산 부산물중 자원화되는 축산 액비 및 퇴비량을 산정하여 그 영향에 대해 분석하였다. 또한 기존에 광범위하게 활용되고 있는 수질오염총량관리제도에서 산정되는 배출부하량에 유달율을 고려하여 점오염으로 입력하였으며, 직접방류되는 하수처리장도 함게 고려하여 구축하였다. 청미천 유역의 청미천1 지점의 BOD, T-N, T-P에 대한 보정기간의 평균 관측값은 4.205mg/L, 3.844mg/L, 0.137mg/L이며 검정기간의 관측값은 2.741mg/L, 4.638mg/L, 0.144mg/L로 나타났다. BOD, T-N, T-P에 대한 보정기간의 NSE는 -0.58, -0.20, -0.33이며, 검정기간의 NSE는 -0.26, -1.35, -3.54로 분석되었다. BOD, T-N, T-P에 대한 보정기간의 RMSE는 2.65, 1.63, 0.12이며, 검정기간의 RMSE는 1.36, 1.64, 0.07로 나타났다. 덕천천 유역의 경우 국가관측망이 없어 동진강의 제일 말단 지점인 동진강3 지점의 BOD, T-N, T-P에 대한 보정기간 평균관측값은 2.891mg/L, 3.455mg/L, 0.096mg/L이며, 검정기간의 관측값은 2.293mg/L, 3.223mg/L, 0.104mg/L로 나타났다. BOD, T-N, T-P에 대한 보정기간의 NSE는 -0.20, -0.56, -0.49이며, 검정기간의 NSE는 0.24, -0.06, -0.19으로 분석되었다. BOD, T-N, T-P에 대한 보정기간의 RMSE는 1.53, 2.12, 0.05이며, 검정기간의 RMSE는 1.05, 0.98, 0.06으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 분석결과는 점오염원, 축산계비점오염, 토지계비점오염, 시비량, 배경부하로 구분하여 분석을 실시하였으며 분석결과 청미천 유역의 비점오염 기여율이 약 65%를 차지하고 있는 것으로 평가되었으며, 덕천천 말단에서는 약 37.7%의 비점오염물질이 하천수질에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 기존 수질오염 총량관리제도에서 점오염의 감소에 의한 비점오염비중이 커지는 것으로 평가되었으며, 그 중 축산이 차지하는 비중이 상대적으로 높은 것으로 평가되고 있지만, 본 연구의 결과에서는 그보다 적은 수준이 수계에 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.329-340
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• 2007

This study was conducted to evaluate effects of fermented wild-ginseng culture by-product on growth performance, blood characteristics, meat quality and ginsenoside concentration of meat in finishing pigs. Forty-eight pigs(Landrace×Yorkshire×Duroc, 76.26±1.06kg average initial body weight) were used in 49d growth assay. Dietary treatments were included 1) CON(basal diet), 2) FWG1(basal diet+2.5% fermented wild-ginseng cultures by-product) and 3) FWG2(basal diet+5.0% fermented wild-ginseng cultures by-product). The pigs were allotted into four pigs per pen with four replicate pens per treatment by completely randomized design. No differences were found among treatments for ADG, ADFI and gain/feed from 0day to 49day of the experiment(P>0.05). Dry matter digestibility was greater in FWG1 treatment than CON treatment(P<0.05). In cholesterol concentration of blood, HDL cholesterol was significantly higher in CON treatment than FWG1 treatment(P<0.05). In meat quality, TBARS was significantly lower in FWG1 and FWG2 treatments than CON treatment(P<0.05). In sensory evaluation, Marbling was significantly higher in CON treatment than FWG1 treatment(P<0.05). Firmness in FWG2 and CON treatments was higher than FWG1 treatment(P<0.05). In meat color, L*-value of longissmus dorsi muscle was increased in FWG1 treatment compared to CON and FWG2 treatments(P<0.05). a* and b*-value of longissmus dorsi muscle were increased in CON and FWG1 treatments compared to FWG2 treatment (P<0.05). Ginsenoside concentration of meat was significantly higher in FWG2 treatment than CON treatment(P<0.05). In conclusion, fermented wild-ginseng culture by-product was effective for improving dry matter, TBARS, firmness, meat color and ginsenoside concentration of meat in finishing pigs.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.593-606
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• 2003

This study was conducted to develop effective manufacturing methods of a total mixed ration(TMR) composed of broiler litter(BL) and bakery by-product(BB) for ruminants. Five experiments included a small-scaled manufacture of TMR using a deepstacking method(Exp. 1), its pelletization(Exp. 2), its field-scaled manufacture(Exp. 3), a field-scaled manufacture using an ensiling method(Exp. 4), and a mixing process of deepstacked BL and BB prior to feeding(Exp. 5). BL and BB were mixed at a ratio which makes total digestible nutrients of the TMR 69%. For each experiment, temperature, appearance and physico-chemical properties were recorded and analyzed. The chemical composition data revealed that the mixture of BL and BB showed nutritionally additive balance which resulted from a considerable increase(P<0.05) of organic matter and a desirable decrease(P<0.05) of protein and fiber up to the requirement level for growing ‘Hanwoo’ steers. Deepstacking of BL and BB in Exp. 1 and 3 resulted in a sufficient increase of stack temperature for pasteurization, little chemical losses, appearance of white fungi on the surface, and partial charring due to excess stack temperature. For Exp. 2, its pelleting, which was successful using a simple, small-scaled pelletizer, resulted in a little loss(P<0.05) of organic matter and an increase(P<0.05) of indigestible protein(ADF-CP). Ensiling the mixture in Exp. 4 made little effect on chemical composition; however, one month of the ensiling period was not enough for favorable silage parameters. Deepstacking BL alone in Exp. 5 tended(P<0.1) to decrease true protein : NPN ratio and hemicellulose content and increase ADF-CP content due to the heat damage occurred. Deepstacking or ensiling of BL-BB mixtures and simple incorporating of BB into deepstacked BL prior to feeding could be practical and nutrients-preservative methods in TMR manufacture for beef cattle, although ensiling needed further hygienic evaluation.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.839-846
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• 2007

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of the ginseng by-product on growth performance and meat quality in finishing pigs. The animals used in the experiment were a total of 24 Landrace×Yorkshire and weighted 65.81±2.02kg. The experimental diets were basal diet(CON) and 2.5% ginseng by-product(GBP), which replaced lupin in basal diet. The pigs were allotted at 4 pigs per pen with three replicate pens per treatment by completely randomized design. In growth performance, ADFI was significantly lower(P<0.0001) in GBP than in CON. In plasma biochemical composition, total protein(P<0.01), blood urea nitrogen(P<0.03), glucose(P<0.01), albumin(P<0.02), calcium(P<0.01) and inorganic phosphate(P<0.01) were significantly higher in GBP than in CON. Carcass and meat quality were not significantly different between treatments. Total ginsenoside content on meat was significantly higher(P<0.0001) in GBP than in CON. TBARs was significantly lower in GBP than in CON for 6 days(P<0.03) and 12 days (P<0.06), respectively. Our research indicates that plasma biochemical composition, total ginsenoside content and TBARs were affected when replaced with ginseng by-product. Ginseng by-product in the pig diet increased pig muscle ginsenoside, indicating that ginseng by-product can be used as a feed additive.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.761-772
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• 2007

This study was conducted to evaluate effects of dietary pine cone meal on growth performance, blood characteristics, carcass quality and fecal noxious gases compounds in finishing pigs. The total of sixty [(Landrace×Yorkshire)×Duroc] pigs(86.01±0.25kg in average initial body weight) were used in 35 days assay. Dietary treatments included 1) T1(2% cottonwood sawdust), 2) T2(1% cottonwood sawdust+1% pine cone meal) and 3) T3(2% pine cone meal). There were three dietary treatments with five replicate pens per treatment and four pigs per pen. During the overall periods, there were no significant differences in ADG(Average daily gain), ADFI(Average daily feed intake) and gain/feed ratio among treatments (P>0.05). Also, Nutrient digestibilities and blood characteristics were not affected by dietary treatments. At the end of this experiment, a*-value of logissimus dorsi muscle color and sensory evaluation color were higher in T3 treatment than T1 treatment(P<0.05). In fatty acid contents of lean, C18:1 and total MUFA were significantly lower in T1 treatment than other treatments(P<0.05). However, total ω6 and total PUFA were higher in T1 treatment than T2 treatment(P<0.05). In fatty acid contents of fats, total SFA was significantly higher in T2 treatment than T3 treatment(P<0.05). C18:1 was higher in T2 treatment than T1 treatment(P<0.05). There were no significant differences in fecal noxious gas compounds among the treatments. In conclusion, the results of the experiment was affected by dietary supplementation of pine cone meal on meat color and fatty acid composition of pork in finishing pigs.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.349-356
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of brown seaweed waste (BSW) fermented with DS-01 microbe on in vitro rumen microbial fermentation. In in vitro trial, three different diets supplemented with 2%, 4%, 6% BSW fermented with DS-01 either for one month or two months was tested at 3 h, 6 h, 9 h, 12 h, and 24 h incubation. The chemical composition (CP, EE, CF, and ash) between brown seaweed waste (BSW) and fermented BSW (FBSW) were not different. The contamination of pathogenic microbes was not detected in FBSW. The pH value tended to be higher with 6% level of supplementation of FBSW for one month than other treatments. The pH at 24 h was significantly higher in FBSW than that of treatments without FBSW (p<0.05). In FBSW for two months, the pH value in 6% FBSW at 3 h in vitro fermentation tended to be higher than 2% or 4% FBSW treatments (p=0.0540), but there were no differences in other fermentation times. Although the concentration of $NH_3$-N of BSW fermented for one month was higher than control at 3 h (p<0.05), the volatile fatty acid values were significantly increased in 4 and 6% FBSW fermented for one month at 6 h incubation (p<0.05). In BSW fermented for two months, the volatile fatty acid values were significantly decreased in 6% treatment at 9 h (p<0.05). As a result of in vitro trial, it was recommended that the 2~4% supplementation level of brown seaweed waste fermented with DS-01 microbe for two months could be utilized for in vivo trial in ruminants.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.81-92
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• 2010

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of fermented diets including liquid by-products on nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance in growing pigs. Treatments were 1) CON (basal diet), 2) F (fermented diet with basal diet), 3) KF (fermented diet with basal diet including 30% kale pomace), 4) AF (fermented diet with basal diet including 30% angelica keiskei pomace), 5) CF (fermented diet with basal diet including 30% carrot pomace) and 6) OF (fermented diet with basal diet including 30% grape pomace). A total of 24 pigs (41.74kg average initial body weight, Landrace $\times$ Yorkshire $\times$ Duroc), were assigned to 6 treatments, 4 replicates and 1 pig per metabolic cage in a randomized complete block (RCB) design. Pigs were housed in $0.5\times1.3m$ metabolic cage in a 17d digestibility trial. During the entire experimental period, Digestibility of dry matter (p<0.05) of treatment CON, F and CF were higher than other treatments. In crude protein digestibility, treatment F was higher than treatment AF and GF (p<0.05). Treatment GF showed the lowest digestibility of crude fiber among all treatments (p<0.05). In ether extract digestibility, treatment AF and CF showed higher than other treatments (p<0.05) except KF treatment. CF treatment showed the best digestibility of ash among all treatments (p<0.05). Whereas, For Ca and P digestibility, CF and OF treatments were improved than other treatments (p<0.05). Energy digestibility (p<0.05) of CON, F and CF treatments were higher than KF, AF and GF treatments. In total essential amino acid digestibility, F treatment was improved than AF, CF and GF treatments (p<0.05). In total non-essential amino acid digestibility, F treatment was higher than CON, AF and GF treatments (p<0.05). In total amino acid digestibility, F treatment was higher than AF and CF treatments (p<0.05) and GF treatment showed the lowest digestibility (p<0.05). In fecal nitrogen excretion ratio, GF treatment was greatest among all treatments (p<0.05) and F treatment was decreased than other treatments (p<0.05). In urinary nitrogen excretion ratio, CON and GF treatments showed the lowest among all treatments (p<0.05). In nitrogen retention ratio, CON treatment showed the high and KF treatment showed the lost among all treatments (p<0.05). Therefore, this experiment suggested that fermented diet could improve nutrient and amino acid digestibilities of growing pigs.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.181-191
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• 2000

젖산균의 생장을 위한 질소, 탄소 공급원으로서 corn steep liquor의 이용 가능성을 시험하고 반응 표면 분석(Response surface metho-dology)을 이용하여 젖산균의 최적 생상 배지 조성을 연구하였다. 반응 표면 분석에서 L.fermentum의 생장배지에 첨가되 corn steep liquor와 yeast extract의 농도(p<0.01) 그리고 corn steep liquor와 yeast extract의 교호작용(P<0.05)이 L.ferm-entum의 생장에 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 이때 생균수가 최대인 corn steep liquor의 함량은 10.77%, yeast extract는 3.39%.Tween 80은 1.69%으로 예측되었다. 한편, Lc, lactis ssp. lactis 의 생장배지는 corn steep liquor 의 농도(P<0.01) 그리고 corn steep li-quor와 $\beta$-glycerophosphate disodium salt의 교호작용(P<0.05)인 Lc. lactis ssp. lactis의 생장에 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며 이때 생균수가 최대인 corn steep liquor의 함량은 3.5%, $\beta$-glycerophosphate disodium salt는 4.38%로 예측되었다. MRS broth와 예측된 최적 배지에서 L.fermentum의 젖산과 초산의 생성량은 각각 0.166, 0.114과 0.273, 0.081 M이고 M 17glc broth와 최적배지에서 Lc. lacti ssp. lactis의 젖산과 초산의 생성량은 각각 0.089, 0.003과 0.189, 0.003M이었다. 따라서 corn steep liquor는 L. fermentum와 Lc. lactis ssp, lactis 의 생장을 위해 질소 또는 탄소 공급원으로서 배지에 첨가 될 수 있는 우수한 농업 부산물로 판단되었다.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.109-118
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• 2013

The objective of this study is to increase the utilization of duck by-products. The nutritional characteristics of four kinds of duck by-products (liver, heart, gizzard, and feet) were determined. The quality changes of four kinds of duck by-products were evaluated during frozen storage at $-20^{\circ}C$. The crude protein and cholesterol contents showed the highest level in liver while the crude fat content was determined to be the highest content in feet at 13.90%, and lowest in gizzard at 0.57%. Duck by-products contained USFA in the range of 48.69-77.66%, and the highest level in feet (p<0.05). During storage of duck by-products at $-20^{\circ}C$, the pH of duck by-products was in the range of 6.24-7.15, and there were no significant differences during the 4 mon storage period at $-20^{\circ}C$. Microbial counts of duck by-products except the gizzard were decreased significantly as storage time elapsed. In the sensory evaluation, overall acceptability of by-products (liver, heart, gizzard and feet) showed a tendency of decreasing value through storage, because off-flavor was increased with increased storage. Considering the combined results, one can conclude that duck by-products provide a good source of protein, and it was judged that the use of raw meat would be most appropriate within 3 mon of frozen storage.