• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.43-52
• /
• 1999

This study was carried out to investigate how much coal fly ash could be substituted for sawdust as a bulking agent for livestock waste composting. The mixtures of coal fly ash and sawdust in the weight ratio of 8 to 2, 7 to 3, 6 to 4, 5 to 5, 4 to 6, 3 to 7 and 2 to 8 were added to livestock waste as the bulking agent. The same amount of the bulking agents and livestock waste was mixed and composted during 21 days. Following effects were analyzed during composting experiment : the variation of temperature, pH and various compound contents. The results were summarized as follows: The more the sawdust was added, the higher the maximum temperature in slurry type livestock farm but faster it reached in scrapper type. Water content was maintained under good condition by adding the bulking agent mixed of the same amount of coal fly ash and sawdust. pH was in the range of 7~10 by adding the bulking agent mixed of the same amount of coal fly ash and sawdust. The more the sawdust was added, the higher organic matter content was measured. Nitrogen content with increasing the amount of sawdust added but it was higher did not showed any tendency Organic matter/Nitrogen ratio reduced during the composting period in scrapper type but it showed contrary tendency in slurry type with that of scrapper type.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.11 no.4
• /
• pp.1354-1360
• /
• 2010

The purpose of this study is to analyze the behavior of swine slurry wastewater from bogen, in the treatment of Aerobic Liquid-Composting treatment by Aerobic Liquid-Composting using a mixer and Micro Air Diffusion pH level was at the beginning and its rise was seemingly related to VFA. It appears that removal of BOD and COD are more effective by Aerobic than by Anaerobic. In terms of removal efficiency, it shows 70.9% of BOD and 39% of COD in M.A+Mix and 67.8% of BOD and 19% of COD in M.A. $NH_3-N$ decreases in all conditions, which is caused by both the characteristic of nitrogen and the rise of pH. $NO_3-N$ increases in all conditions. It is judged that the accumulation of $NO_3-N$ affects the reduction of the ratio of denitrification. In the result of the analysis of Manure in swine slurry of liquified fertilizer ingredients, content of Manure in swine slurry of liquified fertilizer ingredients in aerobic conditions (M.A+Mix) is higher than anaerobic conditions.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.40-48
• /
• 2014

Due to increasing greenhouse gas emissions, global warming and abnormal weather phenomena it has become important on a national level to keep a count of greenhouse gases being emitted. We want to take advantage of any selected area, as the basic data for the calculation of greenhouse gas emissions, Forest and Grassland, Paddy fields, and Fields(crops), Greenhouse(crops), Pig farm, Cattle farm, Farm household(populations, agricultural machinery) and Vehicle, the basic building blocks shots with a small amount of per-unit basis, the statistics calculated based on regional carbon emissions through the literature and experimental. Carbon absorption 772,960 ton C/year, amount of fixation 487,477 ton C/year, amount of emission 1,112,607 ton C/year were noted in Gimje-si, and amount of carbon absorption 55,559 ton C/year, amount of fixation 25,864 ton C/year, amount of emissions 58,355 ton C/year in Gongdeok-myeon, respectively. The carbon absorption at Hwangsan-ri is 25,107 ton C/year, fixation 4,301 ton C/year, and emission 20,330 ton C/year respectively. We were able to estimate the amount of carbon according to the specific characteristics of each unit village, then expanding it to a large-scale and comparative analysis, therefore we were able to obtain basic data on the national levels of carbon absorption.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.15 no.6
• /
• pp.3813-3820
• /
• 2014

Recently, with the increase in electrical consumption and the unbalanced power demand and supply, the power reserve rate is becoming smaller and the reliability of the power supply is deteriorating. Under this circumstance, a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) is considered to be an essential countermeasure for demand side management. On the other hand, an economic evaluation is a critical issue for the introduction of a power system because the cost of BESS is quite high. Therefore, this paper presents economic evaluation method for utility use by considering the best mix method and successive approximation method, and an economic evaluation method for customer use by considering the peak shaving function based on the real time price. From a case study on a model power system and educational customer, it was confirmed that the proposed method is a practical tool for the economic analysis of BESS.

• Journal of Aquaculture
• /
• v.11 no.3
• /
• pp.337-344
• /
• 1998

This paper documented mophological changes of embryonic development and first zoea larvae of snow crab, Chinoecetes opilio. Female crabs were sampled by the Danish seine fishery at the depth about 200m in Sep. 1997 in the eastern coast of Korea. Female with newly berried eggs was reared at the water temperature of 5$^{\circ}C$ till the time of hatching. The results obtained are as follwos. Embryonic development : According to morphogenesis of fertilized eggs, the developemental process of the embryo was classified into the following seven stages : First stage (cleavage and blastula stage, 24 days) Second stage (gastrula stage, 72 days) Third stage (nauplius stage, 22 days) Fourth stage (metanauplius stage, 57days) Fifth stage (stage of a pigmentary deposit in the compound eye, 30 days) sixth stage (chromatophore appearance stage in maxillipede, 56 days) Seventh stage (hatching stage, 36 days) Larvae hatched as prezoeas and they molted to first zoea in about an hour. The first zoea is 4.6 to 5.1mm in length, 3.2~3.6mm in width. The abdomen consists of five segments and a bifurcate telson.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.393-401
• /
• 2013

Objectives: Endotoxins in dust generated in occupational settings is known to contribute to the occurrence of respiratory illness among workers. The relationship between the level of endotoxins in total dust or respirable particulates collected from swine farms and immunological markers related with respiratory allergy was evaluated among swine husbandry workers. Materials and Methods: Peripheral blood samples were collected from ten workers at ten swine farms at Gyeonggi province, Korea. Peripheral mononuclear cells were stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and ionomycin for 48 hours. The levels of various cytokines produced at culture supernatants were determined using a commercially available ELISA kit. The concentration of particulate matter($PM_{10}$) in the indoor air of the swine farms was evaluated using a PVC membrane filter and mini volume air sampler, and endotoxin levels in the dust were measured by Limulus Amebocyte Lysate Kinetic QCL method. Results: Levels of endotoxins in the total dust were categorized into high(geometric mean: $109.35EU/m^3$) and low concentrations (geometric mean: $0.95EU/m^3$) for five swine farms. Interleukin-4 levels were higher in the high endotoxin group than in the low endotoxin group, while interferon-${\gamma}$ levels were lower in the high endotoxin group than in the low endotoxin group. The ratio (interferon-${\gamma}$ to interleukin-4), indicating immunologic skewedness against allergic reactivities, was lower in the high endotoxin group($1.15{\pm}0.60$) than the low endotoxin group($3.09{\pm}2.38$). In addition, the level of interleukin-13, another cytokine contributing to the occurrence of allergic responses, was significantly higher in the at the high endotoxin group($1.12{\pm}0.37ng/m{\ell}$) than in the low endotoxin group($0.37{\pm}0.04ng/m{\ell}$). Hematologic assessment showed significantly lower cellularity in the number of total leukocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils in the high endotoxin group than in the low endotoxin group. Conclusions: Even though a sufficient number of swine workers and farms were not investigated, this study generlly suggests that the immunological function of swine farm workers exposed to high levels of endotoxin could be modulated toward allergic reactivities.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
• /
• 2015.05a
• /
• pp.294-297
• /
• 2015

Recently, big data analysis which is based on machine learning has been gained a lot of attentions in various fields. Especially, agriculture is considered as one promising field that machine learning algorithm can be efficiently utilized and accordingly, lots of works have been done so far. However, most of the researches are focusing on the forecast of weather or analysis of genome, and machine learning algorithm for livestock management, especially which uses individual data of livestocks, e.g., temperature and movement, are not properly investigated yet. In this work, we propose fast abnormal livestock detection algorithm based on machine learning, more specifically expectation maximization, such that livestock which has problem can be efficiently and promptly found. In our proposed scheme, livestocks are divided into two clusters using expectation maximization based on their bionic data and the abnormal livestock can be detected by comparing the size of two clusters. Especially, we divide the case in which single livestock has problem and the case in which livestocks have epidemic such that fast response is enabled when epidemic case. Moreover, our algorithm does not need statistical information.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.57 no.3
• /
• pp.177-183
• /
• 2018

This study examined the seasonal, regional distribution of mosquito vectors related with disease vectors in the Jeju. From March to November, sample were collected from 11 points in four environmentally different sites in Jeju Island. Samples were collected twice a month using a black-light trap and a BG sentinel trap. Overall, five genera and seven species types of 6,042 female mosquitos were collected. Among the collected mosquitos, 4,159 (68.8%) and 1,348 (24.4%) were Culex pipiens and Aedes albopictus, respectively, making them the dominant species. Additionally, collection using the black light trap produced 72.8 entities per trap in Jungang-dong service center in the center of the city, which was the highest value, while the lowest amount of 1.4 per trap was recovered from the airport. When the BG sentinel trap was used, the largest recovery was observed in the port, where there were 71.7 entities per trap, while the lowest amount of 28.3 entities per trap was recovered at Gealmae Eco Park. The overall number of mosquitoes collected started to increase from May, and reached the largest value of 1,156 (19.1%) in August. Trapped mosquitoes are created 364 pools of up to 50 grains per pool, by season, by environmental, and by species. When the pools were used, no flaviviral infection was observed upon real time RT-PCR.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.183-195
• /
• 2014

The present study was conducted to provide basic data for environmentally friendly treatment of manure using vermicomposting by investigating the influence of physiochemical property change during the composting period on the survival of earthworms after mixing cow manure in different levels (0(CSD0), 10(CSD10), 20(CSD20), 30(CSD30), and 40%(CSD40)) with the sawdust that is used bedding in livestock pens. As composting proceeds, earthworms were able to survive in all treatments after 3 weeks. In terms of the C/N ratio by treatment groups, the sawdust mix treatment was significantly higher than the CSD0 treatment (p<0.05). The C/N ratio in the 3rdweek when earthworms started surviving was 23.26-61.05. As composting progressed, pH and electrolytic conductivity were highest in the CSD0 treatment and tended to decrease with higher proportion of sawdust in the mix. It was found that pH and electrolytic conductivity that earthworms starting to survive are 7.4-7.7 and 0.28-1.17 mS/cm respectively. To summarize, when composing cow manure with various levels of sawdust mix, all physiochemical property changes turned out to allow the survival of earthworms, but the results suggest that efficient vermicomposting requires the tests to examine growth and reproduction according to the sawdust mix ratio.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.37-46
• /
• 2004

In order to investigate the effect of floor condition on the fattening performance of cattle, sixteen finishing Hanwoo steers of weighting 570kg were fed for 16 weeks to slaughter on two types of sawdust bedding pen oriented to the south(SP) and the north(NP) then obtained following results. The floor condition of SP roofed by transparent material was dry and flat during overall experimental period, whereas, that of NP roofed by solid slate was muddy and rough even in summer and fall, and then frozen in winter period resulted in interfering with the locomotion and resting behavior of steers. Average daily dry matter intake of steers was not different between tow treatments, however, the average daily gain of steers in NP and SP was 0.64kg and 0.75kg, respectively, meaning that gained 14.3% less for the NP group(p<0.05), accordingly, feed requirement(feed/gain) and TDN/gain increased by 15.9% and 15.5%, respectively. No significant differences were found in slaughter weight, carcass weight, dressing percentage, meat yield index and meat quality traits between two treatments. In conclusion, this study revealed that poor floor condition of feeding pen could decrease weight gain and feed efficiency of cattle by increasing energy consumption for locomotion and conductive energy loss while resting on the floor surface. These results indicates that housing orientation of cattle shed and the selection of roof material are important factors in beef cattle production.