• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.72-88
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• 2014

This study was conducted in order to analyze user behavior and preference factors in the outdoor spaces of mental hospitals. Among hospitals with 250 or more beds, 5 hospitals were selected in consideration of size of garden and diversity of garden elements. The subject of the study was restricted to mild cases of schizophrenia while 30~50 patients were selected on the recommendation of their doctor from 5 hospitals, respectively. The physical environment was analyzed, focusing on space components, after visiting the sites of study. A face to face interview method was selected in consideration of patients' cognitive abilities, a total of 230 questionnaires were used for the analysis. The results of the study can be summarized as follows. Rest facilities occupy the largest numbers in the components of garden, and those are followed by landscape facilities, walking/exercise facilities, and experience facilities. Outdoor walking/exercise programs are classified into group walks and free walks with most patients taking group walks. Most of the patients visit these outdoor spaces every day but some of them rarely use the outdoor areas. In order to increase the efficiency of using these outdoor spaces, the percentage of space for ensuring a sense of control should properly harmonize with the percentage of space to facilitate patients in having social contact. With regard to the reasons for preferring the most widely-used outdoor spaces, landscape/environment property was the most important, followed by functionality and then accessibility. Major activities in the preferred space are mainly composed of walking/exercise and rest. The preferred facilities are waterscape facilities such as ponds, waterfalls and fountains, rest facilities such as pergolas and shade trees, and lawn. It was understood that naturalness should be considered to be the most important factor in constructing a new healing garden, followed by aesthetics and amenities. Single facilities rated by preference for introduction were flower beds, trails, and lawn. According to type, waterscape facilities such as fountains, ponds, waterfalls and waterwheels were most preferred. Space for natural distraction and programs for the cultivation of flower beds were also preferred. The ideal image of a healing garden should be bright, familiar, and orderly as a whole, having plenty of introduced facilities. Open spaces were preferred to enclosed spaces. Finally, the image of a garden that helps patients feel calm was thought to be that of the most ideal garden.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.385-396
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• 2007

The aims of this study were to compare the shaping effect and safety between single length technique recommended by manufacturer and crown-down technique using Mtwo rotary file and to present a modified method in use of Mtwo file. Sixty simulated root canal resin blocks were used. The canals were divided into three groups according to instrument and the manner of using methods. Each group had 20 specimens. Group MT was instrumented with single length technique of Mtwo, group MC was instrumented with crown-down technique of Mtwo and group PT was instrumented with crown-down technique of ProTaper. All of the rotary files used in this study were operated by an electric motor. The scanned canal images of before and after preparation were superimposed. These superimposed images were evaluated at apical 1 to 8 mm levels Angle changes were calculated. The preparation time, weight loss, instrument failure and binding, canal aberrations, and centering ratio were measured. Statistical analysis of the three experimental groups was performed with ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range tests for post-hoc comparison and Fisher's exact test was done for the frequency comparison. In total preparation time, group MT and group MC were less than group PT. In the aberrations, group MT had more elbows than those of group MC and group PT. The binding of group MC was least and group MT was less than group PT (P < 0.05). Under the condition of this study, crown-down technique using Mtwo rotary file is better and safer method than single length technique recommended by the manufacturer.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.31 no.9
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• pp.861-866
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• 1998

Background: Pulmonary atresia (PA) with ventricular septal defect has various morphology of pulmonary arteries and pulmonary blood flow sources, so pulmonary arterial hypoplasia and arborization abnormality make this anomaly difficult to manage surgically. In cases associated with juxtaductal stenosis, we evaluated the change of the pulmonary arterial and juxtaductal stenotic site after shunt operations, and would like to find useful information in surgical planning and methodology of these patients. Material and Method: Among 59 cases diagnosed as PA with ventricular septal defect associated with juxtaductal stenosis, 29 cases who had cardiac catheterization before and after shunt operation were selected from July, 1991 to July, 1996. In 10 cases of right shunt operation(Group I) and 19 cases of left shunt operation (Group II), the diameters of the descending aorta, both pulmonary arteries, and the juxtaductal stenosis site were measured before and after the shunt operation. Result: In both Group I and II, the pre- and postoperative ratio of diameters of the ipsilateral pulmonary artery to the descending aorta was from 0.78${\pm}$0.31 units to 1.01${\pm}$0.26 units and from 0.67${\pm}$0.18 units to 0.84${\pm}$0.27 units respectively, showing a signigicant increase. The contralateral pulmonary artery index was increased from 0.92${\pm}$0.28 units to 1.05${\pm}$0.15 units and from 0.94${\pm}$0.27 units to 1.08${\pm}$0.37 units respectively, but could not be confirmed statistically. In both groups, the change of juxtaductal stenosis showed an aggravating tendency but of no statistical significance from 0.43${\pm}$0.27 units to 0.39${\pm}$0.25 units and from 0.32${\pm}$0.10 units to 0.30${\pm}$0.16 units respectively, and we experienced 2 total obstruction in Group II. Because the increased pulmonary blood flow by shunt operation has a favorable effect to the pulmonary arterial growth, the shunt operation is a recommended treatment in patients with hypoplastic pulmonary arteries. But in PA with ventricular septal defects, the change of juxtaductal stenosis is very important. In conclusion, the growth of ipsilateral (shunt site) pulmonary artery was promoted by shunt operation, but there is a tendency for the juxtaductal stenosis to be aggravated. And we experienced 2 total obstruction in Group II. Conclusion: Thus, in cases operated with shunt method, much careful postoperative follow up study including angiographic evaluation is needed, and after the shunt operation on the side of pulmonary artery associated with juxtaductal stenosis, early precise planning for total correction is recommended.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.193-198
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• 2002

Purpose : Oligodendrogliomas (ODG) are a rare, slow growing, tumor in the brain, which can be cured by complete surgical resection, but as yet it is not known if postoperative adjuvant radiation therapy (RT) is essential, We analyzed the treatment results of patients with irradiated ODG to investigate the efficacy of RT in terms of survival rates and other influencing prognostic factors. Methods and Materials : Between March 1983 and December 1997, 42 patients with ODG were treated with RT at our hospital. The RT was peformed dally at a dose of $1.8\~2.0\;Gy$, at 5 fractions per week, to a total dose of between 39.6 Gy and 64.8 Gy (mean 53.3 Gy). The ages of the patients ranged between 5 and 62 years, with a median age of 39 years. The mean follow-up period was 63.4 months (8-152 months). The Kaplan-Meier method was used to assess the survival, and 5 year survival rates (5-YSR). Log rank tests and Cox regression analyses were used to define the significance of prognostic factors. Results : The majority of ODG in this study were located in the cerebral hemisphere $(83.3\%)$. ODG are slightly more common in men than women, and commonly occurs in middle age, between the 3rd and 4th decades. It has been recommended that RT is commenced within 4 weeks following surgery (5-YSR; $86\%\;vs.\;49\%;\;p<0.03$). Histologically well differentiated, as opposed to poorly differentiated, tumors were found to have a more favorable prognosis (p<0.02). The actuarial 5-YSR was $65.3\%$ (median survival 90 months). 5-YSR for the various extents of surgical excision, followed by external RT, was superior to that of biopsy only followed by external RT $(69.9\%\;vs.\;25.6\%,\;p<0.01)$. Tumor size and location, overall elapsed irradiation days, age, sex, whole brain irradiation as a course of treatment and chemotherapy, had no influence on the 5-YSR (p>0.05). Conclusion : A local involved field irradiation with conventional fractionation, commencing within 4 weeks following surgical excision of the tumor, was beneficial for the 5-YSR, but a total radiation dose exceeding 60 Gy did not improve the 5-YSR.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.388-395
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• 2004

This study was carried out to determine the application rate of pig slurry for red pepper. Field experiment was designed with non-fertilizer, chemical fertilizer recommended by soil testing (CFRST) and pig slurry treatments. In pig slurry (PS) plots, pig slurry was applied as basal fertilizer with different equivalents to nitrogen of chemical fertilizer plot (60%: PS60, 80%: PS80, 100%: PS100, 120%: PS120) and chemical fertilizer was top-dressed additionally. Soil organic matter contents after 50 day of planting and after experiment in the plots treated with PS were higher than that of CFRST plot, whereas content of $NO_3-N$ of CFRST plot was higher than that of PS plot. Growth of red pepper were lowest in the non-fertilizer plot. Plant lengths of red pepper at 50 day after planting were similar among the different treatments, plant lengths of red pepper of PS100, PS120 and CFRST at 100 day after planting were higher than those of the PS60 and PS80 plots. But Main stem and stem diameter of red pepper were not different among the treatments. Uptake rate of N, P and K by red pepper plant were 27-44, 9-16 and 41-68% for total N, $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$, respectively. Utilization of applied fertilizer ingredient by red pepper plant were in the order of PS80> PS60> FRST> PS100> PS120. Yield of red pepper tends to increase by 3% in the PS100 compared with the CFRST, but there was not significant difference between PS120 and CFRST. Chemical component of run-off collected from the furrow of the red pepper field was not different among the treatments. Greenhouse gases ($CH_4$ and $N_2O$) emission of non-fertilizer, PS100 and CFRST during the whole red pepper growth period were 4.0, 4.8 and $5.9kg\;CH_4\;ha^{-1}$, and 0.74, 6.68 and $8.38kg\;N_2O\;ha^{-1}$. Emission of $CH_4$ and $N_2O$ in PS100 was higher than those of CFRST by 23% and 26%, respectively. In this connection, to be used the pig slurry for red pepper, it is required that pig slurry must be decomposed for six months or more. Consequently, pig slurry equivalent to nitrogen of basal fertilizer of CFRST with additional top dressing of chemical fertilizer is recommend as an optimum application rate of pig slurry for red pepper.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2006

Purpose : Neonatal hydronephrosis is diagnosed with an incidence of 4.5-7% of pregnancies. Recently, early detection of neonatal hydroneprosis with antenatal ultrasonography has be-come possible. But consensus about its management has not been reached, especially concerning surgical intervention. The purpose of this study is to analyze the natural course of neonatal hydronephrosis and to determine the guideline of surgical intervention and follow up study. Methods : Sixty nine hydronephrotic kidneys were confirmed from April 2001 to April 2005. All cases were rechecked by ultrasonography once at least and had a minimum follow-up of 6 months. We classified the patients into 4 groups according to the anterior posterior pelvic diameter(APPD) on perinatal ultrasonography. Ultrasonography to measure the APPD diameter and Society for Fetal Urology(SFU) grade, $^{99m}Tc-MAG3$ scan were done to a set protocol. Pyeloplasty was peformed according to the protocol. Results : Pyeloplasty was not needed in most cases where the APPD was below 10 mm and where the SFU grade were less than grade 3. Many cases with APPD 10 mm above or SFU grade III above had undergone pyeloplasty. We found a correlation between obstruction grade on MAG3 scan and whether surgery was performed or not. Conclusion : If APPD is above 10 mm, SFU grade is above grade 3 or urinary tract obstruction is suspected by MAG3 scan, pyeloplasty must be considered. In cases where APPD is below 10mm and SFU grade is less than grade 3, we can observe the natural course of neonatal hydronephrosis with consecutive follow-up. (J Korean Soc Pediatr Nephrol 2006;10:33-39)

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.181-188
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• 2003

Purpose : Vesicoureteral reflux(VUR) is known to be the main cause of childhood hypertension and renal failure. Knowing its familial occurrence, we determined the incidence of VUR and renal scar in asymptomatic siblings of Korean patients with primary VUR Methods : A total of 50 siblings from 37 index patients were included. Voiding cystourethro-graphy(VCUG) and renal scintigraphy using $^{99m}Tc-DMSA$ were peformed in these siblings from June, 1994 to May, 2001, Index patients were classified into two groups according to the presence of VUR in their siblings, and the clinical factors of the index patients such as age, sex, grade of reflux and renal cortical defect were compared between the groups. Results : Among the 50 siblings, VUR were found in 8(16%) and renal cortical defects were detected in 8(16%) siblings respectively. The incidence of renal cortical defects was 87.5%(7 out of 8) in the VUR(+) siblings. There was a case of VUR(-) cortical defect in one sibling, presumed as a scar from an old VUR. There was no relationship among age, sex, grade of reflux and renal cortical defect of the index patient to the presence of VUR in siblings. Conclusion : This study confirmed a significant incidence of VUR(16%) and renal cortical defects(16%) in the asymptomatic siblings of patients with primary VUR in Korea. It Is resonable to recommend screening studies to the siblings of patients with VUR for the early detection and prevention of probable reflux nephropathy. (J K orean Soc Pediatr Nephrol 2003;7:181-188)

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.667-682
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• 2014

The effects of liquid pig manure (LM) on the yield and quality of rice as well as soil chemical properties were determined in the field of sandy loam soil under the different fertilizer management. Treatments consisted of 100%, 130% and 160% N application rates of liquid manure as calculated on the basis of the recommended rate of nitrogen (9 kg N/10a) for rice cultivation. Chemical fertilizer (CF) was used as control. Concentrations of T-N and T-P in paddy water were measured by 5-day intervals up to 20days after application. LM treatments significantly increased T-N concentrations in paddy water proportionally with increasing rates of LM (13.2 to 25.7 mg/L). Similarly Total-P content in paddy water was increased right after LM applications but was well below the quality standard of wastewater and manure. Plant height and tillers in 100% and 130% N LM treatments were lower than those in CF control. In the 160% LM treatment, however, plant height and numbers of tillers were higher than those in the CF control. Yields in 100% LM and 160% LM plots were decreased by 3 and 5%, respectively, as compared with 422 kg per 10a in the CF plot. Rice protein contents were similar between 100% LM and CF control (about 6.8%) but it was increased to 7.2% and 7.7% in 130% LM and 160% LM treatments, respectively. Toyo-taste value in the 100% LM treatment was higher than in CF control plot. The proportions of perfect grain of the brown rice were lower in 130% LM and 160% LM treatments than that in CF control. Soil organic matter content, heavy metal and exchangeable cations were highest in the 160% LM plot. Thus considering yield and quality of rice and heavy metals contents in soil, 130% N basal application of liquid manure can be recommended for rice cultivation in this experiment.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.78-83
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• 2014

In this research, we evaluated the performance and characteristics of carbon supported PtM (M = Ni and Y) alloy catalysts (PtM/Cs) synthesized by a modified polyol method. With the PtM/Cs employed as a catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) of cathodes in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), their catalytic and ORR activities and electrical performance were investigated and compared with those of commercial Pt/C. Their particle sizes, particle distributions and electrochemically active surface areas (EAS) were measured by TEM and cyclic voltammetry (CV), while their ORR activity and electrical performance were explored using linear sweeping voltammetries with rotating disk electrodes and rotating ring-disk electrodes as well as PEMFC single cell tests. TEM and CV measurements show that PtM/Cs have the compatible particle size and EAS with Pt/C. When it comes to ORR activity, PtM/C showed the equivalent or better half-wave potential, kinetic current density, transferred electron number per oxygen molecule and $H_2O_2$ production(%) to or than commerical Pt/C. Based on results gained by the three electrode tests, when the PEMFC single cell tests were carried out, the current density measured at 0.6 V and maximum power density of PEMFC single cell adopting PtM/C catalysts were better than those adopting Pt/C catalyst. It is therefore concluded that PtM/C catalysts synthesized by modified polyol can result in the equivalent or better ORR catalytic capability and PEMFC performance to or than commercial Pt/C catalyst.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.132-139
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• 1995

This experiment was canied out to select the soybean of high productivity suited for soiling. and growth characterisitcs, palatability, dry matter and crude protein yield of 10 cultivars of soybean have been evaluated at the experimental forage field. College of Natural Science of Kon-Kuk University in Chungju over three years (1 989-1 09 1 ). The results obtained are summarized as follows: JangBaek showed the tallest plant length from the 70th day to 80th day during cultivation period. and BaekUn showed the tallest at 90th day. PalDal among all cultivars showed the fastest growth rate and the strongest resistant lodging during cultivation period. The stem diameter of 70th day showed highly in order of PalDal and HwangKeum > BaekUn > KwangKyo and JangYeob, the 80th day showed highly in the order of TogYu > BaekCheon > JangBaek and 90th day showed highly in order of BangSa > BaekCheon > JangYeob. Stem hardness was highly increased with increasing of cultivation period, but no significant difference were found among the soybean cultivan. Especially, BaekUn and TogYu of 90th day showed very high as 17.9 and 17.6 kg/cm2, respectively. In the number of branch, PalDal was the lowest during cultivation period(70, 80 and 90th day), and 90th day showed lower two and three times than other soybeans(P<0.05). In the leaf rate, BaekCheon showed the highest according to cultivation period and the lowest in JangBaek. The fresh yield was tended to increase by increasing cultivation period at all cultivars except KwangKyo, but no significant differences were found among cultivars. Dry matter yield of JangYeob was the highest as 5, 861 kg/ ha at 70th day, and that of KwangKyo and TogYu was the highest as 7, 471 and 10, 603 kgha at 80th and 90th day, respectively. Relative palatability of 70th days showed very high at all soybean cultivars(81-100%), and that of 80th and 90th day showed the highest at TogYu, while showed the lowest at PalDal. In crude protein content of the 70th, 80th and 90th day, DanYeob, JangYeob and HwangKeum were the highest as 20.1, 17.9 and 20.4 percentage, respectively. Crude protein yield during cultivation period showed the highest at JangYeob(7Oth : 1, 068, 80th : 1, 211, 90th : 1, 882 kglha), but showed the lowest at BangSa(70th : 61 1, 80th : 814, 90th : 1, 078 kg/ha).