• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.128-138
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• 2014

In gated radiation therapy (gRT), due to residual motion, beam delivery is intended to irradiate not only the true extent of disease, but also neighboring normal tissues. It is desired that the delivery covers the true extent (i.e. clinical target volume or CTV) as a minimum, although target moves under dose delivery. The objectives of our study are to validate if the intended dose is surely delivered to the true target in gRT and to quantitatively understand the trend of dose delivery on it and neighboring normal tissues when gating window (GW), motion amplitude (MA), and CTV size changes. To fulfill the objectives, experimental and computational studies have been designed and performed. A custom-made phantom with rectangle- and pyramid-shaped targets (CTVs) on a moving platform was scanned for four-dimensional imaging. Various GWs were selected and image integration was performed to generate targets (internal target volume or ITV) for planning that included the CTVs and internal margins (IM). The planning was done conventionally for the rectangle target and IMRT optimization was done for the pyramid target. Dose evaluation was then performed on a diode array aligned perpendicularly to the gated beams through measurements and computational modeling of dose delivery under motion. This study has quantitatively demonstrated and analytically interpreted the impact of residual motion including penumbral broadening for both targets, perturbed but secured dose coverage on the CTV, and significant doses delivered in the neighboring normal tissues. Dose volume histogram analyses also demonstrated and interpreted the trend of dose coverage: for ITV, it increased as GW or MA decreased or CTV size increased; for IM, it increased as GW or MA decreased; for the neighboring normal tissue, opposite trend to that of IM was observed. This study has provided a clear understanding on the impact of the residual motion and proved that if breathing is reproducible gRT is secure despite discontinuous delivery and target motion. The procedures and computational model can be used for commissioning, routine quality assurance, and patient-specific validation of gRT. More work needs to be done for patient-specific dose reconstruction on CT images.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics B
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• v.33B no.11
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• pp.140-149
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• 1996

Cursive characters are written on an economical principle to reduce the motion of a pen in the limit of distinction between characters. That is, the pen is not lifted up to move for writing a next stroke, the pen is not moved at all, or connected two strokes chance their shapes to a similar and simple shape which is easy to be written. For these reasons, strokes and korean alphabets are not only easy to be changed, but also difficult to be splitted. In this paper, we propose a curvature stroke modeling method for splitting and matching by using a structural primitive. A curvature stroke is defined as a substroke which does not change its curvanture. Input strokes handwritten in a cursive style are splitted into a sequence of curvature strokes by segmenting the points which change the direction of rotation, which occur a sudden change of direction, and which occur an excessive rotation Each reference of korean alphabets is handwritten in a printed style and is saved as a sequence of curvature strikes which is generated by splitting process. And merging process is used to generate various sequences of curvature strikes for matching. Here, it is also considered that imaginary strokes can be written or omitted. By using a curvature stroke as a unit of recognition, redundant splitting points in input characters are effectively reduced and exact matching is possible by generating a reference curvature stroke, which consists of the parts of adjacent two korean alphasbets, even when the connecting points between korean alphabets are not splitted. The results showed 83.6% as recognition rate of the first candidate and 0.99sec./character (CPU clock:66MHz) as processing time.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.205-211
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• 2015

We evaluated the effectiveness of TL (Time Limit) method by comparing with NTL (Non-time limit) method when it is used for examinations for abdomen Anterior Posterior (AP) in this paper. The evaluation was conducted based on the comparison of dose, and of signal to noise ratio (SNR) and contrast to ratio (CNR) on both methods. The experiments were conducted with XGEO GC 80 (Samsung, Korea), Unfors ThinX RAD (Unfors, Sweden) and Rando Phantom (Alderson research laboratories, USA) and shielding material with the size of $5.5{\times}9{\times}0.1cm^3$. It was set to activate only two upper ionization chambers in automatic exposure control(AEC) mode and the tube-voltage was set to 80kVp. When the exposure time was limited, it is limited to 51 msec. The images both by NTL AEC method and TL AEC method were acquired when with and without attachment of shielding material on the upper ionization chambers. The images were evaluated by SNR and CNR which are the image evaluation methods using 'Image J'. The NTL AEC method showed increases in dose as much as 130.7% at maximum and 80% at minimum than other methods. The TL AEC method showed decreases in mAs and exposure dose than the NTL AEC method as much as 43.8% and 44.4% respectively. There were no significant differences in SNR or CNR for the experiments (($p{\geq}0.05$). Therefore, it is suggested that the TLAEC mode is more effective when examining patients who have high BMI index or a patient with a metallic substance in the body after surgery.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.537-544
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• 1998

The cultivation conditions of transformant Alcaligenes eutrophus AER5 harboring cloned phbC gene for mass production of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-3-hydroxyvalerate)[P(3HB-3HV)] containing high molar fraction of 3-hydroxyvalerate (3-HV) were investigated. In two-stage batch cultivation, transformant accumulated P(3HB-3HV) containing 52.2 mol% of 3HV compared to 30 mol% of parent strain A. eutrophus H16. The increased 3-HV molar fraction was due to the amplified activity of PHB synthase participating in condensation of 3-HB and 3-HV. To increase efficiency of P(3HB-3HV) accumulation, fructose was added along with precursor compound valerate, and total cell mass and P(3HB-3HV) concentrations remarkably increased, but not 3-HV molar fraction. The effect of magnesium ion showed that P(3HB-3HV) concentration and 3-HV molar fraction were significantly increased upto 6.1 g/L and 71.3 mol% at 0.01 g/L of MgSO$_4$, respectively. The efficiency of several pH adjuster, NaOH, NaOH and (NH$_4$)$_2$SO$_4$, and NH$_4$OH, on total cell mass, p(3HB-3HV) concentration, and 3-HV molar fraction was also compared. To overcome the disadvantage of two-stage cultivation, one-stage intermittent fed-batch cultivation was attempted, such a way 10.0 g/L of fructose was supplied for cell growth at initial 36 hr and then 10.0 g/L of valerate and 5.0 g/L of fructose were applied to induce the accumulation of P(3HB-3HV), consequently, 10.4 g/L of P(3HB-3HV) with 38 mol% of 3-HV fraction could be obtained after 72 hr. These results can be used for elucidating cultivation strategy for mass production of P(3HB-3HV) containing high 3-HV molar fraction using transformant A. eutrophus AER5 harboring cloned phbC gene.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.342-353
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• 2016

This study was initiated to evaluate green color retention under three different soil systems. Several turfgrasses were evaluated in multi-layer, USGA, and mono-layer systems. Turfgrass entries were comprised of three cultivars of Korean lawngrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) as warm-season grass (WSG) and three blends and three mixtures of Kentucky bluegrass (KB, Poa pratensis L.), perennial ryegrass (PR, Lolium perenne L.), and tall fescue (TF, Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) as cool-season grass (CSG). Significant differences were observed in visual turf color and green color retention among soil systems and turfgrasses. Both the multi-layer and USGA systems were highly associated with better color ratings and longer color retention, as compared with the mono-layer system. Seasonal variation of visual turf color greatly occurred from late December to early spring. CSG exhibited longer color retention than did WSG. The latter maintained green color for approximately 6 months, regardless of the soil system. Spring green-up of Korean lawngrass occurred from early to middle May, while it underwent discoloration from late October to early November. Among the CSGs green-up occurred between early March and early April and leaf color was maintained until middle December to early February. Therefore, the CSGs were green for 8.5 to 11 months, depending on turfgrass and soil system. The mean period of green color duration across all soil systems was approximately 10-11, 9-10 and 8.5-9.0 months for PR, KB and TF, respectively. As for the CSG mixtures, the greater the proportion of PR, the longer the green color retention, while the higher the proportion of TF, the shorter the color retention. There was greater variation in green color duration among the CSGs than the WSGs. Across soil systems, color retention differences of 2 to 6 days were observed for the Korean lawngrass, but 7 to 36 days for the CSGs. These results demonstrate that green color retention varied greatly according to soil systems and also among turfgrasses. Selections of turfgrass and soil system should be made using a concept-oriented approach, when establishing garden, park, soccer field, golf course and other sports field. Information obtained in this study can be used to select soil systems and turfgrasses based on the expected degree of leaf color retention.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.194-201
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• 2012

Facing a number of global food-related accidents, the concept and system for food traceability have been designed and introduced in many countries to manage the food-safety risks. To connect and harmonize the various food traceability-information in food traceability system according to the food supply chain, the coding system of identification-number for food-traceability has to be standardized. The GTIN (Global Trade Item Number) barcode system which has been globally standardized and implemented, is reviewed with the mandatory food-labeling regulation in expiration date of processed foods. The integration of GTIN-13 bar-code system for food-traceability is a crucial factor to expand its function in the food-related industrial areas. In this literature, the standard coding system of identification-number for food-traceability is proposed with 20 digit coding number which is combined with GTIN-13 bar-code (13 digit), expiration date (6 digit), and additional classification code (1 digit). This proposed standard coding system for identification-number has a several advantages in application for prohibiting the sale of hazard goods, food-recall, and inquiring food traceability-information. And also, this proposed coding system could enhance the food traceability system by communicating and harmonizing the information with the national network such as UNI-PASS and electronic Tax-invoice system. For the global application, the identification-number for food-traceability needs to be cooperated with the upcoming global standards such as GTIN-128 bar-code and GS1 DataBar.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.45-54
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• 2002

This study was conducted to evaluate the feeding value of ascidian tunic shell the effects of its dietary supplementation on laying performance, egg-yolk pigmentation, egg-shell strength and egg taurine content. A total of 168 brown layers at the age of 29wks in commercial cage were fed for 4 wks with 7 different diets containing ascidian tunic shel1(AST) at varying levels of 0$\sim$5% Dm or 0% AST with 100ppm carophyll red. No differences were found in egg production and weight among the treatments indicating that ascidian tunic shell did not adversely affect the laying performances. Adding the ascidian tunic shell to the diets increased egg-yolk pigmentation compared to the control and resulted in simillar or better effect on egg-yolk pigmentation compared to 100ppm carophyll red. The data suggest that ascidian tunic shell may be used as feed ingredients in layer diet enrichment of egg-yolk pigmentation in the place of carophyll red(chemical pigment). Specific gravity and breaking strength of egg shell were significantly increased by the adding ascidian tunic shell to the diet, suggesting that ascidian tunic shell may be used as feed ingredients for increasing egg shell strength. Also taurine content of egg was significantly increased with increasing supplementation of ascidian tunic shell to the diet(p<0.05). Therefore, ascidian tunic shell may be used as feed ingredients in laying hen diet to improve egg quality such as egg-yolk pigmentation, egg-shell strength and egg taurine enrichment.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.502-509
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• 2016

The seasonal appearance and the chemical composition characteristics of cladode of Opuntia humifusa were investigated in this study. The minor (horizontal) and major (vertical) axes, the width, and weight of O. humifusa cladode were compared for its appearance features. Moisture, crude protein, ash, fat, color, dietary fiber, mineral, and amino acids contents were measured for the comparison of their chemical composition characteristics. The cladode of O. humifusa harvested in summer showed higher values of minor and major axis, width, and weight than those harvested in winter. According to the results of Hunter color index, cladode of O. humifusa harvested in summer showed the highest lightness level (Hunter L value). In the meanwhile, cladode of O. humifusa harvested in spring showed the highest Hunter a (redness) and b (yellowness) values. Cladode of O. humifusa harvested in summer had the lowest crude protein and crude fat contents, while it showed the highest crude ash content. The total contents of moisture and dietary fiber were significantly greater than summer-harvested cladode of O. humifusa followed by spring- and winter-harvested cladode of O. humifusa. The major mineral content of all seasonal cladode of O. humifusa was $Ca^{2+}$. Glutamic acid and aspartic acid were the major amino acids in all seasonal samples. Contrary, the contents of total amino acids and free amino acids were the lowest in summer-harvested cladode of O. humifusa. Taken together, it was concluded that the appearance and chemical quality of cladode of O. humifusa was versatile depending on the harvesting season.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.36 no.2_2
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• pp.351-363
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• 2020

It is well known that alluvial sediment located in coastal region has been easily affected by geohazard like ground subsidence, marine or meteorological disasters which threaten invaluable lives and properties. The subsidence is a sinking of the ground due to underground material movement that mostly related to soil compaction by water extraction. Thus, continuous monitoring is essential to protect possible damage from the ground subsidence in the coastal region. Radar interferometric application has been widely used to estimate surface displacement from phase information of synthetic aperture radar (SAR). Thanks to advanced SAR technique like the Small BAseline Subset (SBAS), a time-series of surface displacement could be successfully calculated with a large amount of SAR observations (>20). Because the ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 L-band observations maintain higher coherence compared with other shorter wavelength like X- or C-band, it has been regarded as one of the best resources for Earth science. However, the number of ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 observations might be not enough for the SBAS application due to its global monitoring observation scenario. Unfortunately, the number of the ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 Stripmap images in area of our interest, Busan which located in the Southeastern Korea, is only 11 which is insufficient to apply the SBAS time-series analysis. Although it is common that the radar interferometry utilizes multiple SAR images collected from same acquisition mode, it has been reported that the ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 Stripmap-ScanSAR interferometric application could be possible under specific acquisition mode. In case that we can apply the Stripmap-ScanSAR interferometry with the other 18 ScanSAR observations over Busan, an enhanced time-series surface displacement with better temporal resolution could be estimated. In this study, we evaluated feasibility of the ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 Stripmap-ScanSAR interferometric application using Gamma software considering differences of chirp bandwidth and pulse repetition frequency (PRF) between two acquisition modes. In addition, we analyzed the interferograms with respect to spectral shift of radar carrier frequency and common band filtering. Even though it shows similar level of coherence regardless of spectral shift in the radar carrier frequency, we found periodic spectral noises in azimuth direction and significant degradation of coherence in azimuth direction after common band filtering. Therefore, the characteristics of spectral bandwidth in the range and azimuth direction should be considered cautiously for the ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 Stripmap-ScanSAR interferometry.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.361-372
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• 2017

Bred and grown around the world, tomato (Solanum spp.) has highly valuable fruits containings various anti-oxidants such as lycopene, flavonoids, glutamine, and ${\beta}-carotene$. Several studies have explored, way in which to enhance the growth, management and quality of tomato, we focus on the management of growth for yield rather than quality. The expression of superior agronomic traits depends on where cultivars are grown. We evaluated 10 cultivars grown in three environment for their lycopene. HTL3137 ($70.48mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$), which was grown in Yoeju in spring/summer, contained the highest lycopene content, while HTL10256 ($20.9mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$), which was grown in Suwon in spring/summer, contain the least lycopene.Correlations between color components and lycopene content varied according to growing location and season. In spring/summer-grown tomatoes from Suwon, no significant correlation was observed between any color component (redness [R], greenness [G], blueness [B], luminosity, $L^*$, $a^*$, $b^*$, hue and chroma) and lycopene content. A correlation was observed between B and lycopene content in tomatoes grown in Yeoju during the same season. In tomatoes grown in Yeoju in fall/winter, significant correlations were found between lycopene content and G, luminosity, $L^*$, and hue. Variance in interactions between genotype, environment, and genotype ${\times}$ environment (G ${\times}$ E) using Minimum Norm Quadratic Unbiased Estimate (MINQUE) analysis indicated that lycopene content depends on genotype (51.33%), environment (49.13%), and G ${\times}$ E (21.43%). However, when the Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) was used, the G ${\times}$ E value was highest.