• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-35
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• 2017

This study investigates a decomposition analysis of the determinants of the reduced $CO_2$ emissions in seven OECD countries that implemented carbon taxes from 1995 to 2013. Recent studies on decomposition analysis of changes in $CO_2$ emissions focused on technology-based physical factors; however, this study analyzes the effects of a carbon tax as an economic factor. According to the results obtained by using the Log Mean Divisia Index, the energy intensity effect and the carbon tax effect contributed the most towards the reduction of total $CO_2$ emissions in the seven OECD countries. The results for each country show that the emissions decreased due to the energy intensity effect, while the effects of carbon tax and carbon tax revenues differed by policy and environment of the countries.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.723-738
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• 2007

This paper draws some implications from Logarithmic Mean Weight Divisia Method (LMWDM) on the sources of $CO_2$ emission changes in the manufacturing sectors of Korea, UK, and USA. The sources of change in industrial $CO_2$ emission of a country, as manifested by production scale factor, structural factor, and technical factor, summarizes the forces behind the change in $CO_2$ emissions in each country's manufacturing sector. There are three observations. First one is that Korea's emission is increasing while USA and UK are experiencing reduction or stabilization of $CO_2$ emission in the manufacturing sector. Second implication is that the technical factor affecting $CO_2$ emission in Korea does not help much, or even hinder, the reduction of $CO_2$ emissions, comparing to USA and UK. Third one, which is the combined result of the first and the second one, is that Korea's increasing trend in aggregate $CO_2$ emission throughout the periods in consideration is mainly due to the failure in technical progress, or the deterioration in the structure of within subcategories, or both. The policy implications is clear. The obvious prescription is to launch a nation-wide policy drive which can revert these adverse trends.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.167-199
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• 2005

The following policy implications can be drawn from this study: 1) The Air Pollution Emission Amount Report published by the Ministry of Environment since 1991 classifies industries into 4 sectors, i. e., heating, manufacturing, transportation and power generation. Currently, the usability of report is very low and extra efforts should be given to refine the current statistics and to improve the industrial classification. 2) Big pollution industries are as follows - s7, s17 and s20. The current air pollution control policy for these sectors compared to other sectors are found to be inefficient. This finding should be noted in the implementation of future air pollution policy. 3) s10 and s17 are found to be a big polluting industrial sector and its pollution reduction effect is also significant. 4) The effect of emission coefficient (${\Delta}f$) has the biggest impact on the reduction of emission amount change and the effect of economic growth coefficient (${\Delta}y$) has the biggest impact on the increase of emission volume. The effect of production technology factor (${\Delta}D$) and the effect of the change of the final demand structure (${\Delta}u$) are insignificant in terms of the change of emission volume. 5) Further studies on emission estimation techniques on each industry sector and the economic analysis are required to promote effective enforcement of the total volume control system of air pollutants, the differential management of pollution causing industrial sectors and the integration of environment and economy. 6) Korea's economic growth in 1990 is not pollution-driven in terms of the Barry Commoner's hypothesis, even though the overall industrial structure and the demand structure are not environmentally friendly. It indicates that environmental policies for the improvement of air quality depend mainly on the government initiatives and systematic national level consideration of industrial structures and the development of green technologies are not fully incorporated.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.653-693
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• 2009

Using the Korean environmental input output analysis, this paper provides the emission intensities of the chemicals, especially, the toxic and carcinogenic substances, by linking the structure of demand, and the policy mix to abate these substances emissions. Acording to the results, Industries with the highest total emission intensities(TEI) of toxic substances are ranked : Printing and reproduction of recorded media(21), Other transportation equipment(26), Pulp and paper(11), Leather and fur products(9), Fiber yarn and fabrics(7). And the highest TEI of carcinogenic substances are Wood and wooden products(10), Motor vehicles and parts(25), Plastic and rubber products(15), Audio, video and communications equipment(23), etc.. The economic factors of changing these emissions are emission intensities and final demands. The effective combinations of policy instruments to abate these emissions are varied by the industries and substances. For example, Government need to execute the effective TEI management in the Fiber yarn and fabrics(7) sector, and, in furniture(27) sector, the reduction of final demand is more effective.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.158-169
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• 2014

In the context of $CO_2$ mitigation, how early reduction action taken by individual companies previous to the actual regulated period is implemented at the free allocation process, remains one of the major issues. This article considered efficiency factor as a criterion for the early action. Then the emissions allowance allocated was compared and analyzed with and without the consideration of early action. In the cases of manufacturing sectors of Korea for the period 2001~2009, it is shown that emissions in the all industries fell by their efficiency factors. The amounts of emissions allowance allocated to the all industries except petro-chemistry are increased when EA is counted in the allocation process.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.286-293
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• 2012

Korean government is enforcing 'Greenhouse gas target management' in order to achieve Greenhouse gas reduction target. To attain Greenhouse gas reduction target, companies in Korea must establish their GHG inventory system and analysis their GHG emissions characteristics for deduction of mitigation measures. LMDI(Log Mean Divisia Index) decomposition analysis is widely used to understand characteristics of GHG emission and energy consumption. In this paper, the characteristics of GHG emission from the line of railroad in Korea is respectively analyzed in terms of conversion effect, intensity effect, production effect and distance effect. Data of railroad GHG emission from 2000 to 2007 are used. As a result, total effect of railroad's GHG emission is $96,813tCO_2eq$. Production effect ($39,865tCO_2eq$) and distance effect ($327,923tCO_2eq$) affect increase of railroad GHG emissions while Conversion effect ($-158,161tCO_2eq$) and intensity effect ($-112,814tCO_2eq$) influence decrease of the emissions.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.81-92
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• 2011

When we bury the infected poultry into the ground, we have many problems such as the difficulty of making sufficient area for burying, environmental contamination by the leachate, unpleasant ordor. Also, in case of burning the carcass of the infected poultry, there are some problems such as high cost, dust, unpleasant odor, etc. It could cause environmental contamination which many peoples and environmental organization complains about. In this study, we develop a treating system which treats the infected poultry carcass in a environmental method preventing the environment contamination. This system is composed of many processes. The euthanasia system uses rigid vinyl to trap and to do a euthanasia the infected poultry with lethal gas, carbon dioxide. And then, with the tractor attached grappler infected poultry carcass could be put into the carcass treating system. The euthanasia system uses rigid vinyl to trap the infected birds and to confine lethal gas, carbon dioxide. Infected poultry carcass are moved to carcass disposal system by collecting device which is attached at tractor. The carcass treatment system (capacity of disposal : 6.3 $m^3$) is installed on a truck and do one pass work, which is input, crush, stir, sterilize, and discharge treated carcass. 1,000 chickens was killed within 9.7min by $CO_2$ (300L/min) in the tent (10 $m^3$). The collecting device could carry 142 chickens at a time, and the movable carcass treatment system could sterilize 2 tons carcass per hour (at one time). This treatment systems was eco-friendly because it reduced the volume of carcass by 31.9% with no wastewater generation.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1972.03a
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• pp.5-6
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• 1972

Noise and air pollution, which accompany the development of industry and the increase of population, contribute to the deterioration of urban environment. The air pollution level of Seoul has gradually increased and the city residents are suffering from a high pollution of noise. If no measures were taken against pollution, the amount of emission of pollutant into air would be 36.7 thousand tons per year per square kilometer in 1975, three times more than that of 1970, and it would be the same level as that of United States in 1968. The main sources of air pollution in Seoul are the exhaust has from vehicles and the combustion of bunker-C oil for heating purpose. Thus, it is urgent that an exhaust gas cleaner should be instaled to every car and the fuel substituted by less sulfur-contained-oil to prevent the pollution. Transportation noise (vehicular noise and train noise) is the main component of urban noise problem. The average noise level in downtown area is about 75㏈ with maximum of 85㏈ and the vehicular homing was checked 100㏈ up and down. Therefore, the reduction of the number of bus-stop the strict regulation of homing in downtown area and a better maintenance of car should be an effective measures against noise pollution in urban areas. Within the distance of 200 metres from railroad, the train noise exceeds the limit specified by the pollution control law in Korea. Especially, the level of noise and steam-whistle of train as measured by the ISO evaluation can adversely affect the community activities of residents. To prevent environmental destruction, many developed countries have taken more positive action against worsening pollution and such an action is now urgently required in this country.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.129-138
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate the operating characteristics, water balance and chemical properties of compost during the composting with pig slurry on-farm trial. The composting plant with sawdust pile filteration was done in a forced aeration inside a house and equipped with a turning machine moving on a rails. The composting pit was 4.6m wide, 53m long and the maximum height was 2m. A field scale aerobic composting facility was tested the composting efficiency of high moisture pig slurry. The sawdust materials remained 6 months. Pig slurry was added to compost pile every other day during 6 months run. The temperature in compost pile and compost house, and input and output of moisture were measured during composting process. The result are summarized as follows; 1. The temperature of compost was varied in range of at $22.4^{\circ}C{\sim}71.1^{\circ}C$. After turning, the composting temperature decreased to $50^{\circ}C{\sim}36^{\circ}C$ during $3{\sim}5$ hours, and then raised to $64.5^{\circ}C$ 2. The temperature of compost house was maintained $20^{\circ}C{\sim}30^{\circ}C$, and relative humidity was varied in range of $50{\sim}99%$. 3. BOD, CODcr and SS of leachate water was reduced 89.5%, 81.2%, 97.5%, respectively. 4. The content of heavy metal in the final compost was lower those of Korea standards. 5. The amount of effluent was 10.2%. Total evaporation during composting Period were 74.8%. The amount of slurry per $1m^3$ sawdust was $3.16m^3$ without treatment of effluent output.