• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.147-151
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• 1988

The preference, chemical composition, intake, digestibility and chewing efficiency of collected herbage sample from sheep using esophageal fistula and fecal collection method were compared to those of offered herbage samples on the native and improved pastures at the 3rd flush stage(25 cm grass height). Experimental field was treated by one plot design and the begining of September 1987, at Chungnam National University, Daejon. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Preference indices were not different among herbage species on improved pasture, while those on in native pasture were markedly different and this difference seemed to depend on diet selection. 2. Chemical compositions of collected herbage samples were different from those of offered herbage samples. Crude protein content was significantly high on native pasture, but NDF, cellulose and lignin content were significantly low on improved pasture (p < 0.01). 3. DM intake, digestibility and herbage utilization percent on improved pasture were significantly higher than those on native pasture (P < 0.01). 4. Eating rate, ruminating and chewing efficiency were influenced by the amounts of NDF intake. Therefore, eating rate, ruminating and chewing efficiency on improved pasture tended to be higher than those on native pasture (p <0.01).

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.138-144
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• 1986

This trial was carried out to find out the methods of improvement of natural pasture by PK-fertilization and sheep grazing. The experimental area covered with the community of Carex ferruginea-dominated and located at the Bavarian Alps in the southern part of Germany. As measuring the changes of the vegetation, the Releve-method, the Point-Intercept-method and the Quadrat-Charting-method were applied. Changes in the ecological evidence of the vegetation were studied during the period from April 1980 to the end of growing season in 1983. 1. The fodder value at the oversown pasture we slightly increased by PK-fertilization with sheep grazing, byt that gradually decreased by grazing without fertilization. 2. The pasture quality at the secondary vegetation was greatly improved as well as that of the oversown pasture in Autumn of the second experimental year by sheep grazing with PK-fertilization, but the fodder value was not like that by grazing without fertilization at the natural pasture. 3. The influence of phosphorus/ potassium-fertilization was much more serious than that of sheep grazing. Sedges almost disappeared due to fertilization, on the other hand grasses and legumes increased distinctly. Sheep grazing without fertilization led to a gradual decrease of legumes. The enormous biomass difference in sedges between the June and October analyses was due to a lack of regenerative capacity. 4. The plant community of Carex ferruginea-dominated before the experiment was successived into Alchemillo-Cynosuretum by PK-fertilization with sheep grazing.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.17-25
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• 1982

To clarify the direct effect of potassium and interactions with nitrogen and phosphorus on the yield of pasture plants, fertilizer experiment with varied levels of potassium and nitrogen treatment to grass single seeding, legume single seeding and grass-legume mixed seeding, was conducted for three years from 1977 to 1980. The summary of obtained experimental result may be described as below: 1. Potassium application, at any level of amount, did not show its effect to the establishment of plant population, however potash application responded to help winter hardiness at grass single seeding plot. 2. Potassium effect on the fresh yield at grass single seeding was distinct however, not clear effect was observed at legume single seeding and grass-legume mixed seeding plots. 3. For drymatter yield, the highest yield at legume single seeding was recorded 1.152 Kilograms per 10a are at treatment #4 and the highest yields of grass-legume mixed seeding and grass were recorded 1,093 kilograms (Treatment #3) and 834 kilograms (Treatment #5) respectively. 4. In observation of plant succession, they were found that orchardgrass and tall fescue have increased at grass single seeding plot and Alfalfa was dominant over 90 per cent of plant population at legume single seeding and grass-legume mixed seeding plots. It seems that potash effect was distinct in increasing orchardgrass population. 5. The results of this experiment shown that the maximum yield from grass single seeding was obtained at the plat where applied 20-20-30 kg/10a, $N-P_2O_5-K_2O$ and the maximum yield from legume single seeding was obtained at the plot applied with 8-20-20 kg/10a, $N-P_2O_5-K_2O$. 6. Fertilizer cost for producing one kilogram of dry matter in this experiment was lowest at treatment #1 of grass-legume mixed seeding and highest at treatment #5 of grass single seeding. The largest gross income was obtained from the plots where phosphate application was omitted. 7. From the results of this experiment, it may be recommended that economically optimum fertilizer application for grass single seeding will be 20-20-20- kg/10a, $N-P_2O_5-K_2O$ and for legume single seeding and grass-legume mixed seeding will be 8-20-20 kg/10a, $N-P_2O_5-K_2O$.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.69-76
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• 2002

This pot experiment was conducted to find out the forage productivity and contents of mineral nutrients in an orchardgrass sward as affected by the compost lime, and phosphorus applications on the newly reclaimed and arable pasture soils. This 1st part was concerned with the effect of compost application. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. There were considerable differences between the newly reclaimed and arable pasture soils in the soil chemical properties as fellows(newly reclaimed soil ↔ arable pasture soil): poor ↔common in pH and contents of Ca and Mg; Poor ↔ good in content of available P$_2$O$_{5}$, base saturation, and mutual balance of Ca : Mg : K; common ↔ good in K content; good ↔ good in absorption coefficient of P$_2$O$_{5}$; poor ↔ somewhat poor in CEC. The contents of available P$_2$O$_{5}$ in both soils after experiment were relatively higher in the compost block than non-compost block. It was recognized that the compost application was resulted in the CEC increase in the newly reclaimed soil. 2. The vigour at early growth of orchardgrass was better in the arable pasture soil then newly reclaimed soil. In the newly reclaimed soil, the vigour at early growth of orchardgrass was remarkedly enhanced by compost application. 3. Under the non-compost application, the orchardgrass yield was higher in the arable pasture soil by 50.9% than newly reclaimed soil. Compared with the non-compost application, the orchardgrass yields were increased in the newly reclaimed soil by 17.1% and the arable pasture soil by 7.6% by the compost application. 4. The concentrations of Ca, Mg, and P in orchardgrass were relatively higher in the arable pasture soil than the newly reclaimed soil, whereas there was no difference in the K concentration. It was recognized that the concentrations of Mg and P in orchardgrass were higher in the compost block than the non-compost block.block.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.169-175
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• 1985

This experiment was carried out during 1983-1984 to determine an effective method for the introduction of pasture species on nonarable hill country without cultivation. In this experiment, 1.8 and 2.8kg a.i. $ha^{-1}$ rates of glyphosate and a 0.7kg a.i.$ha^{-1}$ rate of paraquat were applied, and also 30, 45 and 60 days intervals between spraying and sowing were used. Establishment of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata) was not affected by the application of herbicides, but that of ladino clover (Trifolium repens) was significantly affected by glyphosate and paraquat. It was found that glyphosate and paraquat have no apparent soil residual activity or pre-emergence effect when sprayed 30 to 60 days before sowing. Dry matter yield of pasture species on the herbicide treatments was significantly higher than that on the unsprayed treatments. The highest yield was obtained from the 1.8kg a.i.$ha^{-1}$ rate of glyphosate 45 days before sowing. Botanical analysis at the final cut showed that the shrubs and native grass of original site were reduced to 5% by glyphosate application, but those on the unsprayed control were still 51%. Crude protein content and in vitro dry matter digestibility of herbage on the herbicide treatments were higher than those on the unsprayed treatments. Results indicated that glyphosate was more effective to control resident shrubs and grass than paraquat, and good establishment and higher yield of surface-sown pasture species can be obtained by spraying 1.8 to 2.8kg a.i.$ha^{-1}$ of glyphosate, 30 to 45 days before sowing.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.91-96
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• 1986

This trial was carried out to find out the degree of fodder value of different plant communities and to make the plant sociological vegetation map for all plant communities at the natural grassland of the Rehberg-Alm in the Bavarian Alps, southern part of Germany during 1982-1983. 1. Allogenic succession of the plant communities at natural grassland was much more influenced by the change of soil moisture or/and surface water than sheep grazing. 2. The plant communities at the Rehberg-Alm were Nardetum alpigenum, Poo-Prunelletum, Cirsium arvense Cirsium Vulgare-Association, Caricetum davallianae, Rumicetum alphini, Caricetum paniculatae and Disturbed lowland bog-Stand. 3. By the sheep grazing will be improved the inferior plant community of Nardetum alpigenum to the most desirable Poo-Prunelletum plant community at the mountainous grassland gradually. 4. General fodder value in this area depended heavily on the composition of vegetation of the plant communities. The highest fodder value was the Poo-Prunelletum with 4.4 and the next was the Nardetum alpigenum with 2.5. The others were not suitable for grazing pasture due to less fodder value.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.102-107
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• 1991

This trial was carried out to investigate the effect of oversowing on the fodder value and the life form of standing crop in the low productive grassland with a western exposure at the Korean Native Cattle Improvement Center in Seosan. Chungnam Province. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The inferior plant community of low productive grassland was improved to the most desirable pasture association by oversowing after herbicide application. At the experimental area most of the native grasses were not suitable for the pasture plant due to less fodder value(0-2). 2. The fodder value of standing crop in the improved grassland with 6.04(grasses: 4.72, legumes: 1.07 and herbs: 0.25) was much more increased by 108% than that of low productive grassland. 3. The life forms of plant community in the low productive grassland were composed of Hemicryptophytes of 36.29'0, Therophytes of 30.47~, Chamaephytes of 17.0% and Geophytes of 16.4%). But by oversowing after herbicide application their life forms of Hemicryptophytes increased greatly by 51.4%, on the other hand Therophytes, Chamaephytes and Geophytes were much more decreased by 25.4, 15.6 and 10.470, respectively.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.329-344
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• 1997

To improve germination and growth of forages of hill pasture seeds of several forages were osmotically primed with polyethylene glycol (PEG) under different PEG concentrations, treatment periods, and temperatures. Seeds were coated with several materials, and tested for germination. The best primed or coated seeds in germination tests were surface sow on hilly area. The results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. Osmotic priming with PEG accelerated germination of forages and reduced time taken for germination. 2. Germinability was best when the seeds of Tama ryegrass or orchardgrass were treated for 6-9 days at 30g PEG1100 ml water, red clover or white clover for 3, or 9 days in 20g PEG1100 ml water at $10^{\circ}C$. 3. Priming seeds of Tama ryegrass or orchardgrass in 30% PEG solution for 6 days, and seeds of red clover or white clover in 20% PEG solution for 6 days at $15^{\circ}C$ were most effective in germination, similar to priming at $10^{\circ}C$ . 4. Priming seeds of Tama ryegrass at 15C, and orchardgrass, red clover, or white clover at $10^{\circ}C$ were effective in germination than priming at other temperatures. 5. Osmotic priming with PEG accelerated germination of forages compared to coated seeds in Petri-dishes, while coated seeds germinated more slowly, but showed better emergence and superior growth to those of primed or intact seeds in the field. 6. Priming seeds increased yield slightly, and coating seeds significantly increased its yield on hilly area.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2020.06a
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• pp.73-74
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• 2020

In this study, the feasibility of the durometer into super retarding concrete was studied by comparing the penetration resistance with the hardness of each durometer using the penetration resistance and the improved Durometer and Durometer A-Type according to the ultra-delay mixture rate. The test results showed that initial setting time by improved Durometer and Durometer A-Type were fixed at 25, 50 HD, respectively, and the 35, 80 HD showed at final setting time. It was also found that the use of the durometer can be available to measure the setting time of the concrete.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.283-289
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• 2017

The present study was carried out to explore the potential effect of shading degrees on yields and nutritive values of forage in forest-grassland. This experiment was conducted this study under different natural shading at National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan province in Korea, for 2 years (from 2015 to 2016). This experiment was consisted of four different shading degrees, such as full sunlight (control, 10% below), 25% of shading, 35% of shading, 50% of shading. Pasture species used in this study were orchardgrass 'Kodiwin', perenial ryegrass 'Linn', tall fescue 'Purumi', kentuky bluegrass 'Kenblue', and white clover 'Ladino'. Botanical composition of orchardgrass was higher than that of perenial ryegrass, tall fescue and kentuky bluegrass. Dry matter (DM) yields of forage decreased as increasing shading degrees. DM yields of forage significantly decreased as increasing shading degrees and lots of cutting times under increasing shading degrees decreased DM yields of forage. The content of crude protein increased as increasing shading degrees and the contents of acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), the activity of total digestible nutrient (TDN) and in-vitro digestibility (IVD), and relative feed value (RFV) were similar in control and different shading. This study suggests that orchardgrass is major component for forest-grassland and establishment of orchardgrass can be improved by increasing shading degrees.