• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.405-420
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• 2020

A convergence research was conducted on glass beads excavated at the ruins of Hapgang-ri, Sejong, using the archeology and conservation approach. The period of appearance of Jugu Towangmyo in the ruins of Hapgang-ri can be estimated to begin in the late 2^nd century; for Jugu Towangmyo No. 15, the period spans from the late 2^nd to early 3^rd century. Form, color, and manufacturing techniques of complete glass beads were examined, and the cross-sections and chemical composition of 16 samples were observed. Based on these analyses, the glass beads were divided into blue, purple, and red colors. The blue-colored beads could be further sub-divided based on their gloss and brightness; in contrast, the red-colored beads were highly uniform with regard to these parameters. Based on the stripe and bubble arrangement on the surface of the glass beads, their drawing technique was identified. Traces of heat treatment or polishing were observed at the ends of the beads. According to their chemical composition, the 16 samples were classified into 3 potash glass and 13 soda glass groups; in the latter, the properties of the stabilizers were divided according to the blue and red bead colors. The stabilizers of the red beads are unique in that they allow the distinction among beads excavated in other areas in South Korea owing to their compositional differences. Colorants in blue- and red-colored beads are cobalt (containing MnO), and copper and iron, respectively.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.64 no.4
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• pp.287-298
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• 2019

The aim of the present study was to compare the germination and seedling characteristics of rice varieties grown under various flooding conditions and different temperature and oxygen levels and to identify germplasm suitable for wet direct seeding. Three anaerobic germination tolerant (AGT) genotypes (PBR, WD3, KHO) and eleven Korean rice varieties (KVs) adapted for direct seeding were evaluated for seedling performance under different temperatures (15, 18, 21, and 24℃ ) and oxygen levels (Low, Normal, High). Compared with the KVs, the AGT genotypes (especially KHO and PBR) exhibited relatively high germination and survival rates and coleoptile and radical growth rates under low temperature and low oxygen conditions, thereby indicating their suitability for wet direct seeding. Among the KVs, 'Dongan,' 'Jungan,' and 'Cheongdam' rice exhibited the highest survival rates under low temperature and low oxygen conditions. Three-way ANOVA indicated that temperature had the greater effects on seedling characteristics (43.2-78.0%) than either oxygen level (15.4-37.5%) or genotype (2.0-29.8%) did. Therefore, in direct seeding cultivation, temperature was the most important environmental factor for seedling establishment.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.102-109
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• 1992

There was significant reduction in the mitotic indices of oat roots treated with alachlor. Uniform decrease in prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase as treatment time increasing was observed. Alachlor did not disrupt mitosis, but rather inhibited the onset of mitosis. Labeled dividing cells were significantly inhibited, but the number of labeled interphase cells of all treatment were increased, as compared with control in 8 hr and 12hr period. Labeled dividing cells which entered mitosis thru $G_2$ were inhibited approximately 68% at 8hr after treatment with $1{\times}10^{-5}$ M of alachlor. Alachlor apparently inhibited from the $G_2$stage into mitosis of dividing cells. After 24 hr treatment, 12.1% abd 46.6% inhibition of coleoptile growth occurred at $1{\times}10^{-5}$ M and $1{\times}10^{-4}$ M, respectively. Cell elongation was inhibited by alachlor but was less sensitive than cell division. The longitudinal section cells of oat roots treated with $1{\times}10^{-4}$ M alachlor for 12 hr were observed to be enlarged central cylinder and also showed degradation of apical meristem zone, as compared with the untreated roots.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.68-83
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• 2016

Pan-jang(板墻) has become the lost facility, and the examples of its original form can be found no more due to its variable material characteristics. In order to study panjang as a lost facility, the following are needed: - To bring to light its usage and examples. - To investigate its components and structure. Panjang refers to the wall made of wooden plate and is classified as a special wall according to its material characteristics. In addition, Chinese mokyeongbyuk(木影壁) and Japanese panbyeong(板?) are similar to Korean panjang in terms of the materials, but there are clear differences in their structures. Panjang was also transformed into various types according to their materials or forms. As the wooden elements of panjang, sinbang(信防), pillars, do-ri(道里), jungbang(中枋), inbang(引枋), parn(板), dae(帶), choyeop(草葉), bangyeon(方椽), gaeparn(蓋板), pyeonggodae(平高臺), and yeonharm(椽檻) were selectively used, and they are similar, in particular, to the components of ilgakmoon(一角門). The stylobate of panjang is largely classified into three according to the kinds and structures of the wooden elements; and its frame into two according to whether sanginbang(上引枋) is used or not. The materials for the roof area include planks(蓋板) and tiles and have the distinct structural differences according to each material.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.97-101
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• 1988

The objective of this paper was to examine the oxygen requriement of rice seeds when the seeds were germinating under the water. The trial was carried out in the laboratory with the different water temperature (25$^{\circ}C$, 17$^{\circ}C$) in the Crop Experiment Station, Suwon. The tested varieties were 6 in japonica and 6 in indica (I) ${\times}$ japonica (J). In the 25$^{\circ}C$ water temperature rice seeds absorbed more dissolved oxygen (DO) and germinating duration was shorter than in the 17$^{\circ}C$ water temperature. DO uptake of japonica rice seeds was faster than that of indica ${\times}$ japonica rice seeds, and the germinating ratio of japonica rice seeds was higher than that of I${\times}$J rice seeds in the water. DO requirements of germinating rice seeds in the water were average 82.4 ${\mu}$g per seed up to coleoptile appearance and average 123.6 ${\mu}$g per seed up to appearance of radicle in the japonica varieties, but I${\times}$J varieties were 96.9 ${\mu}$g and 145.1 ${\mu}$g respectively. Especially when the rice seeds were germinated in the water, length of coleoptile and radicle of japonica rice were significantly longer than those of I${\times}$J rice varieties.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.402-410
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• 2013

Insect pests damages are increasing on the field of Lycium chinense under environment- friendly management Thus, we was to monitor the occurrence of pests on organic L. chinense in Chungnam Cheongyang and, insecticidal effect of eco-friendly agricultural materials (EFAMs) were tested against major pests. When the buds come out, injury by L. chinense was very high causing the high population density of Myzus persicae in late May and early June, and the injury by Lema decempunctata was increased from mid-June. Otherwise, injuries by Eriophys macrodonis, Henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata and Hedma spp. were continued throughout the growing season. From the fruit held in late July, Hemipteran insects including Plautia stali and Halyomorpba balys were sucking the fruit, and their injury to L. chinense were gradually increased. For the eco-friendly environmental control of M. persicae, L. decempunctata and E. macrodonis, EFAMs containing Sophora flavescens, Melia azedarach (Chinaberry), Chenopodium ambrosioides (Mexican tea), Quassia amara (Amargo), Stemona sessilifolia, Sophora seeds and Nepeta cataria (Catmint), were selected and used to control the insect pests. Control effects of the mixed extract with S. flavescens and Sophora seeds against M. persicae and L. decempunctata were higher than any other EFAM as 84.0% and 86.6%, respectively. In case of E. macrodonis, its control effect was good with the mixed extract with S. flavescens, C. ambrosioides and M. azedarach.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.113-117
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• 1990

The recovery of mulberry from a late frost (April 24 to 27) was investigated for four varieties : Kaeryangppong, Cheongilppong, and Jamsang 21 in Cheongju area, Chungbuk Province. 1. Unfavourable meteorlogical conditions for recovery of mulberry followed the early late frost : lower than normal temperatures in mid-April, less sunshine in early and mid-Jay, lower temperatures and early and less precipitation in late-May, and less precipitation than normal in early June. 2. Jamsang 21 grew to the 2-3 leaf stage first, at which time Kaeryangppong and Jamsang 22 were at the 1-2 leaf stage, and Cheongilppong was at the swallow-bill shape-1 leaf stage. 3. The first leaf stage occurred on May 12, 15 days after the frost and, 19 days later in an average year. The difference lasted until the harvesting season, the 6 leaf stage. 4. Young shoot length was 50-58% of that in 1989. Kaeryangppong was the shortest at 50% and the Jamsang 21 highest at 58% of 1989 values. 5. Leaf number was 52-67% that in 1989. Kaeryangppong was the lowest at 52% and the Jamsang 21 highest at 67% of 1989 values. 6. Young shoot and leaf weight was 44-63%, and leaf weight 39-61%, compared to 1989. Kaeryangppong and Cheongilppong were the lowest, Jamsang 21 and Jamsang 22 were the highest, compared to 1989 data. 7. Young shoot length was 50-58% compared with 1989. Kaeryangppong was the lowest as 50%, the highest Jamsang 21 as 58%. 8. Number of leaf was 52-67% compared with 1989. Kearyangppong was the lowest as 52%, the highest Jamsang 21 as 67%. 9. Young shoot and leaf wight was 44-63%, and leaf weight was 39-61% compared with 1989. Kaeryangppong was the lowest, lowest, Jamsang 21 was the highest, Cheongilppong was similar with Kaeryangppong and Jamsang 22 was similar with Jamsang 21. 10. Rate of young shoot and leaf weight to total weight decreased from 75% in 1989 to 55-61% in 1990. Rate of laef weight to young shoot decreased from 72-82% to 67-71%, showed 5-10% decrease. 11. Leaf yield decreased highly in Jamsang 22 as 57% compared with 1989. Kearyangppong 61%, Jamsang 21 64%, Cheonglppong 72%. Leaf yield was 827kg/10g in Kaeryangppong, 1, 000-1, 050kg/10a in the other varieties.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.329-337
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• 1995

The effect of N-(4-chlorophenyl) maleimide(CPMI), plant growth regulators, and alkylating agents on gluathione(GSH) content and glutathione S-transferase(GST) activity was examined with 3-day-old etiolated sorghum(Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) seedlings. The GSH content and GST activity of untreated seedlings were higher in shoots than that in roots. Response of GST activity in coleoptile was significantly greater than in other tissues of sorghum seedling. In CPMI-treated seedlings, GSH content was not significantly different from that in untreated seedlings. CPM treatment resulted in 2.3-fold increase in GST activity measured with metolachlor as substrate in the coleoptile region. In contrast, change in GST activity measured with metolachlor as substrate in the coleoptile region. In contrast, change in GST activity measured with 1-chloro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene did not occur. The increase of GST activity was caused by induction of a GST isozyme, which is substrate-specific to metolachlor. Subsequently, two hypotheses related to metolachlor detoxification were evaluated on the basis of regulation of plant growth regulators and substrate induction of GST activity. In coleoptile, GST activity measured with metolachior was increased to 2.1-and 3.4-fold by both 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid(2,4-D) and metolachlor treated at the germination stage of sorghum, respectively. Treatments of 2.4-D and metolachlor also induced isozymes exhibiting the activity toward metolachlor. One of the isozymes was co-eluted with that induced by CPMI. These results indicated that increase in GST activity by CPMI may be partially related to auxin regulation and substrate induction.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.115-123
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• 2005

The effect of sodium hypochlorite treatment on the germination of cattail (Typha spp.) seeds was investigated in growth chambers maintained on a 14-h photoperiod with various temperatures and light intensities. Germination rates of seeds were, in general, enhanced by the increase of light intensity and temperature regardless of cattail species. Seeds of T. oreientalis had 4.3, 13.0 and $7.3\%$ germination at temperatures of 20, 25 and $30^{circ}$C, respectively, under light intensity of 7.5${\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$. T. angustata showed higher germination rate, thus, 10.7, 22.7 and $50.7\%$ under same temperature and light environment. Under high light intensity of 79.5${\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, the germination rates of T. oreintalis and T angustata were $78.3\%$ and $88.7\%$ at $30^{circ}$C, respectively. Scarification of seeds with NaOC1 ($4\%$, available chlorine) increased germination rate in both species, especially even at low temperature of $20^{circ}$C. Germination speed was also enhanced by NaOC1 treatment. High light intensity further increased the germination rate. When NaOC1 treated seeds were sowed on the soil surface in plastic house, the seedling emergence was nearly $100\%$. Untreated seeds of T. oreintalis and T. angustara showed 40 and $50\%$, respectively, in germination under same condition. However, when the depth of soil covering was over 1.0 cm, seedling emergence was retarded more than 1 month. On the process of seedling development, emergence of mesocoty1 occurred firstly and after than primary root and first leaf were developed on the end of elongated mesocotyl. These results suggest that the promotion of seed germination by NaOC1 pretreament may be induced from the increase of light absorptivity as well as water permeability through scarifying and bleaching the seed coat.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.427-433
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• 2014

Trellising is an important cultural practice that affects grape quality and yield. Some grape cultivars require different trellising under different climate and soil conditions. To find suitable trellis conditions for grape cultivar 'Cheongsoo', we measured growth and fruit characteristics with three different trellis systems: curtain, Geneva double curtain (GDC), and modified T. The maximum light exposure of clusters in the curtain, GDC, modified T trellis systems was 670, 1,654, and $1,649{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, respectively. However, there was no difference in air temperature among the three trellis systems. Net $CO_2$ assimilation rate at $1,500{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ light intensity was 13.4, 13.7, and $8.7{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ in curtain, GDC, and modified T trellis systems, respectively. Trunk cross section area (TCSA) and bud burst rate were not significantly different among the three systems. Shoot number was 31.3, 47.0, and 37.0 in curtain, GDC, and modified T trellis systems, respectively. The shoot length was higher (243.9 cm) in the modified T trellis system than in the single curtain (171.1 cm) and GDC (151.5 cm) systems. Interior leaf number and leaf layer number were higher in the GDC system, in which there are two primary branches, in comparison to the modified T and curtain systems, which utilize one primary branch. Primary leaf area and lateral leaf area were significantly higher in the modified T trellis system in comparison to the GDC system. Berry weight, length and diameter, and total soluble solids were not significantly different among the three trellis systems. However, cluster weight and cluster number per tree were significantly higher in GDC. Titratable acidity was significantly lower in GDC. Collectively, our data suggest that the GDC trellis system is preferable for grape 'Cheongsoo' to maintain fruit quality and quantity in Korea.