• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.40-48
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• 2010

Objectives The purpose of this study is to get the basic information about the actual amount of consumption of the Health supplements and Herbal Medicines. Also, we investigated the consumption differences according to the regions. Methods 500 questionnaires were handed out to parents of elementary students in O O, Gyeonggi-do province, and 331 questionnaires were collected and evaluated for this study. Results Among the 331 students, 58.4% were female, and 41.6% were male. The percentages of the subjects consuming health supplements and herbal medicines were 67.4% and 59.2% respectively. The maximum period of taking the health supplements were from 1 month to 6 month (49.5%), and the maximum period of taking the herbal medicine was within one month (55.6%). The total cost of the health supplements was less than 100,000won (43.7%), which was the most common while herbal medicine cost was between 100,000won and 200,000won (40.6%). The most common age of consuming the health supplements and herbal medicine for the first time was six to ten years old (47.3%); the case of herbal medicine was one to six years old (64.0%). Most of people purchased health supplements from pharmacy (48.0%), and purchased the herbal medicine from the oriental medical clinic (61.8%). Among those people who purchased health supplements, they bought nutritional supplements (82.8%), red ginseng or ginseng products (43.4%), plum extract products (10.9%), and chlorella products (6.8%). The reason for consuming health supplements was to be healthier even though there is no ongoing illness (47.1%), which was the most common reason. The reason for consuming herbal medicine was to cure weakness (39.3%). For the responses about effectiveness after taking medications, people thought herbal medicine seemed to be more effective compare to health supplements (72.3%, 63% respectively). Only 1.4% of the subjects consuming the health supplements showed adverse effects while herbal medicine showed 4.6%. The most common adverse effects were 'general reaction' caused by the health supplements and dermatologic problems caused by the herbal medications. Conclusions Among 331 subjects, the percentage of consuming the health supplements (67.4%) was higher than the Herbal Medicine (59.2%). The total consuming cost of the herbal medications was higher than general health supplements. Also, the maximum period of consuming the health supplements was longer than herbal medications. Therefore, it is shown that herbal medications have no price competitiveness compare to health supplements. The age of using the herbal medicine for the first time was younger than the health supplements. Even though many people can purchase both health supplements and herbal medication from pharmacies and local oriental medical clinic, it is also shown that some people thought that the health supplements should be purchased from oriental medical hospital (13.9%). The most commonly taken forms of the health supplement was nutrition-supplying products, and the second common health supplements were ginseng and red ginseng. The health supplements were commonly consumed for preventing illness and for maintaining healthy life rather than for cure diseases. On the other hand, the herbal medicine was more commonly consumed to be taller or to treat diseases. More than half of the entire people replied as 'satisfied' for their purchase. Some adverse effects and general reaction were common with the subjects consuming health supplements while dermatological adverse reaction was common with the subjects consuming herbal medications.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.30
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• pp.201-219
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• 2013

Development of digital media in education field at America, UK, Japan etc bring big progress on digital device if education. Japan bring huge progress on digital education by nationally. UK use huge a national budget at digital education development and Sweden which is advanced country of education and a welfare state. Especially UK and Sweden's digital education markets are full now aspect more high quality design. Korea which is advanced country of IT adopted digital text book 2007 with mathematics, through science and English digital text book through the state. Korea's digital text book is in a transition period. that needs case study of advanced country of education for setting design guide and educational effect to digital education media and device plan. All researches are based on LG europe design center at London. Analysis by using KJ method, survey of questionnaire, heuristic method at 4 schools in UK and Sweden. Through analytical researches want to more reality simulation at digital education, and high quality contents with digital socialization. co-work with analog, can get any where, anytime user want without any difficulty. Also interactive GUI design of digital education device to easy to access for user. When plan Digital text book content and design needs methodical design guide for target who students and environment an in-depth study of the appraisal and method. The results of the research are introduce the design plan as a basic research and giving useful design plan to make digital educational media in Korea industrial aspect.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.77-87
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• 2007

This research investigated the eating out and snack intakes situation of five hundred eighty five $5^{th}\;and\;6^{th}$ graders living in the city and rural parts of Jeonbuk province. The results of this study are as followed: Nuclear families in urban area and rural community are 84.5% and 64.7% respectively. On the other hand, extended families are 7.9% in urban area and 18% in rural communities. Out of all the households, 34.3% (urban: 37.2%, rural community: 31.5%) answered they like to eat out. Over 50.3% preferred eating Korean style food and the reason was 'the taste': urban (71.4%) and rural community (67.8%). People living in urban communities seemed to eat out more frequently than rural places and $3{\sim}4$ times a month was the average. Usually people seemed to eat out during the weekends and in the evening time 84.3% (after 7:00 p.m.). Based on each family's living standard, people answered 'we hardly ever eat out' for those in the lower class (59.1%), the middle class said once or twice a week (47.1%), and the upper class (35.7%). It was obvious that people in the middle and upper class tend to eat out more frequently than those in the lower class. The most common period of time which snacks were taken was after school (38.5%), on the way back from educational institute (35.0%) and the choices of snacks which they purchased were frozen sweets (56.4%)chips & cookies (25.2%) beverages (9.9%) Fast foods (4.6%) and fried foods (3.9%) in order. Urban children seem to eat more frozen sweets and rural children ate more chips & cookies. Also, amount of snacks between meals showed a higher percentage to those who had more pocket money, The type of snacks were fruits (37.1%) chips and cookies et cetera (19.2%) instant foods (12.8%) dairy products (11.1%) confectionary (10.3%) fried foods (5.1%) in order. The result shows that urban children eat out more frequently than those in rural areas, Eating around 7:00 p.m. was most common and the middle and upper class tend to eat out more frequently than those in the lower class, Also, snacks were most often bought before and after school. After 10:00 p.m frozen goods and chips were the most preferred choice. Specially, the reason for eating fast foods was because of the pleasing taste. From this study, it is clear that eating out and having snacks became pervasive into our lives in both urban and rural areas. Hereafter, an appropriate eating habit should be correctly educated to elementary students by spoken words and textbooks in a curriculum. In reality, snacks are classified as being the leading factor of obesity. Therefore more products containing balanced nutrition should newly develop rather than snacks with high fat content.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.83-89
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• 2009

About 380 dental hygienists who were working in public health centers in 2004 joined this study with questionnaires about the evaluation of job training programs regarding oral health care. The findings are as follows. 1. As for the general characteristics of subjects including location, age and career, the dental hygienists in Public Health Subcenters outnumbered the dental hygienists in Public Health Centers, as the former accounted for 61.1 and the latter 35.3 percent. And the dental hygienists in their 36~40s made up the largest age group. The group in their 11~15 years career revealed 48.4, over 16 years career 35.7, under 10 years career group 15.9 percent, respectively. 2. The portion of certification in the respondents was 28.9 percent, as compared to the 71.1percent of non-certification. The major reasons of non-certification were not-applying(44.6%), participation rejected (29.3%). 3. Freqently requested curriculums were school based oral health program(4.42, the highest by Linkert 5 point scale), followed by oral health education(4.41), public oral health services for the toddler and for the elderly(4.04), for the disabled(3.92), oral health planning evaluation(3.85) and oral health survey& investigation(3.69). The gap between Dental hygienists at Public Health Center and Public Health Subcenter was statistically significant different(p < 0.001) in oral health survey& investigation and oral health planning evaluation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.589-597
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to arrange for the systematic execution of safety control in children's foods through nutrition and hygiene standard suggestions and guidelines for quality certification system in children's preferable food. Aiming to achieve this objective, the study researched the present status of children’s preferable food sold near elementary schools, elicited the hazards and problems of those foods and selected nutritional and hygienic hazard components in those foods. To suggest the standards and guidelines for quality certification in children's preferable food, the study referred to sundry records, surveyed the practical cases of relevant policies and standards at home and abroad. We studied the standard of nutrition for the quality certification in those foods for sugar, fat, sodium, and additives (tar color: red No. 2 in a ban on use, caffeine), microorganism (aflatoxin $B_1$ (${\mu}g$/kg) and pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella spp.), which are the nutrients that may hamper health when taken in a large amount, and the standard for a diet restricted to under 200 kcal per one serving size. Results of distribution of processed foods (242 samples) by nutrition standards were as follows. In case of all ‘low’ level in total sugar, total fat and sodium, 0.4% of total samples was possible to be certified, In case of all ‘medium’ level in total sugar, total fat and sodium, maximumly 22.3% of total samples was possible to be certified. In case of all medium level in nutrients and $\leq$200 kcal/serving, 17.8% of total samples was possible to be certified. Certified food types was milk products and beverages.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.1037-1044
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• 1996

This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of childhood obesity and to figure out the correlation between percentage of body fat and various criteria used for evaluating childhood obesity, and to suggest a new convenient criterion applicable to obesity assessment for large population. subject of 309(male: 153, female: 156) from Uisung elementary school in Kyungbuk, in the age range from 10 to 12 were recruited. The prevalence of obese was evaluated by the methods of Slaughter skinfold equations for children, BMI, and RI. fourteen(4.5%) by Slaughter eq, 39(12.6%) by BMI, 31 (10%) by RI were found to be obese. The results indicate that the evaluation of child obesity is influenced by the methods applied; that is, BMI and RI tend to overpredict the obese while percentage of body fat tend to underestimate. Percentage of body fat by Slaughter equations using triceps and calf skinfold is highly correlated with triceps plus subscapular skinfold thickness(male: r=0.91, female: r=0.88) and with Kim equations for Korean children(male: r=0.93, femlae: r=0.88). The results suggest that, if necessary, practitioners can adequately predict body composition without exposing the upper torso of females.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.143-153
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• 2009

Objectives The purpose of this study is to get the basic information from patients how much they understood about their medication and also to know whether patients are making reasonable drug choice between Health Functional Foods and Herbal medicine. Methods 500 questionnaires were handed out to the parents of students in two elementary schools located in OO, Junlabukdo province. 421 questionnaires were completed to be evaluated. Results Among 421 subjects, 53.0% were female, and 47.0% were male. The percentages of the subjects consuming Health Functional Foods and herbal medicine were67.7% and 67.8%, respectively. Among those people who consumed Health Functional Food, 44.1% were using nutritional supplements, red ginseng or ginseng products (26.9%), chlorella products (11.5%), and plum extract products (7.7%). As for the reason to consume Health Functional Foods were varied, but 'in order to be healthy, although currently displaying no illness.'(43.0%) were the most responses among the given choices. On the other hand, the reason for consuming herbal medicine was 'In order to grow taller'(26.1%), 'In order to cure weak physical state frequently displaying common illnesses',(25.9%), and 'In order to cure diseases.'(23.3%). For the questions about effectiveness after consumption,the 69.9% subjects said that it seemed to be effected, and that % was slightly higher than that of subjects with consuming Health Functional Foods(64.4%). For question concerning preferences between Health Functional Foods and herbal medicine, 57.5% chose herbal medicine, and this percentage was higher than that of Health Functional Foods(42.5%).As for the reasons of additional consumption of the Health Functional Foods, subject answered as 'Easy to consume.'(41,6%), which was the most common among the subjects consuming Health Functional Foods. On other hand, the subjects of herbal medicine answered as that herbal medicine is 'more effective'(45.7%), and 'more trustworthy in preventing side-effects.'(40.3%). After consumption of the herbal medication, only 3.9% of the subjects consuming either Health Functional Foods or herbal medicine had side-effects. The most common side-effects were 'dermal reaction' which is normally caused by Health Functional Foods and 'indigestion' problems caused by herbal consumption. Conclusions According to the 421 subjects those involved in study, the percentages of consuming Health Functional Foods(67.7%) and herbal medicine(67.8%) were similar. The most commonly consumed products were a type of Health Functional Foods which were the nutrition-supplying products. Ginseng or red ginseng products were the next commonly used products. Health Functional Foods were commonly consumed for preventing illness and maintaining health rather than any other purpose. In contrary, herbal medicines were more commonly consumed for purposes such as for growth or treating certain type of disease. As a result of consumption, more than half of both subject replied as 'satisfied'. As for the side effects, dermal reaction was the most common problem for those with consuming Health Functional Foods, while indigestion was the most common side effect from the subjects with consuming herbal medicine.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 2014

This study aims to evaluate the impact of varying exposure to dental amalgam on urinary mercury levels in children by measuring the number of amalgam-filled teeth and the variance of mercury concentration in urine over a period of 2 years. A total of 317 (male 158, female 159) elementary school children (1st~4th graders) attending 2 schools in urban regions participated in this study. At 6-month intervals, 4 oral examinations were conducted to check any variance in the conditions of dental caries and the status of dental fillings. Also, urine tests were conducted followed by a questionnaire survey. To elucidate the factors potentially affecting the mercury concentration in urine, t-test, ANOVA, chi-square test and a mixed model were used for the analysis. Regarding the status of dental fillings in line with examination time periods, deciduous teeth had more amalgam-filled surfaces than those filled with resin, whereas permanent teeth had more resin-filled surfaces than those filled with amalgam. A significant relevance was found between the exposure to dental amalgam and urinary mercury levels. Specifically, subjects whose teeth surfaces had been filled with dental amalgam showed higher urinary mercury levels than those who had no dental amalgam fillings. Based on the analysis using the mixed model, the increase in the number of teeth surfaces filled with amalgam was found to be the factor affecting the increase in urinary mercury levels. The urinary mercury levels were found to be highly associated with the exposure to dental amalgam. The more the teeth surfaces filled with amalgam, the higher the urinary mercury levels. Hence, even a trace of dental amalgam fillings can liberate mercury, affecting the variance in the urinary mercury levels. These findings suggest that some criteria or measures should be developed to minimize the exposure to dental amalgam. Moreover, relevant further studies are warranted.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.983-990
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to analyze the characteristics of menu items offered for school meals in the Daegu and Gyeongbuk area. A total of 538 menu items were collected from six schools (two elementary schools, two middle schools, and two high schools). There was a significant difference in food costs according to menu groups (p<0.001), with the highest food costs for meat and fish dishes (881.66 won) and the lowest cost for kimchi (114.50 won). The proportion of menu items using processed foods and with low operational efficiency were significantly higher in middle schools (p<0.01). In addition, menu items containing animal products were significantly higher in the non-traditional menu items in middle schools (p<0.001). Traditional menu items were less frequently cooked with oil (p<0.001) and processed foods (p<0.001), and their operational efficiency was higher (p<0.001). In conclusion, we found that traditional menu items in school meals were being offered with healthier ingredients and cooking methods, as well as a more efficient foodservice management, than non-traditional menu items.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.199-204
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the quality characteristics of noodles prepared with the addition of nanofiltered (NF) powder of sunmul. Noodles were prepared with different levels $(0\%,\;1.5\%,\;3\%\;and\;5\%,\;w/w)$ of NF powder and physico-chemical properties were examined. Results of rapid visco analyzer showed that peak, trough, final viscosity and set back decreased as the NF powder level increased. The weight and volume of cooked noodles increased with the addition of NF powder. Turbidity of soup also increased as the amount of NF powder increased, indicating higher cooking loss. The color of wet and cooked noodles became greenish yellow as the NF powder level increased. Hardness, springiness, gumminess and brittleness of cooked noodles decreased with the increasing amount of NF powder. Results of sensory evaluation showed that noodles prepared with up to $3\%$ addition of NF powder was considered to be as acceptable as noodles prepared without NF powder.