• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.95-106
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• 1998

This study aims to provide a better nursing service in the dimension of economizing time and human efforts. This is to present some basic knowledge necessary to improving a nursing quality in measuring body temperature by analyzing the contents that the objects experienced at the time of measure with tympanic thermometer and mercury thermometer Subjects of the survey consisted of 71 college students, 47 adult patients and 40 pediatric patients. The results were as follows : 1. The oral temperature by mercury thermometer and tympanic thermometer with oral mode was : $36.83^{\circ}C$ by mercury thermometer and $37.02^{\circ}C$ by tympanic thermometer in college students : it showed an significant difference statistically. 2. Comparsion between oral mode and rectal mode by tympanic thermometer in college students : $37.03^{\circ}C$ by oral mode and $37.55^{\circ}C$ by rectal mode and this defference was significant statistically 3. Comparision between rectal temperature by mercury thermometer and rectal mode of tympanic thermometer : $37.54^{\circ}C$ by mercury thermometer and $37.73^{\circ}C$ by tympanic thermometer, it showed a significant difference statistically. 4. Comparision between oral temperature by mercury thermometer and oral mode of tympanic thermometer of the pediatric patients : $36.51^{\circ}C$ by mercury temperature and $36.94^{\circ}C$ by tympanic thermometer, it showed a significant difference statistically. 5. Comparision between oral body temperature by mercury thermometer and oral mode of tympanic thermometer of the adult patients : $36.56^{\circ}C$ by mercury thermometer and $36.90^{\circ}C$ by tympanic thermometer, it did not show statistically any difference. 6. At the measure by mercury thermometer this data can classified In three main categorise : their feeling to a thermometer, thermometer itself and aspect physical of the clients. It is considered that an subjective experience to tympanic thermometer was more positive.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2005.07c
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• pp.2401-2403
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• 2005

MEMS를 기반으로 하는 써모파일은 여러 산업분야에 측정 센서로 각광받고 있다. 이러한 써모파일은 유속, 가스, 칼로리미터 및 비접촉식 체온계 등의 적외선 및 열 측정 소자로 사용되고 있다. 기존의 써모파일은 산화막/질화막/산화막이나 혹은 산화막/질화막의 공정을 사용하여 제작되며, 열전쌍은 지벡 계수가 큰 여러 가지 물질을 사용하여 제작되어 발표되고 있다. 그러나 본 논문에서는 저 스트레스 질화막을 사용하여 다이어프램을 제작하였다. 열전쌍은 인을 주입한 다결정 실리콘과 알루미늄을 직렬로 연결하여, 60쌍으로 제작하였고, 또한, 열접점의 열전쌍의 접합 모양을 변경하여 감도를 증가 시켰다. 소자의 기는 $3{\times}3mm$이고, 활성영역은 $1{\times}1mm$이다. 그리고 출력은 사람 체온인 $37^{\circ}C$일 때, 0.403mV의 출력전압을 보였다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 2017

As the Radiofrequency(RF) increases with the magnetic field strength, the wavelength of the RF excitation field becomes smaller, which leads to more the thermal effect in the human-body placed in the electric field. MRI scanner used was GE signa 1.5T, HDx 3.0T and Philips 3.0T with same routine clinical sequence protocol. Therefore temperature was measured before and after each scan. Taken the temperatures in the ear with ear infra-red type thermometer(Braun co). 3.0T were temperature increases more than $0.15^{\circ}C$ and GE 3.0T MRI equipment about $0.14^{\circ}C$ higher than the Philips 3.0T MRI(p<0.012). Psychogenic status was investigated by the survey respondents about their status can not just answer therefore, a little different from the expected. In our study of Thermal effect of clinical MRI with clinical protocol sequence, we found that the 3.0T in the body-temperature rise was greater than the 1.5T. Therefore, in clinical 3.0T examine the dangerous situation caused by the temperature rise occurred (burns, impaired thermoregulatory mechanism in patients with high-temperature damage, exhaustion occurs due to excessive sweating), not to appear the more watched the patient's condition with procedure.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.113-119
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• 1986

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.93-106
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• 1974

The purposes of this study are to identify the necessity of utilization of electric thermometer, to determine the difference of clinical thermometers to reach maximum or optimum temperature, and to determine the length of time necessary for temperature taking, with Fahrenheit thermometer, electric thermometer, Yu Ⅱ centigrade thermometer, and Kuk ll centigrade thermometer. The first and second comparative Experiments were' conducted from August 25 through September 30, 1973. In the first experiment, Fahrenheit thermometer, which had been accurately teated two times, and electric thermometer have been utilized. These two kinds of thermometers were inserted simultaneously under the central area of the tongue and the mouth kept closed while thermometers were in place. All temperature readings were done at one minute interval until leaching-maximum temperature. These procedures were repeated one hundred times and the data were-analyzed statistically by means of the t-test. In the second experiment, Fahrenheit thermometer, which had been accurately tested two. times, Yu Ⅱ centigrade thermometer, and Kuk Ⅱ centigrade thermometer have been utilized. These three kinds of thermometers were inserted simultaneously under the central area of the. tongue and the mouth kept closed while thermometer were in place. All temperature readings were done at one minute interval until reaching maximum temperature. These procedures were. repeated one hundred times and the data were analyzed statistically by means of the F-ratio Under the eight hypotheses designed for this study, the findings obtained are as follows: 1. There were no significant differences in the maximum temperature between Fahrenheit thermometer and electric thermometer. The mean maximum temperature for Fahrenheit thermometers was 37.06℃ and for electric thermometer was 37.09℃. 2. The placement time to reach maximum temperature taken by Fahrenheit thermometer was significantly shorter than that by electric thermometer. The mean placement time for Fahrenheit thermometers was 4.04 minutes, for electric thermometer was 5.52 minutes. In the case of Fahrenheit thermometers, 45 to 77 percent after 3 to 5 minutes, over 90 Percent after 7 minutes, and 100 percent after 10 minutes, had reached optimum temperature. When the electric thermometer was used, 23 to 54 percent after 3 to 5 minutes, over 90 percent after 9 minutes, and 100 percent after 12 minutes, had reached optimum temperature. 5. There ware no significant differences in the maximum temperature among Fahrenheit thermometer, Yu Ⅱ centigrade thermometer, and Kuk Ⅱ centigrade thermometer. The mean maximum temperature for Fahrenheit thermometers was 36.67℃, for Yu Ⅱ centigrade thermometer, was 33.73℃, and for Kuk Ⅱ centigrade thermometers was 37.76℃. 6. There were no significant differences in placement time to reach maximum temperature among Fahrenheit thermometer, Yu Ⅱ centigrade Thermometer, and Kuk Ⅱ centigrade thermometer. The mean placement time (or Fahrenheit thermometers was 7.77 minutes, for Yu Ⅱ centigrade thermometers was 7.25 minutes, and Kuk Ⅱ centigrade thermometers was 7.25 minutes. In the case of Fahrenheit thermometers, 8 to 24 percent after 3 to 5 minutes, over 90 percent after 11 minutes, and 100 percent after 13 minutes, had reached maximum temperature. When the Yu Ⅱ centigrade thermometer was used, 10 to 27 percent after 3 to 5 minutes, over 90 percent after 11 minutes, an8 103 percent after 13 minutes, had reached maximum temperature. When the Kuk Ⅱ centigrade thermometer was used, 11 to 27 Percent after 3 to 5 minutes, over 90 percent after 11 minutes, and 100 percent after 12 minutes, had reached maximum temperature. 7. There were no significant differences in the optimum temperature(the maximum temperature minus 0.1℃) among fahrenheit thermometer, Yu Ⅱcentigrade thermometer, and Kuk Ⅱ centigrade thermometer. The mean optimum temperature for Fahrenheit thermometers was 36.60℃, for Yu Ⅱ centigrade thermometers was 36.69℃, and Kuk Ⅱ centigrade thermometers was 36.69℃. 8. There were no significant differences in placement time to reach optimum temperature among Fahrenheit thermometer, Yu Ⅱ centigrade thermometer, and Kuk Ⅱ centigrade thermometer The mean placement time for Fahrenheit thermometers was 5.70 minutes, for Yu Ⅱ centigrade thermometers was 5.54 minutes, and for Kuk Ⅱ centigrade thermometers was 5.28 minutes. In the case of Fahrenheit thermometers, 21 to 49 percent after 3 to 5 minutes, over 90 percent after 9 minutes, and 100 percent after 12 minutes, had reached optimum temperature. When the Yu Ⅱ centigrade thermometer was used, 23 to 51 percent after 3 to 5 minutes over 90 percent after 10 minutes, and 100 percent after 12 minutes, had reached optimum temperature. When the Kuk Ⅱ centigrade Thermometer was used, 23 to 57 Percent after 3 to 5 minutes, over 90 percent after 9 minutes, and 100 Precent after 11 minutes, had reached optimum temperature.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.37 no.6C
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• pp.469-475
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• 2012

Increasing interest of life expectancy and health has made the u-health industry activating and the several international standard developing organizations(SDO) are dealing with u-health services and technologies. Among them, IEEE 11073 PHD(Personal Health Devices) Work Group is developing standards of personal health device communication for interoperability. There are many studies for introducing SDOs and analyzing the IEEE 11073-20601 standard. However, due to the rare study of PHD standards analysis, there are a lot of difficulties to utilize the standards. In this paper, present status of national and international SDOs including IEEE 11073 standards for PHD will be introduced. Moreover, device specialization standards such as thermometer, weighing scale, glucose meter, blood pressure monitor, electrocardiograph (ECG) etc.. will be analyzed based on the IEEE 11073-20601.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.424-433
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• 2012

Purpose: To investigate the accuracy, precision and validity of fever detection of tympanic membrane (TM), temporal artery (TA) and axillary temperature (AT) compared with pulmonary artery temperature (PA). Methods: Repeated-measures design was conducted for one year on 83 adult cardiac care unit patients with pulmonary artery catheters after open heart surgery. Sequential temperature measurements were taken three times at 20-minute intervals. Accuracy, precision, repeatability, and validity of fever detection were analyzed. Results: Mean pulmonary artery temperature was $37.04^{\circ}C$ (SD $0.70^{\circ}C$). The mean (SD) offsets from PA, with the mean reflecting accuracy and SD reflecting precision, were $-1.31^{\circ}C$ ($0.75^{\circ}C$) for TA, $-0.20^{\circ}C$ ($0.24^{\circ}C$) for TM, and $-0.97^{\circ}C$ ($0.64^{\circ}C$) for AT. Percentage of pairs with differences within ${\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$ was 9.6% for TA, 19.7% for AT, and 91.6% for TM. Repeated measurements with all three methods had mean SD values within $0.04^{\circ}C$. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of tympanic measurements were 0.76, 1.0, and 1.0, and 0.90, respectively. Conclusion: Results show that TM best reflects PA, and is most consistent, accurate, and precise. AT tends to underestimate PA, and TA is least accurate and precise. Therefore tympanic membrane measurement is a reliable alternative to other non-invasive methods of measuring temperatures.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.82-85
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• 2004

Flap monitoring is important for flap salvage. Although there are many methods to observe the flap, practical methods mostly used are subjective methods. Recording flap surface temperature is one of the objective methods of flap monitoring. We used an infra-red thermometer to simplify monitoring of the flap temperature. 60 groin flaps of SD rats are used in the experiment. Artificial arterial or venous insufficiency was made and the surface temperature was checked and compared with body temperature. In the results, the temperature of the arterial clamped flaps was lower than that of body and the mean difference was $0.3^{\circ}C$ after 20 minutes of clamping. In the vein-clamped flaps, the mean decrease was $0.4^{\circ}C$ after 30 minutes of clamping. The all difference of the temperature between the flaps and body was statistically significant. Our results suggest that flap monitoring by infra-red thermometer is simple, useful and helpful to evaluate the flap status.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Computer Information Conference
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• 2018.01a
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• pp.77-78
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• 2018

인터넷과 사물의 결합이 급속도로 진행되며 IoT(Internet of Things, 사물인터넷)의 활성화 역시 앞당겨지고 있다. 최근 IoT 기술 및 서비스와 관련하여 가정, 공장 등의 다양한 장소와 공기청정기, 체온계 등의 제품에도 IoT 기술이 접목된 서비스가 제공되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 일반목적의 IoT 허브인 R.Box의 센서 네트워크와 R.Box와 센서를 통제, 제어하며 데이터 저장과 간단한 통계를 확인할 수 있는 CMS(Content Management System) 기능을 하는 서버 구현에 대해 설명한다. R.Box는 라즈베리 파이를 이용해 제작되었으며 사용자는 서버에 접속해 R.Box와 센서의 정보, 측정된 값을 확인하고 수정, 삭제, 검색 등의 기능을 사용할 수 있다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2021.11a
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• pp.397-399
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• 2021

한의사의 복진을 모사하는 진단기기와 이를 이용하여 질환과 변증을 분류하는 알고리즘을 개발하는 연구가 진행되고 있다. 본 연구에서 적외선 체열 영상과 접촉식 온도계로부터 구성되는 복부 영역별 체열 영상 시스템을 제시하였고, 복부 영역의 절대 온도를 보정하는 방법을 살펴보았다. 접촉식 온도계를 활용해 추가로 복부표면 온도를 측정하였고, 동시에 열화상 카메라로도 영상을 촬영하여, 동일위치에서 열화상 영상의 온도값과 접촉식 체온계의 온도값을 비교해 전체 열화상 영상을 보정하였다. ICC 값이 0.96으로 나와 높은 재현성을 보였다.