• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.1
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• pp.127-133
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• 2008

This study was conducted to establish the optimal condition for plant regeneration and acclimatization from somatic embryos of Panax ginseng. Cotyledon segments of Panax ginseng produced primary and secondary somatic embryos when cultured on MS and WPM media supplemented with 7% sucrose. To induce plantlet conversion, cotyledonary somatic embryos were cultured on WPM solid medium with $GA_3$ at various concentrations (1~30 mg/L) for 4 weeks. Plantlets were transferred to 1/2 WPM solid medium with $GA_3$ at various concentrations (0~5 mg/L) and 0.5% activated charcoal for shoot and root elongations. Elongated plantlets further developed into well-developed leaf and root system on 1/3 SH medium with 0.5% activated charcoal under ventilation condition for 5 months. The highest survival rate to soil was 75% when plantlets were regenerated on 1/3 SH medium without sucrose under ventilation condition.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 1994

Immature zygotic embryos of five Korean soybean cultivars cultured on Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium supplemented with various concentrations of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) produced somatic embryos without forming an intervening callus. The highest frequency (up to 90%) of somatic embryo formation was obtained when zygotic embryos were cultlued on medium containing 1 to 2 mga 2, 0-D in four cultivars. However the frequency was highly variable to the cultivars. Transversely sliced primary somatic embryo halves were also capable of forming secondary embryos at frequencies of up to 70% when cultured on medium containing 0.1 to 1 mg/L 2,4-D. Somatic embryos formed on zygotic embryos cultured on medium containing 0.1 to 0.2 mg/L 2,4-D had two cotyledons more frequently than one horn-type cotyledon and those on medium containing 0.5 to 4mg/L 2,4-LD had a horm-type cotyledon at a prominently higher freequency. However somatic embryos on medium containing 10mg/L or higher concentrations of 2,4-D were usually shunted at the globular stage even after transfer to medium containing lower concentrations of 2,4-D or other growth regulators. non somatic embryos with one or two cotyledons or a hem-type cotyledon were transferred to medium containing $GA_3$, those with two cotyledons converted to plantlets at a higher frequency (25%) than the others.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.51-56
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• 1998

This study was carried out in order to establish plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis from leaf explant of Ostericum koreanum Kitagawa and to elucidate the effects of NAA and cytokinins (kinetin, BA) on the abnormalities of somatic embryo and the relationship between thecotyledon numberand germinability. Calli were formed on leaf explants cultured on MS agar medium supplemented with various concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2 mg/L) of NAA and cytokinins. The calli were white, watery and soft, became browning during cultures. Somatic embryos were formed from pale yellowish calli derived browning calli. High frequency somatic embryos were observed on MS medium containing 1 mg/L NAA and 0.1 mg/L BA after 60 days of culture. The mature somatic embryos germinated into plantlets without subculture after 2 weeks. The frequency of normal somatic embryo with two cotyledons was 39.8%. On the other hand, cotyledonary abnormalities of somatic embryos were observed at considerable frequency: 33.6% of somatic embryo with one cotyledon, 15.3% cotyledons with three, 8.2% four cotyledons and 3.1% jar shaped cotyledon. Germination frequency of somatic embryos with two cotyledons was 97.4%, and that of the embryos with abnormal cotyledon was almost similar to that of embryos with two cotyledons, except jar shaped somatic embryos (33.3%).

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Grassland Science Conference
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• 1999.06a
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• pp.73.1-73
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• 1999

알팔파의 하배축 (hypocotyl)으로부터 캘러스 유도 및 식물체 재분화를 위하여 2,4-D와 kinetin이 조합 처리된 MS배지에 조직을 치상하였을 때 4주 후 캘러스가 유도되었으며, 2,4-D 4 mg/$\ell$와 kinetin 0.1 mg/$\ell$ 그리고 2,4-D 4 mg/$\ell$와 kinetin 0.5mg/$\ell$ 조합에서 체세포배가 형성되었다 성숙한 체세포배를 MS기본배지로 계대배양하였을때 정상적인 식물체로 재분화 하였다. 이차체세포배 발생을 위하여 재분화된 기내식물의 자엽으로부터 이차캘러스를 유도하였다. 2,4-D의 농도에 따라 배발생캘러스의(중략)

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.137-142
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• 2000

Calli were induced from the explants of infloresence, petiole and leaf blade of Cnidium officinale on MS medium with 2.4-D, while embryogenic callus was induced only from inflorescence explants. Somatic embryos of 78 per explant were formed during subculture of the explants on medium without 2.4-D after culture on medium with 2 mg/L 2.4-D. Cotyledonary variation, cup-shaped cotyledon of 49% and other abnormal cotyledons of 13.5 % was observed on the somatic embryos. However this variation could be overcomed by the addition of activated charcoal onto culture medium. Somatic embryos at cotyledonary stage germinated on MS basal medium but the germination rate was very poor, blow 50 %. Somatic embryos on the medium with activated charcoal showed improved germinaton.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.100 no.3
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• pp.449-454
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• 2011

This experiment was conducted to evaluate growth rate among 15 embryogenic tissue lines (ETLs), comparison of maturation on somatic embryos (SEs) with 13 ETLs and efficiency with various concentrations of gelrite on SEs germination in Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora). In comparison of ETLs growth rate (folds) with 15 lines, the 05-4 line (5.3 folds) showed the highest rate, on the other hand, the lowest one was recorded in the line of 05-37 (1.4 folds). The 13 ETLs were tested for the extent of SEs production. The best production was recorded in the line of 05-4 (39.8/90 mg F.W.). However, most of ETLs, except 5 lines (05-4, 12, 21, 29 and 37), did not produce SEs at all, therefore, big differences in the ability of SEs production existed among the ETLs tested. Effects of various gelrite concentrations for SEs germination with 3 ETLs were also compared. The highest result was obtained from 0.2% gelrite concentration with 05-4 line (47.3%), there was a inclination that the rate of germination was gradually declined over 0.2% gelrite concentration with the 05-4 and 29 lines. respectively. In contrast, in the line of 05-37, no SEs germination occurred on medium with 0.1 or 0.2% gelrite. In conclusion, the growth rate, SEs production and germination frequency were appeared to deeply depended on the ETLs.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.345-349
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• 1997

Somatic embryos were induced through embryogenic callus derived from immature zygotic embryo culture of native Prunus yedoensis in Mt. Halla and regenerated into plantlets successfully. Embryogenic callus was induced most effectively on MS medium with 1.0 mg/L 2, 4-D and 0.1 mg/L BAP at an efficiency of approximately 60% using 45 day-old zygotic embryos after full blooming. Globular somatic embryos were induced from embryogenic callus on MS medium with 1.0 mg/L 2, 4-D and 0.1 mg/L BAP and these globular embryos developed to heart-shaped and cotyledonary embryos on hormone-free MS medium. Normal somatic embryos germinated 49% on 1/2 MS medium and the plants regenerated from the somatic embryos were morphologically normal.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.186-190
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• 2011

This study was conducted to evaluate effects of various kinds or concentrations in abscisic acid (ABA), reduced nitrogen sources (casein hydrolysate, casamino acid and L-glutamine) and osmoticum for production of somatic embryos (SEs) from pro-embryogenic mass (PEM) in yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera). In comparison of various concentrations of ABA, the highest number (640/10 mg PEM) of SEs was marked in the treatment of 0.5 mg/L. With higher concentration than 0.5 mg/L ABA, number of induced SEs were decreased. And the lowest number of SEs were obtained from the treatment of 20 mg/L ABA. Differences of 8 treatments of the nitrogen sources in the medium were also compared. In the experiment of 8 treatments for SEs production, the highest result showed in the treatment of 500 mg/L casamino acid (223/5 mg PEM). In comparison of different kinds/concentrations of osmotica for SEs induction, the best response was obtained from the treatment of 4% sucrose (317/5 mg PEM). In contrast, no SEs were found from the treatments supplemented with any concentrations of maltose.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.133-138
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• 1999

The structure of shoot apex in zygotic and somatic embryos of Daucus carota L. cv. Hongshim was observed by using SEM and longitudinal sections. Shoot apex of zygotic embryo was of an inverted boat shape, and these of two, three and four cotyledon somatic embryos were of an inverted boat shape, a pyramid shape and a convex diamond shape, respectively. In zygotic embryo shoot apex is consisted of small cells which are arranged in layers (tunica) and show corpus in central region. In somatic embryos shoot apices are consisted of somewhat large cells which are arranged in irregularly or slight regularly.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.7-10
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• 1999

The effects of storage temperature and periods as pretreatments on direct somatic embryogenesis or shoot development in liquid culture of leaves, stems and petioles of Rehmannia glutinosa and Scrophularia buergeriana were investigated. Proper storage Temperature for Rehmannia glutinosa was $8^{\circ}C$ and the leaf stock could be stored up to 12 weeks. In Scrophularia buergerjana. shoots were developed from the 20 week-stored petiole and stem at $8^{\circ}C$. In general, $8^{\circ}C$ was considered the most effective storage temperature in terms of storage cost.