• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.163-178
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• 2023

This study was conducted to understand the vegetation characteristics of Cheongwansan Provincial Park through the analysis of the plant community structure and to build data necessary for the continuous management and protection of Cheongwansan Provincial Park. The TWINSPAN and DCS analyses of the plant community structure of 63 survey districts in Cheongwansan Provincial Park identified eight colonies, including Cryptomeria japonica Community (I), Chamaecyparis obtusa-Pinus densiflora Commuity (II), P. rigida-P. densiflora Community (III), mixed coniferous and broad-leaved Community (IV), P. densiflora Community (V), deciduous broad-leaved such as Quercus spp. Community (VI), Q. mongolica-P. densiflora Community (VII) and P. thunbergii Community (VIII). The colonies can be grouped into afforestation communities (I, II, and III) dominated by C. obtusa, C. japonica, and P. rigida and natural forest communities (IV, V, VI, VII, and VIII) dominated by native species. Although Cheongwansan Provincial Park is a provincial park area that can represent natural ecosystems and landscapes, the rate of artificial forests is higher than that of other provincial parks. Most of the artificial forest communities are expected to maintain their current state, but since native species such as Machilus thunbergii, Neolitsea sericea, and deciduous broad-leaved, which are warm-temperate trees introduced through surrounding natural forests, appear in the lower layer, it is determined that it is possible to induce succession to natural forests suitable for climatic characteristics through management, and monitoring for continuous management is also necessary. Deciduous broad-leaved such as Quercus spp. Copete with P. densiflora in most natural forest communities. The vegetation series in the warm-temperate region of Korea appears to be in the early stages, and it is believed that the succession to Q. serrata or Q. mongolica, which appears next to coniferous in the series, is in progress. However, M. thunbergii and N. sericea, which appear in the middle stage of the succession in the warm-temperate region, have started to appear, and since Jangheung-gun belongs to the warm-temperate region considering the climate characteristics, the eventual succession to the warm-temperate forests dominated by evergreen broad-leaved is also expected. In this study, we built vegetation data from Cheongwansan Provincial Park, which lacks research on vegetation. However, since vegetation research in Cheongwansan Provincial Park is still insufficient, it is believed that further research should be continuously conducted to establish forest vegetation data and observe vegetation changes.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.47-56
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• 2017

This study investigates the spatial and temporal variations of moth diversity of Bulgapsan Mountain, Younggwang, Jeonnam. Moth collecting was carried out using a UV light trap at three different sites from February to October 2016 (5 times). A total of 177 moth species and 911 individuals in 17 families were identified. The family Geometridae (51 species and 282 individuals) was the most dominant in the numbers of species and individuals, followed by Erebidae (46 species, 248 individuals), Noctuidae (34 species, 219 individuals) and others. Seasonal change of the number of species and individuals showed a M-shaped pattern with May and July peaks. The Chao 1 estimated number of species using the observed species was 224~326 species, but the graph did not reach an asymptote. Among the surveyed sites, the Neolitsea sericea community showed the highest numbers of species and individuals.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.82-92
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• 2007

The purposes of this study were to classify community and to analyzse vegetation-environment relationships in the forest community of Ulleung Island. The forest community of Ulleung Island was classified into Pinus thunbergii community, Pinus densiflora community, Neolitsea sericea community, Pinus parviflora community, and Fagus multinervis - Sorbus commixta community. Since the results of phytosociological community classification were consistent with that of TWINSPAN, it proved that these two methods could complement when one does a community classification. There was a difference in chemical characteristic of soil among study communities. The community had high soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorous, and cation exchange capacity compared to forest soil of Korea. The soil pH ranged from 4.66 to 5.80. The soil texture in the study communities was loam or sandy loam. According to the ordination analysis, elevation, exchangeable Na, K, Ca, Mg, soil pH, and content of sand and silt affect the distribution of community.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.77-96
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• 2018

We investigated and analyzed three Korean island sites (Bijin-do, Ae-do, and Bogil-do) and one Japanese site (Tachibanayama) of sword-leaf litsea (Actinodaphne lancifolia) forests, known as the climax forest, to discuss the vegetation succession sere of warm-temperature evergreen broad-leaved forests. We then reviewed the literature in Korea, Japan, China, and Taiwan to consider the distribution characteristics of evergreen broad-leaved forests, vegetation succession sere, and climax tree species. Although Mt. Tachibana and Ae-do showed the most advanced vegetation structure, the soil and ordination (CCA) analysis indicated that it was not enough to consider that the sword-leaf litsea forest was at the climax stage in the warm-temperature region. The Actinodaphne lancifolia forest is sparsely distributed in Korea and Japan while the common types of vegetation in the warm temperate zone region in East Asia are Machilus spp., Castanopsis spp., and Cyclobalanopsis spp. The vegetation succession sere of the Korean warm-temperature region is thought to have a secondary succession such as Pinus thunbergii, P. densiflora, Q. serrata (early stage) through Machilus thunbergii, innamomum yabunikkei, Neolitsea sericea, Actinodaphne lancifolia (middle stage) to Castanopsis sieboldii, Q. acuta, Q. salicina (climax stage). However, Machilus thunbergii will be the climax species as an edaphic climax in places where there is a strong influence of the sea wind, or it is difficult to supply the seeds of Castanopsis spp. and Cyclobalanopsis spp.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.31-40
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• 2010

This study was carried out to offer a basis data for conservation and application of effective management of Camellia japonica stand in Hakdong, Geoje Island. Field survey was conducted at C. japonica stand, mixed stand, Chamaecyparis obtusa plantation, and Pinus thunbergii stand. Importance value of C. japonica at tree layer was highest in C. japonica stand and mixed stand, and that of C. obtusa and P. thunbergii were highest in C. obtusa plantation and P. thunbergii stand, respectively. At subtree layer, C. japonica, Callicarpa dichotoma, Neolitses serices, and Styrax japonica had the highest importance value in C. japonica stand, mixed stand, C. obtusa plantation, and P. thunbergii stand, respectively. The species diversity ranged from 0.121 to 1.589 in C. japonica stand, 0.543 to 1.540 in mixed stand, 0.276 to 1.321 in C. obtusa plantation, and 0.764 to 1.523 in P. thunbergii stand, respectively. Soil pH was 5.72 in C. japonica stand, 5.26 in mixed stand, 5.21 in C. obtusa plantation, and 5.32 in P. thunbergii stand. The content of organic matter and total N were 5.77, 0.48% in C. japonica stand, 4.41, 0.30% in mixed stand, 3.28, 0.33% in C. obtusa plantation, and 5.32, 0.28% in P. thunbergii stand.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.27-37
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• 2010

This study was carried out to offer the basic information on ecological succession of evergreen broad-leaved forest through understanding of ecological characteristics of forest community by distance from Camellia japonica stand. Importance value of C. japonica at tree layer was highest in site I and those of Pinus densiflora and P. thunbergii were highest in site II, III and IV. At subtree layer, the importance value of C. japonica was highest in site I while Neolitsea sericea and Styrax japonica had the highest importance value in site II, III, and IV. In all sites, species diversity ranged from 0.121 to 0.515 and 1.112 to 1.589 at tree layer and subtree layer respectively. Evenness ranged from 0.811 to 0.930 at subtree layer, 0.796 to 0.913 at shrub layer and 0.155 to 0.727 at tree layer, this indicates that distribution pattern by species is more uniform at subtree and shrub layer than at tree layer. Soil pH was highest as 5.72 at site I. Contents of total N, organic matter and available P were higher at site I than other sites.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.52-63
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• 2019

This study analyzed the characteristics of vegetation structure of the camphor tree (Cinnamomum japonicum) community in the area of mount Tachibana, Kasuya county, Fukuoka Prefecture designated as a special natural monument in Japan. The survey showed overwhelming dominance of canopy tree in the canopy layer (about 30 m in tree heights and 92.79 cm in average breast height diameter) but no appearance in the understory layer or the shrub layer. In the understory layer and the shrub layer, Castanopsis sieboldii, Machilus thunbergii, Neolitsea sericea, and Cinnamomum yabunikkei, which were the competing species to the canopy layer and the late-successional species in the warm temperate climate zone, were mainly distributed. Moreover, the species diversity was generally low, indicating the vegetation characteristics that was not typical of evergreen broad-leaved forests. This is presumably because camphor trees were actively planted, protected, and cultivated to produce camphor which was valuable in the past. Although this site has not been artificially managed for the past 90 years as the raw materials of camphor have not been collected, vegetation transition did not proceed, which is unique. It is probably due to the fact that camphor was overwhelmingly dominant in the canopy layer so that the inflows of species were restricted, and young tree germination did not occur due to the allelopathy effects of camphor trees.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.87-101
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• 2022

This study analyzed changes in the vegetation structure of 16 permanent plots (experimental and control) installed in Wando Arboretum in 1996 to monitor the long-term change process of evergreen broad-leaved forests in warm temperate. Especially, this study discusses the effects of trial treatment (selection cutting and plant introduction), introduced as a restoration technique in 1996, on vegetation development. In communities dominated by Quercus acuta in the canopy (permanent plots 1 through 3), this species's mean important percentage (MIP) decreased, and the evergreen broad-leaved species was introduced from outside increased, likely to change the vegetation structure in the future. The expansion of the evergreen broad-leaved species group was also confirmed in Q. acuta-deciduous broad-leaved forests (permanent plots 5 and 7) and Pinus densifloraforests (permanent plots 9 and 10). In the experimental plots where thinning was carried out, the zoochory (the dispersal of seeds by birds), Cinnamomum yabunikkei, Neolitsea sericea, Machilus thunbergii, etc., and the expansion of the influence of evergreen broad-leaved species were remarkable, so it is considered to have effectively promoted the vegetation development in warm temperate forests. Although evergreen broad-leaved species were planted in the experimental plot to change vegetation structure, it seems the effect on the change was weak due to the small amount of planting. Compared to other vegetation types, the change in the vegetative structure of the pine forest to an evergreen broad-leaved forest was clear due to the decline of P. densiflora and P. thunbergii.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.117-129
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• 2010

The vascular plants of the 15 sites of Taeanhaean National Park were identified as 493 taxa; 117 families, 326 genera, 436 species, 49 varieties, 6 form, 2 hybrids. The National Park area includes coastal areas and islands, these islands reflects well the floristic characteristics of coastal area and transition area of the middle province and the southern province. The study revealed that Ficus erecta Thunb., Machilus thunbergii S. et Z., Neolitsea sericea (Bl.) Koidz. and Eurya japonica Thunb. etc. were the mainly distributed species in the southern area while Rosa rugosa Thunb., Carex kobomugi Ohwi and Elymus mollis Trin., etc. were mainly distributed species over the coastal dune area. Deciduous and evergreens broad-leaved trees like Acer palmatum Thunb. ex. Murray, Euonymus japonica Thunb. and Camellia japonica L., etc. were all together distributed in Taeanhaean National Park. There are no any Endangered species designated by The Ministry of Environment were not found. The floristic special plants were recorded to a total of 53 taxa; that is, class I species (41 taxa) were containing as Vitex rotundifolia L. Fil., Arisaema heterophyllum Bl. and Arisaema ringins (Thunb.) Schott, etc, class II species (1 taxon) were Iris ensata var. spontanea (Makino) Nakai, class III species (7 taxa) were containing; Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm., Salsola collina Pall. and Daphniphyllum macropodum Miq., etc, class IV species (1 taxon) were Angelica japonica A. Gray, class V species (1 taxon) were Utricularia vulgaris var. japonica (Makino) Tamura. The naturalized plants were identified a total of 52 taxa; 17 families, 44 genera, 51 species, 1 form; Solanum carolinense L., Phytolacca americana L. and Oenothera odorata Jacq., etc. Among them the ecosystem disturbance wild animals·plants was identified as Solanum carolinense L. Hypochoeris radicata L. and Solidago altissima L. The study suggests that these areas require management such as physical remove of this ecosystem disturbance field plants.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.651-661
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• 2022

Plants social network analysis, which combines plants society and social network analyses, is a new research method for understanding plants society. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between species, using plant social network analysis targeting Taejongdae in Busan, and build basic data for management. Taejongdae, located in the warm temperate forest in Korea, is a representative coastal forest of Busan Metropolitan City, and the Pinus thunbergii-Eurya japonicacommunity is widely distributed. This study set up 100 quadrats (size of 100m²each) in Taejongdae to investigate the species that emerged and analyzed the interspecies association focusing on major species. Based on the results, a sociogram was created using the Gephi 0.9.2, and the network centrality and structure were analyzed. The results showed that the frequency of appearance was high in the order of P. thunbergii, E. japonica, Quercus serrata, Sorbus alnifolia, Ligustrum japonicum, and Styrax japonicusand that many evergreen broad-leaved trees appeared due to the environmental characteristics of the site. The plants social network of Taejongdae was composed of a small-scale network with 50 nodes and 172 links and was divided into 4 groups through modularization. The succession sere identified through a sociogram confirmed that the group that include P. thunbergiiand E. japonicawould progress to a deciduous broadleaf community dominated by Q. serrataand Carpinus tschonoskii, using hub nodes such as Prunus serrulataf. spontaneaand Toxicodendron trichocarpum. Another succession sere was highly likely to progress to an evergreen broad-leaved community dominated by Machilus thunbergiiand Neolitsea sericea, using M. thunbergiias a medium. In some areas, a transition to a deciduous broad-leaved community dominated by Celtis sinensis, Q. variabilisand Zelkova serratausing Lindera obtusilobaand C. sinensisas hub nodes was expected.