• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.20 no.1 s.26
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• pp.39-50
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• 2006

Jeonjangri site of Geochang area is located in the Geochang Basin, and lies on the river terrace of upstream part of Hwang River. Fluvial deposits are well distributed at the northern and southern walls of trench 2(district 2) in the Jeonjangri archeological site. This study aims to interpret the occurrences of fluvial sedimentary deposits on the basis of grain size analysis and palynological analysis in the representative sections of Jeongjangri site. The sedimentary profile shows that the upper units are typified by paleosols with soil wedge formed at about $25,000{\sim}30,000yr$ B.P, and the lower units are characterized by reddish brown muddy sands, organic muds and sand/gravel downwards in the profile. Particularly palynological study on the organic muds of southern wall section showed a result that lower unit is dominant with grass vegetation, and upper unit with Alnus-Quercus-Pinus vegetation. The former is interpreted to be formed at $60,000{\sim}50,000yr$ B.P (stadial), while the latter at $80,000{\sim}70,000yr$ B.P. In general broad-leaved/coniferous mixed forests are mostly dominant in Jeongjangri site and the climate was presumed to be cool temperate at that time.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.66-69
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• 2012

Five strains out of 200 candidate strains (SG 1-9, 1-12, SG 2-8, 2-10, and 2-17) were selected to determine their antifungal activity against Raffaelea quercus-mongolicae. The 16S rDNA sequences of the five strains were determined by sequencing analysis and analyzed by the homology of the blast program at NCBI. The homology search showed that SG 1-9 and 1-12 had a 98% homology with Streptomyces cinnamoneus and 98% homology with Burkholderia cepacia, while SG 2-8, 2-10, and 2-17 had a 99% homology with Streptomyces fradiae, a 97% homology with Staphylococcus epidermidis, and a 99% homology with Staphylococcus epidermidis. Out of the five selected strains, organic extract and protein extracts of SG2-17 strain broth were employed to determine antifungal activity against Raffaelea quercus-mongolicae. The organic extract exhibited antifungal activity, but the protein extracts did not demonstrate such an activity. Three organic solvents, butanol, benzene, and ethyl acetate, were also used for determination of antifungal activities. The activity measurements revealed that benzene extract possessed the greatest inhibitory effect on the growth of Raffaelea quercus-mongolicae, with the next highest being butanol extract, and ethyl acetate extract being the lowest.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.296-304
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• 2017

In order to predict about forest fire behavior we constructed a database for combustion characteristic of forest fuels in Samcheok, Gangwon-do and prepared fire risk map and fire risk rating using GIS method in this study. For the mapping autoignition temperature, ignition time, flame duration time, total heat release and total smoke release are selected as the standardized parameters and the overall risk rating was made up of the ignition risk parameters(autoignition temperature, ignition time) and the spread risk parameters(flame duration time, total heat release, total smoke release). Forest fire risk was classified into 5 grades and lower grade of fire risk rating mean to correspond to more dangerous forest fire. As a result, the overall risk rating of Samcheok was classified into three grades from 1 to 3 and Nogok-myeon and Miro-myeon were turned out the most dangerous areas for forest fire. Because of the colony of pine and oak trees and the higher fire loads, the flame propagation will be carried out quickly in these areas.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.109-114
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• 2011

A breeding population of Quercus glauca has been established via simple direct selection. Seedlings from naturally crossed seeds of 35 selected families growing in Jeju Island were placed using stroll repeated planting into two experimental forest located at Hannam and Sanghyo in Jeju. After 3 years of planting, characteristics of growth were examined. Growth pattern of trees in Sanghyo was better than those in Hannam. The average heights of filial were 66.8 cm in Hannam and 92.5 cm in Sanghyo. Root collar diameters of filial in Hannam and Sanghyo were 9.3 mm and 12.2 mm, respectively. A great weather differences especially in precipitation and temperature were shown between two test sites. The result of difference of growth pattern between two sites could be useful in provenance adaptability test. Data within families and individuals obtained from this study was also useful for establishment of seed orchard of Q. glauca.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.35 no.6_2
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• pp.1037-1052
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• 2019

We had developed in preceding study a classification model for the Korean pine and Larch with an accuracy of 98 percent using Hyperion and Sentinel-2 satellite images, texture information, and geometric information as the first step for tree species mapping in the inaccessible North Korea. Considering a share of major tree species in North Korea, the classification model needs to be expanded as it has a large share of Oak(29.5%), Pine (12.7%), Fir (8.2%), and as well as Larch (17.5%) and Korean pine (5.8%). In order to classify 5 major tree species, national forest type map of South Korea was used to build 11,039 training and 2,330 validation data. Sentinel-2 data was used to derive spectral information, and PlanetScope data was used to generate texture information. Geometric information was built from SRTM DEM data. As a machine learning algorithm, Random forest was used. As a result, the overall accuracy of classification was 80% with 0.80 kappa statistics. Based on the training data and the classification model constructed through this study, we will extend the application to Mt. Baekdu and North and South Goseong areas to confirm the applicability of tree species classification on the Korean Peninsula.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.79 no.2
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• pp.173-186
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• 1990

To investigate the structure of the plant community of Soribong area in Kwangnung forest, forty-six plots were set up by the clumped sampling method. The classification by TWINSPAN and four kinds of multivariate ordination(PO, PCA, RA, DCA) were applied to the study area in order to classify them into several groups based on woody plants and environmental variables. The classification had been successfully overlayed on an ordination of the same data using DCA. The plots can be classified into four groups by TWINSPAN and DCA. The successional trends of tree species by both techniques seem to be from Pinus densiflora through Quercus mongolica, Q. serrata, Q. aliena, Carpinus laxiflora, Sorbus alnifolia to C. cordata, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Cornus controversa in the canopy layer, and from Rhododendron mucronulatum, Rhus triohocarpa, Lespeoleza cyrtobotrya, Weigela subsessilis through Corylus sieboldiana, Lindera obtusiloba to Slaphylea bumalda, Callicarpa japonica, Lonicera maackii in the understory layer. As a result of the analysis for the relationship between the stand scores of DCA and environmental variables, they had a tendancy to increase significantly from the P. densiflora community to C. cordata community that was soil pH and the amount of humus, total nitrogen and exchangeable cations.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.552-564
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate vegetation characteristics of evergreen broad-leaved forests in the area of Duryunsan Provincial Park, where the deciduous broad-leaved trees and evergreen broad-leaved trees are mixed and thus had a high botanical value. To investigate the vegetation characteristics, we installed 40 quadrats with an area of $100m^2$ each for survey and analysis. Haenam-gun, where the Duryunsan Provincial Park is located, is a warm-temperate forest region. The meteorological data for the past 40 years showed a coldness index of $-8^{\circ}C$, a monthly warmth index of $109.2^{\circ}C$, and annual mean precipitation of 1,310.5mm, indicating it is an ideal habitat for the distribution of evergreen broad-leaved forest. The results of community classification based on TWINSPAN showed three categories of vegetation communities in the surveyed region: Quercus acuta community-I, Q. acuta community-II, and Neolitsea sericea-Aphananthe aspera community. In the evergreen broad-leaved forest in the Duryunsan Provincial Park, Q. acuta dominant in the canopy were expanding their presence in the understory. In addition to the Q. acuta, N. sericea and Cinnamomum yabunikkei, which are evergreen broad-leaved trees of the canopy, were found in all layers. The deciduous broad-leaved trees such as Q. variabilis, Q. serrata, and Carpinus tschonoskii were culled, and the transition to Q. acuta evergreen broad-leaved trees was ongoing. N. sericea community appeared locally. The species diversity index of N. sericea-A. aspera community was lower at 1.0798 than that of Q. acuta Community-I at 1.3208 and Q. acuta Community-II at 1.4916.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.375-382
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• 2007

The vascular plants of the studied area in the Mt. Seokbul appeared to be 342 taxa; 96 families, 249 genera, 293 species, 2 subspecies, 43 varieties and 3 forms and 1 cultivar. Based on the list of the rare plants by the Forest Research Institute, 2 taxa existed in the studied areas; Lloydia triflora(Preservation priority order; No. 169), Aristolochia contorta(No. 151) and based on the list of Korean endemic plants, 7 taxa existed; Cephalotaxus koreana, Carex okamotoi, Populus tomentiglandulosa(Planted species), Indigofera koreana, Weigela subsessilis. Rhododendron yedoense var. poukhanense, Forsythia koreana (Planted species). Specific plant species by floral region were total 18 taxa; Wistaria floribunda(Planted species) in class IV, Lloydia triflora, Acer palmatum in class III, 15 taxa (Cephalotaxus koreana, Quercus variabilis, Ulmus parvifolia, Aristolochia contorta, Pyrus ussuriensis, etc.) in class I. The naturalized plants in this site were 11 families, 26 genera, 32 species, 2 varieties, 34 taxa, and naturalization rate was 9.9% of all 342 taxa vascular plants. The plant communities in the Mt. Seokbul were classified as; Pinus densiflora community(No. 1, 3, 4) and Pinus thunbergii community(No.2).

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.451-460
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• 2007

This study was carried out to construct the data base for biodiversity conservation, and offer the raw data for obtaining the genetic resources. The vascular plants were summarized as 306 taxa; 79 families, 199 genera, 266 species, 35 varieties and 5 forma. The Korean endemic plants were 7 taxa; Salix caprea, S. purpurea var. japonica, Deuitzia coreana, Akebia quinata var. plyphylla, Spiraea prunifolia for. simpiciflora, Lonicera subsessilis and Weigela subsessilis. The naturalized plants were 16 taxa; Dactylis glomerata, Rumex acetocella, R. crispus, Phytolacca esculenta, Tlaspi arvense, Robinia pseudo-acacia, Trifolium repens, Ailanthus altissima, Oenothera lamarckiana, Veronica persica, Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior, Erigeron annuus, Erigeron canadensis, Bidens frondosa, Taraxacum officinale and Sonchus asper. The specific plants by floristic region were 26 taxa; Chloranthus japonica, Populus davidiana, and so forth.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.176-183
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• 2021

In this study, the anti-inflammatory activity of an extract of the fruiting body of the Tuber himalayense (TH) truffle collected from oak growing areas in Korea was investigated. The extract was not cytotoxic at concentrations below 100 ㎍/mL in an experiment evaluating inflammation inhibitory effect in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE₂) production was inhibited by the extract in a concentration-dependent manner. Western blot assay results indicated that the anti-inflammatory activity of TH extract was likely caused by the reduced production of NO and PGE₂ via suppression of induced NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression. In addition, TH extract effectively inhibited the production of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 by macrophages. Thus, TH extract effectively inhibits the overexpression of various inflammatory mediators and could be valuable in formulating anti-inflammatory foods and medicines that target these components.