• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2014

This study was performed with electrolysis treatment method for improving anaerobic digestion gas production efficiency in a sewage sludge, thereby confirmed in anaerobic digestion production and denitrification effect. As a result, solubilization was increased by increasing treatment time of electrolysis and current density, also showed to be 9.02% with 10 mA/cm2 of current density in 4 mm electrode distance. Based on the results of BMP test used the above experiment, methane production was 0.49 L CH4/g VS, and increased by 88.4% compared with control groups. As for the results of denitrification using the sewage sludge treated with the same conditions, denitrification rate appeared $19.2mg\;NO_3{^{-}}N/g\;MLVSS{\cdot}hr$, and through the sewage sludge treated with electrolysis, it can be applied to anaerobic digestion and denitrification process by increasing biodegradation.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.30-38
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• 2010

This study was conducted to determine the potential applicability of slowly released molasses (SRM) to treat nitratecontaminated groundwater. SRM was made by dispersing molasses in hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose-silicamicrocrystalline cellulose matrix. Column test indicated that SRM could continuously release molasses with slowly decreasing release rates of $64.6mg-COD/L{\cdot}h$ up to 65 hrs, $12.1mg-COD/L{\cdot}h$ up to 215 hrs, and $4.4mg-COD/L{\cdot}h$up to 361 hrs. A batch test using an isolated indigenous heterotrophic denitrifier Pseudomonas sp. KY1 having nitrite reductase (nirK) and liquid molasses demonstrated that the bacterium decreased 100 mg-N/L of nitrate to less than 10 mg-N/L at the C/N ratio of 10/1 in 48 hours. In a Pseudomonas sp. KY1-attached Ottawa sand column which continuously received molasses from a SRM-containing reservoir, the bacterium successfully removed nitrate from 20 mg-N/L to 3 mg-N/L during the 361 hours of column operation. The results showed the possibility that SRM can be used as a reliable, longterm extra carbon source for indigenous heterotrophic denitrifiers.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.268-275
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• 1999

Rhodopseudomonas sp. was immobilized in three supports(agar, k-carrageenan, and PVA) in order to remove nitrate in wastewater coming from fish farm. Among them 3% agar was the most suitable support when denitrification rate and bead durability were tested. Optimum bead size was 4mm-diameter when the substrate transfer into the bead and shear stress for bead were considered, and optimum cell loading was 25mg dry $cells/cm^2$gel gel. Ethanol was the best as a carbon source, and optimum C:N ratio, temperature and pH were 1.5:1, $31^{\circ}C$,, and 6, respectively. Under these conditions the maximum denitrification rate in synthetic wastewater was $$345{\MU}{\ell};N_2/Cm^3 gel{\cdot}hr;and that in modified MYC medium was 450{\MU}{\ell}};N_2/Cm^3 gel{\cdot}hr $$.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.38-46
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• 2012

This study carried out current status, characteristics, and problems of coastal environment management on semi-enclosed Masan Bay in Korea and suggests cost-effective and eco-friendly water quality management policy. The pollutants from terrestrial sources into the Bay have apparently environmental pollution problems, such as eutrophication, red tide, and hypoxia. The carrying capacity of the Bay is estimated by hydrodynamic model and ecosystem model, material circulation including bivalve in ecosystem is analyzed by the growth model of bivalve. The resulting reduction in the input load was found to be 50~90%, which is unrealistic. When the efficiency of water quality improvement through bivalve farming was assessed based on the autochthonous COD, 30.7% of the total COD was allochthonous COD and 69.3% was autochthonous COD. The overall autochthonous COD reduction rate by bivalve aquaculture farm was found to be about 6.7%. This study indicate that bivalve farming is about 31% less expensive than advanced treatment facilities that remove both nitrogen and phosphorous.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.63-70
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• 2015

An inter-laboratory comparison campaign on nutrient analysis in seawater was carried out in 2010. Sets of three sterilized seawater samples (Bottle 130, 131, 132) which have enough homogeneity and stability were distributed to 10 laboratories. Participants analyzed the nutrients in their own laboratories (nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, and silicate) at least 5 times and reported the results. Statistical treatments were applied to the results to assess the precision for each laboratory and the discrepancy among laboratories. Most laboratories show within 10% of precision in all nutrient results. Degrees of scattering described as discrepancy among laboratories and relative percent difference values were 4~63% and 0.04~2217%, respectively. The statistical analysis shows that the difference among the laboratories may due to the systematic error rather than random error. When the results were corrected by the results of bottle 130 as a reference material, the degrees of scattering and the relative percent difference were improved significantly. As a result, since most participants show satisfactory precision for nutrient analyses, a use of reference materials which have homogeneity and stability was strongly recommended to improve the comparability of nutrient data.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.149-154
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• 1985

Removal of water pollutants by water hyacinth was examined with two nutrients, $NO_3$-N, $PO_4$-P and four heavy metals, Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr under laboratory conditions. $NO_3$-N was reduced to 0.7, 0.9 and 1.2 ppm, and 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 ppm in $NO_4$-P from 10, 25 and 50 ppm 3 days after treatment, respectively. Among heavy metals Cu and Pb were removed faster and higher than Cd and Cr and also amount of heavy metals absorbed by water hyacinth was higher in the order of Cu > Pb > Cr > Cd. Distribution of heavy metals in this plant was higher in roots than in leaves and amount absorbed in roots was related to the treated concentrations. The harmful effect on growth of water hyacinth was observed in Cu and Cd.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2018.06a
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• pp.51-51
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• 2018

산업의 발달 및 인구 증가에 따라 발생되는 폐수의 종류는 다양해지고 있으며, 폐수의 처리를 위해서는 주로 생물학적 처리를 먼저 검토하게 된다. 하지만 최근 폐수의 성분은 생물학적으로 처리하기 어려운 난분해성 요인(고농도의 염분, 독성 유기용매, 중금속 등)이 존재 할 뿐 아니라, 생물학적 처리 후 존재하는 잔류 유기물은 환경부에서 제시하는 방류수 기준을 만족시키기에 어려움이 있다. 이러한 난분해성 요인을 제거하기 위해서 전기 화학적 처리의 필요성이 대두되고 있으며, 다양한 고도산화기술들이 제시되고 있다. 그 중 처리시간의 단축으로 인한 처리비용 절감과 산화제 발생에 따른 높은 처리 효율로 인해 전기화학적 폐수산화처리에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있는 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 기존에 사용되어 지고 있는 전기화학적 폐수산화처리를 위한 불용성 전극을 BDD 전극으로 대체하여 다양한 폐수에 전기분해 처리 적용 가능성을 검토하고자 기존 BDD 전극의 기판 모재로 이용되던 Si, Nb 대신에 Ti 기판 위에 BDD 형성시켜 전극을 제작하였고, 폐수의 전기분해 적용 가능성을 확인하기 위하여 축산폐수, 해양폐수, 질산염폐수 등 실제 폐수를 채수하여 폐수 내 유기물의 전기분해 처리 효율을 분석하였다. 이에 Ti 모재 기판에 증착된 BDD 전극을 이용하여 폐수 내 유기물의 전기분해 처리효율을 분석 한 결과, 축산폐수의 경우 처리시간 150분에 95% 이상 처리효율을 나타냈으며, 해양폐수의 경우 처리시간 60분에 98% 이상의 유기물 제거 효결과가 나타남에 따라 축산폐수와 선박 평형수, 양식장폐수 등 다양한 폐수에 적용이 가능할 것으로 판단되며, 기존에 적용되어 지고 있는 고도산화처리 기술을 BDD 전극을 이용한 전기화학적 처리로 대체 할 수 있을 것으로 기대할 수 있다.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.143-156
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• 2015

In order to understand the dynamic characteristics of water column environments in the Western Pacific seamount area (approximately $150.2^{\circ}E$, $20^{\circ}N$), we investigated the water mass and the behavior of water column parameters such as dissolved oxygen, inorganic nutrients (N, P), and chlorophyll-a. Physico-chemical properties of water column were obtained by CTD system at the nine stations which were selected along the east-west and south-north direction around the seamount (OSM14-2) in October 2014. From the temperature-salinity diagram, the main water masses were separated into North Pacific Tropical Water and Thermocline Water in the surface layer, North Pacific Intermediate Water in the intermediate layer, and North Pacific Deep Water in the bottom layer, respectively. Oxygen minimum zone (OMZ, mean $O_2$ $73.26{\mu}M$), known as dysoxic condition ($O_2<90{\mu}M$), was distributed in the depth range of 700~1,200 m throughout the study area. Inorganic nutrients typified by nitrite + nitrate and phosphate showed the lowest concentration in the surface mixed layer and then gradually increased downward with representing the maximum concentration in the OMZ, with lower N:P ratio (13.7), indicating that the nitrogen is regarded as limiting factor for primary production. Vertical distribution of water column parameters along the east-west and south-north station line around the seamount showed the effect of bottom water inflowing at around 500 m deep in the western and southern region, and concentrations of water column parameters in the bottom layer (below 2,500 m deep) of the western and southern region were differently distributed comparing to those of the other side regions (eastern and northern). The value of Excess N calculated from Redfield ratio (N:P=16:1) represented the negative value throughout the study area, which indicated the nitrogen sink dominant environments, and relative higher value of Excess N observed in the bottom layer of western and southern region. These observations suggest that the topographic features of a seamount influence the circulation of bottom current and its effects play a significant role in determining the behavior of water column environmental parameters.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.195-207
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• 2000

Organic and inorganic characteristics including bacterial cell number, enzyme activity, nutrients, and heavy metals have been monitored in twelve acrylic experimental tanks for two weeks to estimate and compare self-purification capacities in two Korean wet-land environments, tidal flat and rice field, which are possibly different with the environments in other countries because of their own climatic conditions. FW tanks, filled with rice field soils and fresh water, consist of FW1&2 (with paddy), FW3&4 (without paddy), and FW5&6 (newly reclaimed, without paddy). SW tanks, filled with tidal flat sediments and salt water, are SW1&2 (with anoxic silty mud), SW3&4 (anoxic mud), and SW5&6 (suboxic mud). Contaminated solution, which is formulated with the salts of Cu, Cd, As, Cr, Pb, Hg, and glucose+glutamic acid, was spiked into the supernatent waters in the tanks. Nitrate concentrations in supernatent waters as well as bacterial cell numbers and enzyme activities of soils in the FW tanks (except FW5&6) are clearly higher than those in the SW tanks. Phosphate concentrations in the SW1 tank increase highly with time compared to those in the other SW tanks. Removal rates of Cu, Cd, and As in supematent waters of the FW5&6 tanks are most slow in the FW tanks, while the rates in SW1&2 are most fast in the SW tanks. The rate for Pb in the SW1&2 tanks is most fast in the SW tanks, and the rate for Hg in the FW5&6 tanks is most slow in the FW tanks. Cr concentrations decrease generally with time in the FW tanks. In the SW tanks, however, the Cr concentrations decrease rapidly at first, then increase, and then remain nearly constant. These results imply that labile organic materials are depleted in the FW5&6 tanks compared to the FW1&2 and FW3&4 tanks. Removal of Cu, Cd, As from the supernatent waters as well as slow removal rates of the elements (including Hg) are likely due to the combining of the elements with organic ligands on the suspended particles and subsequent removal to the bottom sediments. Fast removal rates of the metal ions (Cu, Cd, As) and rapid increase of phosphate concentrations in the SW1&2 tanks are possibly due to the relatively porous anoxic sediments in the SW1&2 tanks compared to those in the SW3&4 tanks, efficient supply of phosphate and hydrogen sulfide ions in pore wates to the upper water body, complexing of the metal ions with the sulfide ions, and subsequent removal to the bottom sediments. Organic materials on the particles and sulfide ions from the pore waters are the major factors constraining the behaviors of organic/inorganic elements in the supernatent waters of the experimental tanks. This study needs more consideration on more diverse organic and inorganic elements and experimental conditions such as tidal action, temperature variation, activities of benthic animals, etc.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.36 no.8
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• pp.554-560
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• 2014

To investigate the applicability of montmorillonite to capping material for the remediation of contaminated marine sediment, adsorption characteristics of $PO{_4}{^{3-}}$ onto montmorillonite were studied in a batch system with respect to changes in contact time, initial concentration, pH, adsorbent dose amount, competing anions, adsorbent mixture, and seawater. Sorption equilibrium reached in 1 h at 50 mg/L but 3 h was required to reach sorption equilibrium at 300 mg/L. Freundlich model was more suitable to describe equilibrium sorption data than Langmuir model. The $PO{_4}{^{3-}}$ adsorption decreased as pH increased, due to the $PO{_4}{^{3-}}$ competition for favorable adsorption site with OH- at higher pH. The presence of anions such as nitrate, sulfate, and bicarbonate had no significant effect on the $PO{_4}{^{3-}}$ adsorption onto the montmorillonite. The use of the montmorillonite alone was more effective for the removal of the $PO{_4}{^{3-}}$ than mixing the montmorillonite with red mud and steel slag. The $PO{_4}{^{3-}}$ adsorption capacity of the montmorillonite was higher in seawater than deionized water, resulting from the presence of calcium ion in seawater. The water tank elution experiments showed that montmorillonite capping blocked well the elution of $PO{_4}{^{3-}}$, which was not measured up to 14 days. It was concluded that the montmirillonite has a potential capping material for the removal of the $PO{_4}{^{3-}}$ from the aqueous solutions.