• Journal of Space Technology and Applications
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.239-256
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• 2023

The Earth's ionosphere is an area where part of the upper atmosphere is ionized and exists in a plasma state that affects radio waves. It is a field that has been studied for a long time as it directly affects real life in relation to communications. Depending on the altitude, it is divided into D, E, and F layers depending on the main ions that make up the electron density. The density of the neutral atmosphere is very large compared to the electron density, so it should be described as plasma taking that effect into account. It is an area where influences from outside the ionosphere are directly reflected, starting from the sun and extending to the earth's surface, and is a field that involves complex and diverse areas of research. In this paper, we explain the process by which the Earth's upper atmosphere is ionized to form the ionosphere and introduce the characteristics of the ionosphere at low and mid-latitudes. In addition, we introduce the research that domestic researchers have participated in related to the ionosphere to date and hope that it will be used to promote exchange in the field of ionospheric research in the future.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.165-188
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• 2017

Foreign direct investment is the means for companies to enter the overseas market and strengthen their competitiveness. The holding of intellectual properties, representing advantages of firms, may affect foreign direct investment. By expanding previous studies, we define intellectual properties as including trademarks and design as well as patents. Using a random-effect panel data model, we examine the effects of both intellectual properties of Korea and host countries on Korea's foreign direct investment in 128 countries from 1981 to 2014. The results are as follow. First, the coefficients of Korea's intellectual properties, patent, trademark, and design are significantly positive. This implies that Korean firms may invest abroad to take their advantages of technologies, brand value, and the capability of product differentiation. Second, except for patents, intellectual properties of host countries have a positive impact on foreign direct investment. In other words, foreign direct investment to acquire the ability of branding or product design from host countries may occur. Third, the coefficients of Korea's intellectual properties are significantly greater than those of host countries' properties. Foreign direct investment to take advantages of the firms' capabilities overseas is greater than one to acquire knowledge of host countries. Finally, Korea's intellectual properties have a greater positive impact on foreign direct investment in high growth countries than in low growth countries. It is interpreted that Korean firms are more motivated to exploit their intellectual properties in developing countries with a high growth than developed countries. Overall, it is confirmed that Korea's foreign direct investment not only to utilize some advantages but also to seek the brand value or product differentiation ability from host countries can occur. Our findings provide the contribution that some innovative activities in firms and R&D investments policies which encourage the possession of intellectual properties can improve foreign direct investment.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.109-116
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• 2012

This study is aiming to separate highway entrance ramps from impact zones which are considered the characteristics and real traffic situations in each lane and section. The results of this study can be applied to Lane Control System and control the traffic flow for highway more efficiently. Based on earlier studies which analyzed impact zones in entrance-ramp junction using the standard deviation of speed, this study divides more segmentalized impact zones according to the degree of turbulences. As a result of this study, about 800m of intervals, from 500m of upper flow (1,2,3 lane) to 300m of lower flow(2, 3 lane), shows similar traffic characteristics influenced by entrance ramp directly.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.69-92
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• 1989

외국인(外國人) 직접투자(直接投資)의 중요성이 국내(國內) 외(外)에서 커지고 있음과 함께 그 투자본국(投資本國)과 대상국(對象國)이 어떻게 결정(決定)되느냐에 대한 학계(學界)의 관심(關心)이 새로워지고 있다. 본(本) 논문(論文)은, 투자본국(投資本國)-대상국(對象國)의 결정문제(決定問題)에 관해, 이를 생산요소(生産要素)의 국가간이동(國家間移動)으로 파악하려는 종래의 국제경제학(國際經濟學), 기업(企業)의 무형자산(無形資産)에서 그 중요한 이유를 찾으려는 산업조직론(産業組織論), 상이(相異)한 통화권(通貨圈)이 주는 투자상(投資上)의 우위(優位) 열위(劣位)를 중시(重視)하는 국제금융론(國際金融論) 등 제(諸) 접근방법(接近方法)들이 시사(示唆)하는 바를 살펴보고, 환율수준(換率水準) 및 그 예상변화율(豫想變化率) 등이 외국인(外國人) 직접투자(直接投資)에 미치는 영향도 재고(再考)하였다. 실증분석(實證分析)에서는 세계(世界)의 대미직접투자(對美直接投資)의 연도별(年度別) 시계열자료(時系列資料)를 사용하여 GNP, 환율수준(換率水準), 예상환율변화(豫想換率變化) 및 환(換)"리스크 프리미엄" 등 거시경제변수(巨視經濟變數)들의 영향을 추정(推定)하여 보았으며, 대체로 유의도(有意度)가 높고 선험적(先驗的)으로 기대하는 바와 같은 영향이 있다는 결과를 얻었다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.24 no.2 s.88
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• pp.43-51
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• 2006

This Paper investigates how perceived Price, airline service aquality, perceived value. passenger satisfaction, and airline image determine passengers' future behavioural intentions. To test the conceptual framework, Path analysis using a maximum likelihood estimator, was applied to data collected from Korean international air passengers. It was found that all the hypothesized relationships were statistically significant. Perceived price. Perceived value, passenger satisfaction, and airline image were each found to Have a direct effect on Korean international air passengers future behavioural intentions.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.63-101
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• 2015

Banking and borrowing under the ETS may affect the low carbon technology investment level. If the indirect implementation measures are allowed, firms can gradually adjust their carbon reduction costs between implementation periods based on their carbon reduction costs and emission price forecasts. This implies that banking and borrowing may reduce or increase the level of low carbon technology R&D investment. In an oligopoly market, the effects of the measures are quite different from the ones in a perfectly competitive market. This is because the indirect implementation measures can shift market competition in Cournot competition model. The effects of banking and borrowing on the carbon reduction R&D investments depend on emission reduction costs, marginal production costs, discount rate, initial free allocation, and the cost reduction effects of R&D investment.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.32 no.1D
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• pp.61-69
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to draw the development direction of subway adjacent area by distance through an analysis on influence factors of land value by urban spatial constitution. The method of this study is analyzing influence factors of land value by the distance of subway adjacent area by using regression analysis method with urban spatial constitution variables from advanced research and drew the difference and extent of land value influence factors by distance of subway adjacent area. The result of analyzed the influence factors of land value by distance to draw the purpose of this study, which is the direction of development by distance of subway adjacent area, the connected area has shown the development direction as high density development centrally on commercial and improvement of accessibility and decrepit status, the directly influence area shows as complexity with high density centrally on commercial and business and lastly, the in directly influence area has shown the development direction as complexity of residential and commercial, improvement of accessibility and decrepit status. This study has used land value as a dependent variable to verify the speculation of this study based on the contents, the results of the analyze and the critical points of precedent studies to draw the development direction of subway adjacent influence area by using autonomous variables from advanced research. Upon this, drew a conclusion of this study as analyze of influence factors of land value could be a reference material for development of subway adjacent area.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.387-398
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• 2016

The purpose of this research is to examine childcare teacher's cognition of human right awareness for handicapped children and consciousness of social integration. The subjects were 209 kindergarten teachers in G city. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression analysis with SPSS ver. 14.0. The results are as follows: Among the childcare teacher's awareness about children with disabilities human right, awareness of right to survive, right to be protected, right to participate, and right to development had direct effects on their consciousness of social integration. Among the social supports influenced by childcare teacher's awareness of human right, informational support and material support had both direct and indirect effects on their consciousness of social integration. Therefore, as childcare teachers' awareness of human right is an important factor for their consciousness of social integration, a systemic human right education for human right awareness should be provided, the necessity of establishing various social support system should be recognized to foster the social environment of respecting young children's human right, and human right awareness should be practiced into action in daily life, in order to help childcare teachers to develop as the main agents of children's human right.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.126.2-126.2
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• 2012

최근 태양 극대기를 맞아 우주기상의 변화에 대처하기 위한 연구가 많이 진행되고 있다. 본 연구에서도 저 중위도 이온권 모델인 SAMI2와 SAMI3를 이용하여 solar flare 발생에 따른 이온권의 변화를 지켜보고자 하였다. 하지만 SAMI 모델에서는 F74113 Solar EUV reference spectrum을 이용하여 EUV flux에 의한 이온화만 고려되었을 뿐, X-ray flux에 의한 이온화는 고려되지 않았다. 태양 극대기동안 solar flare가 발생하였을 때, solar X-ray가 전리층에 미치는 영향이 매우 중요한만큼 solar X-ray에 의한 이온권의 변화를 적용시킬 필요가 있었다. 따라서 우리는 보다 정확한 solar flare 발생에 따른 이온권의 변화를 보기 위해 $1{\AA}{\sim}8{\AA}$범위의 X-ray관측자료를 제공하는 GOES 위성의 데이터를 직접 이용하고, 해당하는 파장의 cross section을 추가하여 SAMI 모델에 적용시켰다. solar flare 효과를 선택적으로 활용하는 개정된 SAMI 모델을 통해 각 flare 등급과 지속시간에 따른 이온권의 변화를 모델로써 확인하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.424-428
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• 2008

경제개발에 따른 현실적인 하천의 모습은 각종 오염원으로 인한 수질악화와 산업화 및 도시화에 의한 물순환시스템의 붕괴로 인한 하천 생태계의 파괴로 나타나고 있다. 따라서 훼손된 하천을 친자연적으로 보존하고 더 나아가 하천을 자연생태계와 인간이 공존할 수 있는 공간으로 조성하기 위한 시도가 늘어나고 있다. 2006년 수립된 수자원장기종합계획에서는 자연환경보존과 생활환경 개선을 위한 유량확보의 필요성을 제기하고 있다. 이중 생활환경개선에 필요한 물은 청계천의 사례처럼 최근 들어 하천 및 수변생태계 복원, 보전 사업과 연계된 거주성(Amenity)차원의 새로운 용수수요로써 급격히 증가하고 있는 실정이다. 이러한 환경개선용수는 인위적으로 공급되기 때문에 환경개선용수를 필요로 하는 구간의 상 하류의 자연적인 물순환시스템에 영향을 미치게 되어 하천수 사용에 대한 수리권에 직접적으로 영향을 주게 된다. 따라서 환경개선용수를 사용하고자 하는 경우에는 이를 공급하는 공급원 지점과 환경개선용수를 사용하는 구간을 중심으로 상세한 물수지분석을 통해 기존의 수리권에 대한 영향 여부를 검토하여야 한다. 새로운 수요인 환경개선용수는 하천의 일부 구간 또는 일부 지역에 대해 거주성(Amenity) 차원에서 사회환경을 개선 정비하는데 활용하기 위하여 수혜자의 요구에 의해 인위적으로 공급되는 용수인 것이다. 따라서 국가가 산정하는 하천유지유량과 달리 환경개선 용수는 수혜자가 직접 산정하여야 하며, 산정된 환경개선용수는 하천관리자(국가)로부터 사용허가를 받아야 한다.