• Bulletin of Food Technology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.808-815
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• 2009

Joule heating은 내부 가열법 중의 하나이며, Ohm의 법칙에 따라서 식품에 직접전기를 통전하여 식품이 갖고 있는 전기저항성에 의해서 식품자체를 자기 발열시키는 가열방법이다. 따라서 Joule 가열을 Ohmic heating 또는 통전가열이라고도 부르고 있다. 열전달성이 느린 고형물 또는 고점도의 Paste형 식품도 어느 정도 전도성이 있으면 신속하면서도 균일하게 열처리를 할 수 있다. 최근 일본에서는 통전가열에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행 중에 있으며, Joule 가열 연구 및 산업화 동향의 일부를 소개하고자 한다.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.138-145
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• 2000

고체재료의 열확산계수나 열전도계수와 같은 열물성을 비접촉식 방법으로 측정하기 위하여 광열변위법에 대한 이론적인 해석을 수행하였다. 가열빔의 파형을 코사인파, 삼각파 그리고 사각파로 가정하여 2차원 열전도 방정식과 열탄성 방정식의 엄밀해를 구하였고, 이를 가열빔으로부터 직접 구한 실제파의 결과와 비교하였다. 코사인파의 결과가 다른 파형에 비하여 실제파와 가장 유사한 것으로 보아 비교적 해석이 복잡한 실제파를 코사인파로 가정하여도 무방하다.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.1478-1485
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• 1993

A shape optimization problem is formulated to determine the optimal position of heating lines in a compression molding die. The objective of the problem is that the cavity surface would be maintained by a prescribed uniform temperature. A boundary integral equation for the sensitivity of the temperature in terms of hole position is derived using the method of shape design sensitivity analysis. The boundary element method is employed to analyze the temperature and sensitivity field of the die. The sensitivity calculation algorithm is incorporated in an optimization routine. To demonstrate a numerical implementation, an example problem arising in thermal design of a compression molding die is dealt with, showing that the number of heating lines chosen for the die strongly affects the ultimate uniformity of the cavity surface temperature.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.575-581
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• 1990

The existence of the equivalent point for a thermal processing system was demonstrated using arbitrarily chosen ideal direct heating curves. i.e. isothermal heating curves at $120^{\circ}C$ for 10min and at $135^{\circ}C$ for 10sec. Under these conditions, G-values and F-values were calculated at various values of Ea- and z-values by applying the Arrhenius and the Bigelow models respectively. The equivalent time and equivalent temperature were determined by both line intersection and linear regression methods. The equivalent points estimated by both the line intersection and the linear regression methods were consistent and their values were the same as the heating time and temperature of the ideal direct heating curves.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.315-323
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• 2001

In situ TEM heating experiments utilizing kaolinite powder samples result in the following facts. (1) The water recirculation system adopted in the Gatan's heating holder is required to prevent specimen drift above $500^{\circ}C$. (2) Since the degree of phase changes depends on the thickness of powders below $600^{\circ}C$, examinations of both thin and thick specimens are required. (3) Sample preparation using Mo-grids is required for TEM heating experiments above $900^{\circ}C$. At these temperature ranges the effect of heating rate and holding time on the phase transition process increases drastically, so that a programmed temperature control is required. (4) TEM heating experiments of the embedded powders by epoxy for the cross-sectional view was limited due to the severe epoxy movement during heating above $300^{\circ}C$. Better methods of sample preparation are required to overcome this problem.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.48-53
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• 1985

농산물 건조를 위하여 평판형 태양열 집열기를 이용할 경우 가열된 출구공기는 각종 농산물건조적온보다 일반적으로 고온이므로 이의 조절을 위한 출구공기 온도의 예측이 중요시 된다. 본 연구에서는 차원해석법(dimensional analysis)을 이용하여 평판형 집열기의 출구에서 나오는 가열된 공기의 온도를 예측하는 방법이 제시되었으며, 이 방법을 이용하여 집열기의 출구공기온도 예측방정식들이 유량별로 유도되었다. 이 방정식들로부터 구한 출구온도들은 실측한 값들과 잘 일치하였으며($R^2$=0.917~0.957) 또한 집열기의 효율을 나타내는 이론식이 출구공기온도 예측방정식으로 부터 직접 유도되었다.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.45-53
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• 2006

This study was performed to evaluate the heating characteristics of soils for the application of electrical resistance heating process combined with soil vapor extraction. Laboratory tests were conducted to find out optimum heating conditions by the adjustment of electrical supply and electrode. Results show that fine soil particles are more efficient for electrical heating. As water content of soil increases, more efficient electrical heating is observed. However, as the soil is saturated with water above the soil porosity, decrease in the heating efficiency is observed. The higher the voltage, is and the shorter the distance between the electrodes is, the better the heating efficiency is. The soil contaminated by fuel is also more efficient than non-contaminated soil in electrical resistance heating. From the relationship between the intial electrical current and the conductivity obtained in this study, soil temperature by electrical heating can be estimated.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.211-218
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• 2000

$PbZrO_3$precursor was prepared for the spin coating on the Pt/Ti/$SiO_2$/Si substrate. Two different heat treatment methods were used and the differencies were studied. One of the method is that the films were inserted into the furnace for 30 minutes and the other is that the films were annealed by rapid thermal annealing (RTA) for 1 minute at the same temperatures. We also examined the tendency of crystallization by annealing at the fixed temperature, $700^{\circ}C$ as a function of time, namely during 1, 10, 20, and 30 minitues, respectively. The optimum conditions for the crystallization of these films were at $550^{\circ}C$ during 30 min. and at $700^{\circ}C$ during 10 min. in muffle furnace and at $650^{\circ}C$ during 1 min in RTA furnace. The best condition for making good quality grains needs 30 min. at $700^{\circ}C$.

• Proceedings of the KAIS Fall Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.169-172
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• 2001

다층 MEMS구조의 기초기판쌍 소재로 쓰일 수 있는 Si∥SiO₂/Si₃N₄∥Si 기판쌍의 직접접합 가능성을 확인하기 위해서 2000Å-SiO₂와 500Å-Si₃N₄층을 가진 직경 10cm의 실리콘 기판을 각각 친수성 및 소수성 표면세척을 하고 청정분위기에서 경면끼리 가접을 실시하였다. 가접된 기판쌍을 통상의 박스형 전기로를 이용하여 400, 600, 800, 1000, 1200℃ 범위에서 2시간 동안 가열하여 접합을 완료하였다. 완성된 기판쌍을 적외선분석기를 이용하여 접합면적을 확인하였고, 면도칼 삽입법으로 접합계면에너지를 측정하였다. 실험온도 범위 내에서 Si∥SiO₂/Si₃N₄∥Si 기판쌍은 1000℃ 이상에서 접합계면에너지는 2,344mJ/㎡을 나타냈으며, 이는 기존의 Si/Si의 동종접합기판쌍과 동등한 수준의 접합강도로서 부가가치가 큰 새로운 조합의 기판쌍 제조가 가능하였다.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.82-89
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• 2002

The inherent strain method is known to be very effective in predicting the plate deformation by line heating. Traditionally the inherent strain regions have been determined from the temperature distribution and the phase transformation regions(Ac3) of welding experiments. Since the phenomena of line heating are similar to those of welding, the experimental results under the same welding conditions have been applied directly to line heating analysis. The results cannot, however, reflect the effect of heating pattern and plate thickness. Besides, water-cooling in the actual heating process can alter the steel's phase to martensite and shear plastic deformation occurs during the transformation. In this study, the experimental measurement of temperature distribution was substituted with a transient heat transfer analysis using FEM so that we could obtain the temperature distribution according to heat flux models of the heating pass. In order to consider plastic strains occurring additionally under phase transformation, inherent strain regions were assumed to be limited to the eutectoid temperature(Ac1). Using the regions, plate deformations could be predicted to validate our method and the results were in good agreement with the experimental ones