• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.521-529
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• 2006

This study was carried out to classify all forest vegetation types in Ulleung Island, Korea using the methodology of the Z.-M. school's phytosociology, and map out the spatial distribution patterns of those vegetation types. The forest vegetation was classified into the mountain forest type (Acer okamotoanum community group) and maritime forest type (Artemisia scoparia community group). Vegetation units at the community level were divided into three categories; six communities, sixteen groups, and seven subgroups, giving a total of 22 communities. Total area for mapping was 5,544.9 ha, of which Fagus engleriana community accounted for 1,952 ha (35.2%), Hedera rhambea community ror 1,196 ha (21.6%), Camellia japonica community for 1,104 ha (19.9%), Sambucus sieboldiana var. pendula community for 612 ha (11.0%), Aster spathulifolius community for 506 ha (9.1%), and Tsuga sieboldii - Pinus parviflora community for 174 ha (3.1%). According to canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), variables such as $Mg^{2+}$, pH, $Ca^{2+}$ were positively correlated in maritime vegetation types, and variables such as total nitrogen, carbon content, C/N ratio and ration exchange capacity (CEC) were highly correlated in mountain vegetation types, respectively. The sea level and the slope direction were not showing regular trend as a factor to decide on species diversity, evenness and richness in this research area. But it seems to be affected by topography, slope degree and dominance vegetation.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.429-446
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• 2009

To understand the sulfur flux and cycle in the forest catchment, the hydrological processes and chemical variation of soil solution, groundwater and stream water were analyzed at the Matsuzawa catchment located in the Kiryu Experimental Basin, Shiga Prefecture, central Japan. Unsaturated soil layer at the upper slope of catchment was the source area of ${SO_4}^{2-}$, and deep soil layer and groundwater were the sink zone of ${SO_4}^{2-}$. The vertical distribution of ${SO_4}^{2-}$ concentrations in groundwater affected seasonal variation of ${SO_4}^{2-}$ concentrations in stream water, as groundwater level changed. It is reasonable to assume that each hydrological processes in the forest catchment play an important roles in the retention and discharge of ${SO_4}^{2-}$.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.5-18
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• 2019

In this study, it was conducted a broad-area landslide analysis for the entire area of Kyungsangbuk-do Province based on spatially-distributed wetness index and root reinforcement infinity slope stability theory. Specifically, digital map, soil map and forest map were used to extract topological and geological parameters, and to build spatially-distributed database at $10m{\times}10m$ resolution. Infinity flow direction method was used for rain catchment area to produce spatially-distributed wetness index. The safety level that indicates risk of a broad-area landslide was classified into four groups. The result showed that areas with a high estimated risk of a landslide coincided with areas that recently went through an actual landslide, including Bonghwa and Gimcheon, and unstable areas were clustered around mountainous areas. A comparison between the estimation result and the records of actual landslide showed that the analysis model is effective for estimating a risk of a broad-area landslide based on accumulation of reasonable parameters.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2020.06a
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• pp.264-264
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• 2020

최근 기후변화로 우리나라는 과거에 비해 태풍이나 국지성 집중호우 및 가뭄 등 극심한 수문현상이 빈번하게 발생하고 그 피해가 더욱 커지고 있는 추세이다. 특히 우리나라의 경우 산지가 많으며 대부분의 하천이 유역면적이 작고 유로연장이 짧아 단시간에 유출이 발생하며 수문학적 특성이 연중 큰 편차를 보이고 있다. 이러한 이상기후에 따른 수문현상 파악 및 피해 경감을 위해 신뢰성 있는 수문자료는 매우 중요하다. 따라서 수문자료에 대한 품질관리는 필수적이지만 자료 결측 및 오측에 대한 신뢰성 높은 품질관리가 이뤄지지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 현재 수위자료의 결측이 발생한 경우 해당 관측소의 수위 자료를 사용해 선형보간 및 운형자법으로 수정하거나 상·하류 관측소의 관계를 이용하여 회귀분석을 통해 자료 결측의 수정 및 보완을 수행하는 등 담당자의 주관적 판단에 의존하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 신뢰성 높은 수문자료의 결측치 보완 및 예측을 위한 방안을 제시하고자 상류의 관측소의 수문자료를 이용한 하류의 단시간 수문 자료예측에 관한 연구를 수행하였다. 이를 위해 자료지향형 모델인 적응형 뉴로-퍼지 기법(Adaptive Network-based Fuzzy Inference System, ANFIS)을 이용한 모형을 적용하였다. 기존의 연구에서 가장 일반적으로 사용되는 물리적 모형은 수문자료를 활용하여 수위 및 유출을 산정함에 있어 매개변수의 결정이 어렵고 많은 오차들을 내포하고 있다. 본 연구에서 사용한 ANFIS는 입력자료와 출력자료만을 고려하여 구축할 수 있기 때문에 자료 수집단계에서 유역의 물리적 자료 및 지형 자료와 같은 방대한 양의 자료 수집이 필요가 없다. 이후 모형이 구축이 된다면 입·출력 자료만을 이용하여 신뢰성 높은 결과를 획득할 수 있지만 입력 자료의 품질에 따라 결과가 좌우되기 때문에 자료의 구성이 매우 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 ANFIS를 통해 무주남대천 유역의 무주군(여의교) 관측소의 수위자료를 입력자료를 사용하여 하류에 위치한 무주군(취수장) 관측소의 수문자료의 결측 보완 및 예측하는 모형을 구축하고 모형의 구조 변화를 통해 가장 정확도 높은 모형을 결정하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2022.05a
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• pp.93-93
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• 2022

최근 이상기후로 인하여 우리나라 산림에 태풍 및 국지성 호우가 빈번히 발생하고 있다. 이로 인해 사면재해가 많이 발생하고 있으며 그 중 호우로 인한 많은 양의 물과 함께 토석 및 부유물이 중력에 의해 경사면을 따라 흐름 형태를 보이는 토석류 재해는 속도가 매우 빠르고 파괴적이며 그 결과는 비참하기까지 하다. 더구나 인구밀도가 낮은 산지 계곡부 뿐만 아니라 도시지역에서도 토석류 재해가 빈번히 발생하며 국내 및 해외에서도 토석류에 의한 피해사례는 자주 볼 수 있다. 이러한 토석류 재해의 피해를 줄이고자 토석류의 유동성을 저감시키기 위한 대책구조물의 시공이 많이 이루어지고 있으며 최근에는 투과형 구조물 중 하나인 원통형 기둥구조물을 그룹 형태로의 시공하는 경우가 늘어나고 있다. 토석류와 대책구조물 간의 상호작용은 월류(overflow), 쳐오름(run-up), 역류(backwater) 등의 복잡한 흐름 거동을 보인다. 하지만 원통형 대책구조물에 대한연구가 많이 이루어져 있지 않고 대규모 실험 또한 비용이 많이 소요되고 실행하기도 어렵다. 이 연구는 오픈소스 소프트웨어인 OpenFOAM을 사용하여 원통형 대책구조물의 설치 조건에 따라 토석류 흐름에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 짧은 시간 내에 흐름이 발생하고 비뉴튼 유체 특성을 갖는 토석류의 유효전단응력이 난류전단응력에 비해 상당히 크므로 난류의 영향은 무시하였다. 계산된 수치모의의 결과를 같은 규모로 시행한 실험결과와 비교분석 및 검증하였다. 공학학적 문제에 적용 가능하도록 비교적 낮은 해상도의 계산 격자를 사용했지만 실험에서 보여지는 토석류의 흐름거동을 양호하게 재현했으며 원통형 대책구조물의 배치조건에 따라 토석류 선단부 유속의 감소 정도 및 시간에 따른 흐름깊이 변화를 분석할 수 있었다. 이 연구는 다양한 조건을 가지는 토석류 흐름을 해석하는데 유용하게 활용할 수 있으며, 추후 복잡한 실제지형 조건을 고려하는 연구를 통하여 적용성을 확보하고자 한다.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.133-142
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• 1999

The wetland is very important ecologically as a habitat of diverse organisms. The purpose of this paper is to elucidate the morphogenetic environment of Jilmoe Bog found in the Odae Mountain National Park Jilmoe Bog is located in the high etchplain(1,060m) where Daebo Granite which had intruded in Jura epoch of Mesozoic era has weathered deeply and has uplifted in the Tertiary. The annual mean temperature of study area is $5.3^{\circ}C$, the annual precipitation is 2,888mm. The minimun temperature of the coldest month(january) is below $-30^{\circ}C$ and the depth of frozen soil is over 1.6m. Jilmoe bog consists of a large bog and a small bog. The length of the large bog is 63m and its width is 42m. The basal surface of Jilmoe bog is uneven. Jilmoe bog is a string bog fanned due to frost actions. In String bog, its surface is wavy with stepped dry hills and net-like troughs crossing hill slope. It seems that string bog is related to the permofrost or seasonal permofrost of cold conifer forest(taiga) zone(where the depth of frozen soil is very deep in the least in winters). String bog is a kind of thermokarst that frozen soil thaws differentially locally in declining permofrost and ground surface becomes irregular. There is turf-banked terracette of width $30{\sim}40cm$ in the headwall of small cirque-type nivation hollow formed at footslope of Maebong mountain around Jilmoe bog. This turf-banked terracette is formed by the frost growth of soil water below grass mat in periglacial climate environment. Where water is plentiful such as a nivation follow${\sim}$valley corridor and a headwall of valley, turf patterned grounds of width $30{\sim}50cm$ are found. This turf patterned ground is 'unclassified patterned ground', earth hummock. In conclusion, Jilmoe bog is a string bog of thermokarst that the relief of ground surface is irregular according to locally differentially thawing of permofrost(frozen soil). Jilmoe bog is high moor, its surroundings belongs to periglacial environment that turf-banked terracette and turf patterned ground are fanned actively.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.311-324
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• 2021

Recently, ten geosites have been considered in Hwaseong for endorsement as national geoparks, including the Jebudo, Gojeongri Dinosaur Egg Fossils, and Ueumdo geosites. The Jebudo geosite in the southern part of the Seoul metropolitan area has great potential for development as a new geoscience educational site because it has geological, geographical (landscape), and ecological significance. In this study, we described the geological characteristics through field surveys in the Jebudo geosite. We evaluated its potential as a geo-education site based on comparative analysis with other geosites in Hwaseong Geopark. In addition, we reviewed the practical effect of field education at geosites on the essential concepts and critical competence-oriented education emphasized in the current 2015 revised science curriculum. The Jebudo Geosite is geologically diverse, with various metamorphic rocks belonging to the Precambrian Seosan Group, such as quartzite, schist, and phyllite. Various geological structures, such as clastic dikes, faults, joints, foliation, and schistosity have also been recorded. Moreover, coastal geological features have been observed, including depositional landforms (gravel and sand beaches, dunes, and mudflats), sedimentary structures (ripples), erosional landforms (sea cliffs, sea caves, and sea stacks), and sea parting. The Jebudo geosite has considerable value as a new geo-education site with geological and geomorphological distinction from the Gojeongri Dinosaur Egg Fossils and Ueumdo geosites. The Jebudo geosite also has opportunities for geo-education and geo-tourism, such as mudflat experiences and infrastructures, such as coastal trails and viewing points. This geosite can help develop diverse geo-education programs that improve key competencies in the science curriculum, such as critical thinking, inquiry, and problem-solving. Furthermore, by conducting optimized geo-education focused on the characteristics of each geosite, the following can be established: (1) the expansion of learning space from school to geopark, (2) the improvement of understanding of specific content elements and linkage between essential concepts, and (3) the extension of the education scope throughout the earth system. There will be positive impacts on communication, participation, and lifelong learning skills through geopark education.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.79 no.2
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• pp.144-161
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• 1990

Pine forest communities developed in Mt. Palgong, southeastern Korea, were studied phytosociologically, with special reference to multiple management of local forests, and were classified into two communities, Pinus densiflora - Quercus mongolica community(I : mountain forest) and P. densiflora-Climbing plants community (II : valley forest) and six subgroups accompanied by several subgroups. Judging from the coincidence method, the division of communities (vegetation units) was closely related to altitude and topography. Based on vegetation units, a vertical distribution map of pine forest communities was prepared. The species composition(%) of pine forest communities under stratification, in upper and lower tree layer, teas I higher than II, in middle and shrubs lacer II higher than I (Total : Upper 15.5%, Middle 28.4%, Lower 34.6%. Shrubs 21.5%. Sum of mean coverage%i of understory vegetation was II twice as high as I (Total. shrubs 28.4%. forbs 11.4%, Graminoids 11.8%, ferns 1.0%). Based on constance, coverage and d.b.h. class etc., an actual growth and occurrence table of tree species and understory vegetation by vegetation unity were prepared, and could assume a criterion for judging potential dominance-growth conditions.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.219-224
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• 2011

The health status of three groups of Hanwoo steers (n=157) aged 2-3 years, raised at three different altitudes (600 m, n=50; 200-400 m, n=58; plane land, n=49) and environment with more or less similar management have been evaluated through hematological, biochemical and globulin examinations in order to determine the optimum environment suitable for raising cattle while at the same time minimizing the risk of disease. Five mL of blood samples from each animal were collected by jugular veinipuncture and 2 mL was transferred to a tube containing EDTA for complete blood count (CBC) and 3 mL in lithium heparin for chemistry screening (CS) and immunoassay. Among the CBC parameters a significantly higher white blood cell count (tWBC), total red blood cell count (tRBC), hemoglobin (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV) were noticed in the high altitude groups, whereas those were lower in the plane land group. In the CS parameters higher levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and total bilirubin (TBL) were found in the plane land group, whereas those were lower in the high altitude groups. The total protein (significantly) and globulins were higher in the 600 m group. The results of this study revealed that the overall health status of the Hanwoo cattle based on the hemato-biochemical indices was superior in the highest altitude and inferior in the plane land group but all the parameters were within the reference range in all the groups. Therefore, for recommendation of a suitable environment at an appropriate altitude for raising cattle there need to be further studied along with the hemato-biochemical parameters; considering, breeding, feeding, management, marketing, waste disposal and other factors.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.161-170
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• 2014

This study classified the types of major forest vegetation and analyzed the syngeographical characteristics of the vegetation in the Mt. Deokhang with exhumed lime rocks. The forest vegetation on the ridge of Mt. Deokhang was classified into 1 community group, 3 communities, 2 groups, and 2 subgroups, 5 types in total. The syngeographical form of Deokhangsan fully exhibited the topographical peculiarity, proximity to subalpine, and limestone zone. In addition, Carex ciliato-marginata, Carex humilis var. nana, and so forth which appear as species with high consistency in the well-drained semiarid zone represent the soil environment of the lime stone area and northern plants such as Carex ussuriensis and Asplenium ruta-muraria represent the characteristics of the vegetation in alpestrine in close proximity. Moreover, the Carpinus turczaninowii in the area appears to show the characteristics of migratory vegetation due to the peculiarity of the habitat. The syngeographical characteristics of this study area show both the characteristics of the habitat and phytogeographic characteristics. Furthermore, they are expected to contribute to the diversity in community and habitat form in Korean peninsula in terms of vegetation science.