• Title/Summary/Keyword: 지표각

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Effect of Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen on the Survival Rate and Physiological Response of the Warty Sea Squirt Styela clava (수온과 용존산소 변화에 따른 미더덕 Styela clava의 생존율 및 생리적 반응)

  • Shin, Yun Kyung;Park, Jung Jun;Park, Mi Seon;Myeong, Jeong In;Hur, Young Baek
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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    • v.32 no.3
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    • pp.216-224
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    • 2014
  • Decrease in dissolved oxygen concentrations associated with temperature fluctuation is an important criteria to evaluate the mortality rate of the species. Based on this parameter, we investigated the survival rate, physiological response and histological change of warty sea squirt. It was found that the survival rate of the warty sea squirt species was 63.3% at $23^{\circ}C$ and 56.6% at $26^{\circ}C$ respectively. However, exposure of six days at $29^{\circ}C$ caused deaths among species, which indicated the 6day-$LT^{50}$ of the tested species to be $24.58^{\circ}C$ ($19.48{\sim}35.48^{\circ}C$). Further, after 11 day of exposure, the dissolved oxygen concentration has been found to decrease, with the survival rate of 20% at $4.0mg\;L^{-1}$ and deaths at $2.0mg\;L^{-1}$, thus 11day-$LC^{50}$ calculated to be $3.88mg\;L^{-1}$ ($3.29{\sim}4.57mg\;L^{-1}$). In addition, decrease in rate of oxygen consumption and excretion of ammonia was also noted at this critical water temperature and dissolve doxygen concentration. Moreover, there has been common histopathological changes were observed in warty sea squirt's gill pouch, digestive tract, and tunic as follows such as: proliferation of epithelial cells, condensation and necrosis, permeation of phagocyte and blood cell, loss of cilium and muscular fiber degeneration. Based on our study results, we suggest that these parameters can also be useful to evaluate the survival rate and physiological response in other species.

Preliminary Study on the Relationship between Self-Induced Mental Imagery and GSR - Comparison among Mental Imageries Inducing Pleasantness or Unpleasantness and Mental Arithmetic (심상자극과 GSR의 관계에 대한 예비연구 - 쾌.불쾌를 유발하는 심상자극과 암산과제에 대한 SCL 반응비교)

  • 이봉건;정인원;김재진;신철진
    • Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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    • v.5 no.2
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    • pp.11-22
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    • 2002
  • This study investigated the effects of mild mental imagery inducing pleasantness or unpleasantness and cognitive mental arithmetic task on skin conductance level. Subjects were f undergraduates(male 5, female 4). They were given the list of the words and asked to write down the liked objects and the disliked ones freely associated with these words. Among these objects the most-liked one and the most disliked one were selected as the self-induced mental imageries. Data-collection procedures were as follows ; first baseline, pleasant imagery, 2nd baseline, unpleasant imagery, finally 3rd baseline, and mental arithmetic task subtracting continuously 7 from the number 500. During these trials, the SCLs were recorded every 10 seconds. The results indicated that there were nonsignificant differences between the 3 trial-baselines ot each condition. This suggested that unlike the procedures used in the previous studies, our procedures would give the stability of the baseline level necessary for the comparison of the effects of several stimuli. Also, the level of skin conductance in mental arithmetic condition was significantly higher than that of the emotional mental imagery. This suggested the possibility that mental arithmetic task would gave rise to the higher physiological arousal in comparison to mental imageries. Overall, it was suggested that the procedures and the stimulus presentation methods used in this preliminary study could be useful for the data-collection techniques for The future study. Implications for the future study were presented.

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Four months of magnetized water supplementation improves glycemic control, antioxidant status, and cellualr DNA damage in db/db mice (제2형 당뇨 모델 db/db 마우스에서 4개월의 자화수 섭취 후 혈당, 항산화 상태 및 세포 DNA 손상 개선 효과)

  • Lee, Hye-Jin;Kang, Myung-Hee
    • Journal of Nutrition and Health
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    • v.49 no.6
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    • pp.401-410
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    • 2016
  • Purpose: Water is magnetically charged upon contact with a magnet. Although magnetic water products have been promoted since the 1930's, they have not received wide acceptance since their effectiveness is still in question; however, some have reported their therapeutic effects on the body, especially the digestive, nervous, and urinary systems. Methods: In this study, the effect of magnetized water on glycemic control of 14 diabetic mice (CB57BK/KsJ-db/db) in comparison with 10 control mice (CB57BK/KsJ-db/+(db/+)) was investigated. Seven diabetic control (DMC) mice and seven diabetic mice + magnetized water (DM+MW) were kept for 16 weeks, followed by intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT). Weekly blood glucose was measured from tail veins. Blood obtained from heart puncture was used for HbA1c analysis. Results: Blood glucose level showed a significant difference starting from the $10^{th}$ week of study ($496.1{\pm}10.2mg/dl$ in DMC vs. $437.9{\pm}76.9mg/dl$ in DM+MW). Blood glucose followed by IPGTT showed no significant difference between groups at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min, although glucose level at 180 min was significantly reduced in DM+MW mice. Plasma insulin level in DM+MW groups was only 39.5% of that of DMC groups ($5.97{\pm}1.69ng/ml$ in DMC vs. $2.36{\pm}0.94ng/ml$ in DM+MW). Levels of HbA1c were 12.4% and 9.7% in DMC and DM+MW groups, respectively. Conclusion: These results show the promising therapeutic effect of magnetized water in regulating blood glucose homeostasis; however, long-term supplementation or mechanistic study is necessary.

Characteristics of the Health Factors in 45~60 Year Old Korean Women related to Menopausal Stages - Based on 2008~2009 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey - (2008~2009년 국민건강영양조사를 활용한 45~60세 한국여성의 폐경 여부에 따른 건강인자 특성)

  • Lee, Hye-Jin;Cho, Kwang-Hyun;Lee, Kyung-Hea
    • Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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    • v.17 no.4
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    • pp.450-462
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    • 2012
  • We analyzed data from the combined 2008~2009 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) to compare the health factors related to menopausal stages in 45~60 year old Korean women. In this study, we classified the subjects into a premenopausal group (n = 439) and a postmenopausal group (n = 683). In the postmenopausal group, age was higher (p < 0.001), monthly income (p < 0.01) and education levels (p < 0.001) were significantly lower than in the premenopausal group. Body fat % and waist circumferences were also higher in the postmenopausal group than in the premenopausal group. The serum glucose (p < 0.05), total cholesterol (p < 0.001), LDL-cholesterol (p < 0.001), triglyceride (p < 0.001), GOT (p < 0.001), GPT (p < 0.001) in the postmenopausal group were higher than in the premenopausal group. The postmenopausal group showed a significantly lower quality of life compared to the premenopausal group (p < 0.01). With regard to dietary quality, nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) of vitamin A, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$ and niacin in the postmenopausal group were significantly lower than in the premenopausal group. The levels of glucose, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride showed a significantly positive correlation with age, waist circumferences, body fat % and BMI. The 45~60 year old Korean women in this study showed high levels of obesity and serum lipids. Also, intakes of the vitamins and minerals of the women did not meet the level of Dietary reference intakes for Koreans. Therefore, nutritional risk may be high in the women, especially in postmenopausal women. In order to prevent the health risk, women's health care including the quality of the meal should be considered.

Determination of Urinary Metabolites of Methidathion after Oral Administration and Dermal Application to Rats (흰쥐를 이용한 Methidathion의 경구투여 및 피부도포 후 뇨 중 대사물질 측정)

  • Min, Kyung-Jin;Kim, Hwa-Sun;Cha, Chun-Geun
    • Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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    • v.18 no.3
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    • pp.153-160
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    • 2003
  • This study was performed to determine the urinary metabolites of methidathion in rats. Urine samples were collected for 24 hours in metabolic cages following after oral administration and dermal application of methidation to rats. The urinary metabolites were identified by GC/MS and the excretion time courses of urinary dialkyl phosphate metabolites were analyzed by CG/FPD. The results obtained are summarized as follows: Three dialkyl phosphate metabolites, DMP, DMTP. and DMDTP, were detected in the rat urine. Urinary dialkyl phosphate metabolites were identified on the basis of their mass spectra by GC/MS. The molecular ions of DMP, DMTP,and DMDTP, were identified at m/z 198, and m/z 158, respectively. A comparison of excretion time courses of urinary dialkyl phosphate metabolites between the orally administrated and dermally applicated rats were also established, After oral administration, 79.2% of DMP, 93.9% of DMTP, and 83.0% of DMDTP were excreted into the urine by 12, 24, and 12 hours, respectively. After dermal application, 71.1% of DMP, 82.8% of DMTP 87.7% of DMDTP were excreted into the urine by 24, 48, 48 hours, respectively. Consequently, almost all of the dialkyl phosphates in oral administration were excreted within 48 hours. However, the metabolites in dermal application were excreted up to 168 hours. In the study, three urinary metabolites of methidation, DMP, DMTP and DMDTP, were detected in the rat both after oral administraion and dermal application with methidathion. And the urinary excretion in dermal application was more delayed than that in oral administration. Based on the results, it tis suggested that three urinary dealkyl phosphates, DMP, DMTP, and DMDTP, could be used as the biomarkers of exposure for methidathion.

A Study on Hygiene and Safety of Sanitary Wet Towel (물수건의 위생실태 및 안전성 연구)

  • Kim, Young-Sug;Kim, Yang-Hee;Kim, Young-Su;Kim, Dae-Hwan;Ryu, Kyong-Shin;Yoon, Mi-Hye
    • Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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    • v.31 no.4
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    • pp.258-263
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    • 2016
  • The risks of sanitary indicative bacteria, heavy metals and chlorinated derivatives in 94 cases of sanitary wet towels used in food services (39 from sanitary wet towel treatment business, 55 from food services) were assessed in the present study. Lead was detected in the range of N.D.~0.41 mg/kg (75 cases were not detected), N.D.~0.25 mg/kg of arsenic (93 cases were not detected), N.D.~0.01 mg/kg of cadmium (7 cases were lower than limit of quantitation; 87 cases were not detected), 0.003 mg/kg ~ 0.09 mg/kg of mercury. And chromium (VI) was not detected from all samples. The level of lead was the highest among the tested heavy metals, and the highest concentration of lead was 0.41 mg/kg. However, it was only 2.1% of legal limit (less than 20 mg/kg). The average moisture content of the samples was 61.9% (50.0% ~ 77.0%) and it showed no relevance to the detection of bacterial counts. Escherichia coli was not detected. Bacterial counts were detected 43 cases and among them, 24 cases were exceeded the legal limit. It was verified that the packaging conditions of sanitary wet towel (whether it is packed by a piece or not and sealed or not) are critical factors to cause the germ contamination and cross contamination in the wet towels. The chlorinated derivatives (chlorites and chlorates) were detected in 17 (19.3%) out of 88 cases. The results would be used as preliminary information to establish the programs of "Safety education for manufacturers and public policy of safety".

Cutoff Values of Body Mass Index and Body Fat Measures for Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Population (한국인에서 대사증후군의 선별검사로서 체성분 분석 및 체질량지수의 타당성연구)

  • Lee, Hyun-Jae;Kim, Byoung-Gwon;Kim, Joon-Youn;Kim, Jung-Man;Yoo, Byung-Chul;Kim, Eun-Jeong;Hong, Young-Seoub
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.20 no.1
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    • pp.9-16
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    • 2010
  • This study investigated cut-off values of body mass index (BMI) and body fat measures for metabolic syndrome (MS) in elderly Koreas. Questionnaire surveys, anthropometric measurements, medical examinations, and body composition analyses were conducted for 10,077 subjects aged 40-65 years in the health examinee cohort in Korea between 2004 and 2006. Cut-off values were identified using receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis for both men and women. Stratified analyses by weight range (<60, 60-69, 70-79, and 80-89, ${\geq}90\;kg$ for men; <50, 50-59, 60-69, 70-79, ${\geq}80\;kg$ for women) were conducted. Among male subjects, the cut-off points were $25.5\;kg/m^2$ for BMI with a sensitivity of 70.0% and a specificity of 72.0%, and 26.1% for body fat percentage with a sensitivity of 60.6% and a specificity of 76.4%. Among female subjects, the cutoff points were $24.1\;kg/m^2$ for BMI with a sensitivity of 73.3% and a specificity of 68.8%, and 31.5% for body fat percentage with a sensitivity of 76.7% and a specificity of 65.6%. Stratified analysis by weight range showed that the cutoff points of BMI and body fat measures tended to higher as weight level increased. The results of our study suggest cut-off values of BMI and body fat measure for MS were similar to the general obesity criteria in Korea.

Mechanism by which periodontitis may contribute to atherosclerosis (치주염이 동맥경화에 기여하는 기전에 관한 연구)

  • Han, Seung-Hee;Kim, Kyung-Hwa;Yang, Seung-Min;Chung, Hyun-Ju;Choi, Yoon-Sik;Han, Soo-Boo;Chung, Chong-Pyoung;Rhyu, In-Chul
    • Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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    • v.32 no.4
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    • pp.837-846
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    • 2002
  • 그람 음성균의 감염에 의한 만성 염증질환인 치주염이 동맥경화를 동반한 허혈성 심장질환 (협심증이나 심근 경색)을 일으킬 수 있는 위험인자로 작용할 수 있다는 보고가 있었다. 그러나, 그 기전에 관해서는 명확하게 알려져 있지 않다. 작용기전의 하나로서, 치주염에 의해 치주조직에서 국소적으로 생긴 염증성 싸이토카인(IL-1${\beta}$, IL-6, $PGE_2$, TNF-${\alpha}$)이 혈행을 따라 이동하여 심혈관에서 동맥경화를 일으킬 수 있다는 가설이 제시되고 있는데, 이 가설을 검증해 보고자 한다. 서울대학교 병원 순환기 내과에 불안정 협심증이나 심근경색으로 입원한 환자 및 과거 이 질환의 병력을 갖고 있거나 검진 목적으로 내원하여 관상동맥 조형술을 받은 환자들 중 동맥경화로 진단받은 사람을 실험군(24명)으로 하고, 동맥경화로 진단받지 않은 사람을 대조군(12명)으로 하였다. 치주질환의 활성도를 나타내는 치은 지수, 치태 지수, 치주낭 깊이, 부착 상실을 측정하였다. Paper strip을 실험대상 치아(Ramfjord's teeth)들 중에서 가장 깊은 치주낭을 가진 두 개의 치아를 택하여 각 치아의 가장 깊은 치주낭에 30초간 삽입한 후 밀폐된 plastic tube에 넣고 ELISA kit를 이용하여 IL-1${\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, $PGE_2$의 농도를 측정하였다. 환자의 plasma에서도 동일한 싸이토카인의 농도를 측정하였다. 설문조사를 통해 동맥경화의 위험 인자로 간주되어온 고혈압, 당뇨, 가족력, 심근경색이나 협심증의 기왕력, 흡연의 유무를 기록하였다. 혈액검사를 하여 total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, WBC, CRP (C-reactive protein)의 농도를 측정하였다. 치주조직에 대한 임상 검사 결과 치은의 염증상태를 나타나는 지표인 치은 지수에서만 실험군이 대조군에 비해 유의할 정도 (p=0.0174)로 높게 나타났고, 만성적인 염증의 결과로 인한 치조골의 사실 정도를 나타내는 치주낭 깊이나 부착 상실에서는 유의할 만한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 치주낭에서 측정한 염증성 싸이토카인 중 IL-1${\beta}$, $PGE_2$가 실험군에서 유의할 만한 차이 (p=0.005, 0.022)를 보이며, 더 높은 농도로 나타났고, TNF-${\alpha}$는 대조군에서 유의성 있게 (p=0.009) 높게 나타났다. 그러나, plasma의 싸이토카인이나, serum lipid/lipoprotein, C-reactive Protein, WBC는 유의할 만한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 또한 치은열구액내의 싸이토카인과 이에 상흥하는 싸이토카인 간에 상관관계는 관찰되지 않았다. 다변량 로지스틱 회귀분석 결과, 치은열구액내의 IL-1${\beta}$와 TNF-${\alpha}$ 만이 동맥경화와 유의성 있는 관련성을 보였고, 특히 IL-1${\beta}$와 교차비는 273으로 상당한 관련성을 보여주었다. 결론적으로, 치주조직에서 국소적으로 생긴 염증성 싸이토카인이 그대로 혈행으로 이동하여 혈장내의 싸이토카인 농도를 높이는 것은 아니다. 그러나, 치주염으로 인해 치은열구내액내에 국소적으로 증가된 염증성 싸이토카인은 동맥경화와 상당한 관련성을 가진다.

A Study on the Degree of Satisfaction with School Dinner by School Meal Service in Daegu (대구지역 고등학생의 학교급식서비스 공급 유형에 따른 석식만족도 조사)

  • Lee, Eun-Ju
    • Culinary science and hospitality research
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    • v.18 no.4
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    • pp.277-291
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    • 2012
  • To compare satisfaction with school meals provided by two different types of school meal services, a survey was conducted with 252 high school students (male: 138, female: 114) consisting of 133 students offered by on-site school meal service and 114 ones by transporting school meal service in Daegu. Anthropometric measurements of the study subjects showed that 68.1% of male and 41.2% of female students had normal weight while 50.0% of female and 10.1% of male students were underweight on the basis of BMIs. 'Taste' was the most important factor when eating meals followed by 'nutrition', 'hygiene' and 'preference by the students'. (of the both schools). Eating habits of the subjects were influenced mostly by family. Female students (17.5%) skipped breakfast more frequently than the male students (8.0%). The students (68.4%) offered by on-site school meal service were more satisfied with meals than those (9.2%) by transporting school meal service. Top reason for not being satisfied was 'taste' in both schools but the second reason (36.3% of the subjects) was 'quantity of food' only in the school with transporting school meal service. In satisfaction with menu, temperature, quantity and hygienic condition of foods, higher dissatisfaction was shown in the students offered by transporting school meal service. Items needed for improvement in school meals suggested by the students were 'taste of food' (25.6% vs 62.2%), 'diversity of menu items' (21.1% vs 8.4%), 'hygienic conditions' (17.3% vs 8.4%), 'quantity of food' (10.5% vs 17.6%) and 'balanced nutrition' (8.4% vs 1.7%) for on-site service and transporting one. It is concluded from these results that transporting meal service for school meals has to be changed from the present condition to improve the quality of meals and that managing and supporting programs should be developed by public institutions such as office of education.

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Clinical Significance of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Patients with Lung Cancer and Tuberculous Pleurisy (폐암 및 결핵성 흉막염에서 Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor의 임상적 의의)

  • Im, Byoung-Kook;Oh, Yoou-Jung;Sheen, Seung-Soo;Lee, Keu-Sung;Park, Kwang-Joo;Hwang, Sung-Chul;Lee, Yi-Hyeong;Choi, Jin-Hyuk;Lim, Ho-Young
    • Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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    • v.50 no.2
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    • pp.171-181
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    • 2001
  • Background : Angiogenesis is an essential process for the growth and metastatic ability of solid tumors. One of the key factors known to be capable of stimulating tumor angiogenesis is the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The serum VEGF concentration has been shown to be a useful parameter related to the clinical features and prognosis of lung cancer and has been recently applied to a the malignant pleural effusion showing a correlation with the biochemical parameters. The VEGF has been shown to play a role in the inflammatory diseases, but rarely in the tuberculosis (TB). The serum and pleural fluid VEGF levels were measured in patients with lung cancer and TB. Their relationship with the clinical and laboratory parameters and repeated measurement 3 months after various anticancer treatments were evaluated to assess the utility of the VEGF as a tumor marker. Methods : Using a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the VEGF conoentration was measured in both sera and pleural effusions collected from a total of 85 patients with lung cancer, 13 patients with TB and 20 healthy individuals. Results : The serum VEGF levels in patients with lung cancer ($619.9{\pm}722.8pg/ml$) were significantly higher than those of healthy controls ($215.9{\pm}191.1pg/ml$), However, there was no significant difference between the VEGF levels in the lung cancer and TB patients. The serum VEGF levels were higher in large cell and undifferentiated carcinoma than in squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. The serum VEGF levels of lung cancer patients revealed no significant relationship with the various clinical parameters. The VEGF concentrations in the malignant effusion ($2,228.1{\pm}2,103.0pg/ml$) were significantly higher than those in the TB effusion ($897.6{\pm}978.8pg/ml$). In the malignant pleural effusion, the VEGF levels revealed significant correlation with the number of red blood cells (r=0.75), the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)(r=0.70), and glucose concentration (r=-0.55) in the pleural fluid. Conclusion : The serum VEGF levels were higher in the lung cancer patients. The VEGF levels were more elevated in the malignant pleural effusion than in the tuberculous effusion. In addition, the VEGF levels in the pleural fluid were several times higher than the matched serum values suggesting a local activation and possible etiologic role of VEGF in the formation of malignant effusions. The pleural VEGF levels showed a significant correlation with the numbers of red blood cells, LDH and glucose concentrations in the pleural fluid, which may represent the tumor burden.

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