• The Journal of Korean society of community based occupational therapy
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.43-58
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• 2017

Objectives : The Purpose of this study was to develop the occupation based grocery shopping skill training program for group of person with developmental disability and to test its effect. Methods : We set the grocery shopping task for the theme of the program and we applied this program for 9 sessions. There were initial, final, and follow-up evaluation and training sessions were provided 6 times. In the every session, group training program for grocery shopping skills was conducted. The performance of grocery shopping skills was evaluated by Test of Grocery Shopping Skills(TOGSS). Results : At the final assessment of grocery shopping skill, there were increased performance skills especially in item collection and size comparison. Among 3 subjects, two showed in improved navigation skills in order to search for target items. However, there was no improvement in comparing the optical price of items. For the last, it was significant that the total time to spend for shopping were commonly decreased. The performance of grocery shopping were maintained in 2 subjects and another subject was unable to perform it at the 5 month later follow-up evaluation. Conclusion : The occupation based grocery shopping skill training group program which was developed in this study is useful guide-line for occupational therapists who seek for the community based program. All 3 subjects showed the improved performance on shopping skill through this program.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.343-373
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• 2006

지적재산권의 속지주의 원칙에 따라 전통적으로 지적재산권의 침해에 있어서 결과의 발생이 없는 행위지를 침해지로 인정하지 않았다. 어문과 예술작품을 보호하기 위해 1886년 체결된 베른협약(Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works) 제5조 제1항은 저작자가 베른협약에 따라 보호되는 저작물에 관하여 본국 이외의 동맹국에서 각 법률이 현재 또는 장래에 자국민에게 부여하는 권리 및 이 협약이 특별히 부여하는 권리를 향유한다고 규정하여 내국민대우원칙을 천명하고 있다. 또한 베른협약 제5조 제2항은 저작권의 보호와 향유는 저작물의 본국에서 보호가 존재하는 여부와 관계가 없이, 보호의 범위와 저작자의 권리를 보호하기 위하여 주어지는 구제의 방법은 오로지 보호가 주장되는 국가의 법률의 지배를 받는다라고 규정하여 저작권 침해가 발행한 국가의 법률의 적용을 명시하고 있다. 인터넷과 무선통신 기술의 발달은 저작물을 디지탈 형식으로 실시간에 전세계에 배포하는 것을 가능하게 하였다. 특히 저작물의 인터넷상에서의 배포는 다국적 저작권 침해행위를 야기하여, 저작권자가 다수의 국가에서 저작권 침해소송을 제기하여 판결을 집행하는 것이 필요하게 되었다. 헤이그국제사법회의(Hague Conference on Private International Law)에서 1992년부터 논의되어 온 민사 및 상사사건의 국제재판관할과 외국판결에 관한 협약(Convention on Jurisdiction and Foreign Judgment in Civil and Commercial Matters)에서 채택된1999년의 예비초안(preliminary draft) 및 2001년 외교회의에서 수정된 잠정초안(Interim text) (이하 헤이그 협약 )은 저작권자가 저작권침해행위가 발생한 각 국가에서 저작권 침해행위를 금지하는 소송을 제기할 필요없이, 동 협약의 한 가맹국가의 법원의 저작권침해금지판결을 다른 가맹국가에서도 집행할 수 있는 가능성을 제시해 주는데 의미가 있다. 헤이그 협약 제10조는 불법행위(torts)에 관한 일반적인 재판관할에 관한 규정을 두고 있으며, 저작권침해에 관한 분쟁은 동 조항의 적용을 받는다. 제10조에 의해 당사자는 가해행위지 국가의 법원 또는 결과발생지 국가의 법원에서 소송을 제기할 수 있다. 결과발생지의 경우 제10조 1항 (b)는 피고가 자신의 행위가 본국의 법규에 비추어 동일한 성격의 손해를 초래할 수 있다라고 합리적으로 예견할 수 없었던 경우에 본 조항의 적용을 배제하고 있다. 인터넷을 통한 저작권침해의 경우, 피고가 자신의 국가의 법규하에서 합법적으로 저작물을 웹사이트에 게시하였으나, 그 행위가 다운로딩이 행해진 국가에서 불법인 경우, 피고는 저작권침해를 예견할 수 없었으므로 이에 문제가 제기된다. iCrave TV사건에서, 피고인 캐나다회사가 미국 및 캐나다에서 방송되는 텔레비젼 방송 프로그램을 자신의 웹사이트에 게시하여 이용자들로 하여금 컴퓨터를 통하여 방송을 재시청 할 수 있도록 하였는데 이는 캐나다에서 합법인 반면에 미국에서는 저작권 침해에 해당한다. 피고는 방송 프로그램을 인터넷상에서 재방송하는 것은 캐나다법상 합법이므로 저작권침해를 예견할 수 없었다고 주장하면서, 해당 사이트에 오직 캐나다 거주자만의 접속을 허용하고 미국 거주자의 접속을 제한하는 일련의 Click-Wrap 계약과 스크린 장치를 제공하였다고 주장하였다. 본 사건 피고의 주장을 받아들인다고 가정할 때, 제10조 1항(b)에 의해 원고는 결과발생지인 미국법원의 재판관할을 강제할 수 없을 것이다. 지적재산권을 둘러싼 분쟁에 관한 재판관할과 국제법상의 판결의 승인 및 집행의 통일성을 기하기 위하여 2001년 1월 세계지적재산권기구(World Intellectual Property Organization)가 제안한 WIPO 협약초안(Draft Convention on Jurisdiction and Recognition of Judgments in Intellectual Property Matters)은 헤이그 협약이 재판관할과 판결의 승인 및 집행에 대한 일반적인 접근을 하고 있는 점에 반하여 지적재산권자의 보호라는 측면을 고려하여 지적재산권침해소송에 국제재판관할권을 규정하고 있다. WIPO 협약초안 제6조는 저작권자가 저작권 침해를 막기 위한 합리적인 조치를 취한 국가에서 저작권 침해소송을 피할 수 있다고 규정하고 있다. 따라서 본 조항에 의할 경우, iCrave TV사건의 피고는 미국에서의 저작권 침해소송을 회피할 수 있을 것이다. 이상과 같이 헤이그 협약이 외국판결의 승인 및 집행을 가능하게 하고 있음에도 불구하고, 외국법원의 판결이 다수의 가맹국가에서 집행되지 못하는 가장 큰 장애는 대다수의 국가들이 외국법원의 판결이 공서양속(Public Policy)에 반하는 경우 판결을 승인하지 않는 예외규정을 두고 있기 때문이다. 미국의 경우, Uniform Recognition Act와 Restatement(Third) of Foreign Relations에 따른 공서양속의 예외규정(Public Policy exception)은 외국법원의 판결의 승인을 부인하는 근거가 된다. Yahoo! 사건에서 Yahoo! Inc.의 옥션 사이트를 통해 독일 나치 소장물의 판매가 이루어졌는데, 프랑스 형법상 이는 범죄행위에 해당하므로, 프랑스 법원은Yahoo! Inc.에게 프랑스 이용자가 당해 옥션 사이트에 접속할 수 없도록 모든 가능한 조치를 취할 것을 명하였다. 이에 미국 법원은 프랑스 법원의 판결은 Yahoo! Inc.의 미국헌법 제1 수정(First Amendment)의 언론의 자유(freedom of speech)에 반하므로 판결의 집행을 거부하였는데 이는 공서양속의 예외규정을 보여주는 예이다. 헤이그 협약 제28조와 WIPO 협약초안 제25조 또한 공서양속의 예외규정을 두고 있다. 본 논문은 인터넷과 통신기술의 발달로 야기되는 다국적 저작권 침해사건에서 한 국가의 법원의 저작권 침해금지판결이 다수의 국가에서 승인 및 집행될 수 있는 능성을 헤이그 협약과 WIPO 협약초안 및 미국판결을 중심으로 살펴보았다. 국제적으로 통일된 저작권법이 존재하지 않고 외국 판결의 승인을 부인하는 예외조항과 외국판결의 집행에 관한 각국의 이해관계와 준거법의 해석이 다른 현시점에서 지적재산권의 속지주의를 뛰어넘어 외국법원의 판결을 국제적으로 집행하는 것은 다소 어려움이 있어 보이나 국제적인 집행가능성의 열쇠를 제시하는 헤이그 협약과 장래의 국제조약에 그 기대를 걸어볼 수 있겠다.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.45-56
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• 2015

Purpose : This study aimed to critically analyze published research papers in Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration and to investigate the research field and trends. Methods : Types of studies, research trends, levels of evidence, participants, funding sources and research areas were analyzed and described by using 97 selected studies published between 2003 and 2014. Results : Every 5 years, the most frequent type of study was experimental research. The numbers of experimental studies and review studies have been increasing. The most frequent level of evidence was one group non-randomized study, followed by case reports. The highest percentage of participants were children with disability and the most common diagnoses were pervasive developmental disorder, developmental delay and intellectual disabilities. Most of the participants was elementary school students and the most frequent sample size was below 10. The percentage of research grant from Korean Academy of Sensory Integration has been over 50% since 2008. The research areas focusing on the standardized assessments were mostly sensory modulation, interaction and development and the non-standardized assessments were behavior observation and clinical observation. Conclusion : Higher level of studies and comprehensive research methods will be needed. The standardized assessment tools with the high sensibility on sensory integration which developed in the domestic need to be developed. Thus, it will be able to contribute to the evidence based practice in occupational therapy.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.93-103
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• 2002

The aim of this study is to examine the diagnostic profiles and related clinical variables of children with attention and hyperactivity in psychiatric outpatient clinic. Seventy one children with age range of 5 to 14 were diagnosed by DSM-IV, and assessment battery including KEDI-WISC, KPI-C, ADS(ADHD Diagnostic System) were completed. The subjects were divided into 3 diagnostic groups：ADHD only(n=17), ADHD comorbid(n=27), Other diagnosis(n=27). The results were as follows：In ADHD comorbid group, tic disorder, developmental language disorder, borderline intellectual function, oppositional defiant/conduct disorder, and learning disorder were combined in descending order. Other diagnosis group consisted of tic disorder, borderline intellectual function, depression/anxiety, oppositional defiant/conduct disorder, and others. There were significant differences in IQ, PIQ, and VIQ among the three groups, and ADHD only group showed higher scores of IQ and VIQ than ADHD comorbid group. On the KPI-C, there were no significant differences in all subscales among the three groups. On the visual ADS, omission error and sensitivity showed significant differences among the three groups, and ADHD comorbid group represented higher omission error and lower sensitivity than other diagnostic group. The findings indicated that the inattention and hyperactivity symptoms could be diagnosed into diverse psychiatric disorders in child psychiatry, and ADHD children with comorbidity will show more problems in academic performance and school adjustment.

• Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.169-179
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• 2016

This study was to investigate special education teachers' teaching in reading and writing to university students with intellectual disabilities. For this study, we surveyed 71special education teachers who work in Gwangju, Daegu and Busan. As a result, in order to identify students' reading and writing abilities, they were more likely to use their own tests which they made for themselves than standardized tests. When teaching students, they used their own teaching experiences and advices from colleagues and senior teachers regarding problem-solving methods and reliable information while the knowledge they learned at school showed low frequency in use. Despite using mainly whole-word approach when instructing reading and writing, it appeared that teachers' teaching experiences and diversity of textbooks also have an influence. Regarding needs of education participation for teaching students, there were high needs and interests in teaching methods of writing, textbooks and teaching materials by the characteristics of disability, reading and writing development, reading and writing disabilities. In case of difficulties and needs in teaching students, there was a high demand of development of a wide variety of teaching materials and tools and, preparation for sufficient textbooks and test tools, while difficulties in teaching appeared in lack of knowledge about reading and writing, lack of screening/evaluating tools, and evaluating and teaching oriented to each disability characteristic.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.13-22
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• 2021

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a virtual reality-based occupational therapy program on the physical function and learning ability of intellectually disabled school-aged children. Methods : In this study, 20 intellectually disabled children of school age were randomly and evenly divided into experimental and control groups with children in the experimental group receiving a virtual reality-based occupational therapy intervention. The study adopted a pretest-posttest design. The intervention was conducted for a total of 12 sessions for six weeks, twice a week, and 50 minutes per session. As measurement tools, BOT-2 and grooved pegboard tests were used to compare physical function before and after the intervention program, and K-ABC was used to check changes in learning ability. Results : The occupational therapy program produced a significant improvement in both physical function and learning ability of the experimental group. A significant difference was observed between the experimental and control groups. Conclusion : This study confirmed the value and usefulness of virtual reality-based occupational therapy as a tool for enhancing the physical function and learning ability of intellectually disabled school-aged children. Based on the results, a variety of future studies are encouraged that would further test the effects of the occupational therapy program used here.

• The Journal of Korea Assosiation for Disability and Oral Health
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.42-45
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• 2013

De Grouchy syndrome or Distal 18q- is a genetic condition caused by a deletion of genetic material within chromosome 18, and the deletion involves the distal section of 18q. It causes a wide range of medical and developmental concerns. Congenital orthopedic anomalies, cleft lip and palate are relatively common. People with distal 18q- are often small for their age. Most individuals with distal 18q- fall in the mild to moderate range of intellectual disability. Strabismus and nystagmus, changes in the optic nerve as well as colobomas are also fairly common. People with distal 18q- frequently have conductive and/or sensorineural hearing loss. At present, treatment for distal 18q- is only symptomatic. This article presents a case report: Caries treatment of a 4-year-old female patient with de Grouchy syndrome under general anesthesia. The special considerations of dental care, especially caries treatment for the patient with de Grouchy syndrome are discussed.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.854-862
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• 2014

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) students' intellctual defects, learning problems, and poor academic achievements seem to be due to significantly lower intelligence compared to the normal students, but rather the characteristic of inability to pay attention at a given time can be seen as the more attributing reason. In this study, a comparison between the ADHD students and the normal students will be performed using a fMRI analysis in order to differentiate the brain function between the two groups during a working memory task performance and to assess the difference in the activated regions of the brain. Clinical survey examinations and fMRI measurements were performed for a group of 26 elementary students from the Incheon area. The stimulus of fMRI was a working memory. Cartography statistically analyzed parameters and the Statistical Package of Social Sciences using single-sample t-test, two-sample t-test, were analyzed by multiple regression analysis, the statistical significance level was p<0.05 in, respectively. The disproportionate developments could be seen in the ADHD students group such as the frontal cortex, parietal cortex, thalamus, and caudate nucleus, among others. In addition, as some students felt the increase in the difficulty of working memory task performance, the orbitofrontal cortex and the hippocampus were activated, which seems to be the result of an effort for looking for an answer. More types of ADHD students needs to be secured as research subjects, and more stimulations for fMRI experiments should be considered as it would be useful in the overall evaluation of brain function.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.25-34
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• 2002

In view of increasing environmental pollution, the organic farming in animal production is becoming increasingly urgent. The problems of veterinary medicine have not diminished through the most dangerous epidemic diseases. Organic farming attempts to function in harmony with the environment. The first criterion of the organic farm is that the animal must be self-sustaining. Their food must be produced to a large extent on the farm. The position of ruminants in biological systems is determined by the fact that this group of farm animals is provided with a digestive system which optimizes the utilization of the products of gut microfloral fermentation. The cattle do not require large amounts of concentrate feeling nor gross ugly farm building for intensive rearing. The economic profitability of a cow depends. on the first instance, on the level of milk production and the number of lactations. The length of life is an important factor since the tilde to maturing is relatively high in a cow. The result is that dairy cows in organic farming have greater length of live, and produce more milk in their life time than the shorter lived high input cow. This paper. therefore, discussed the problems of modern cattle farming and development trends of organic farming in Germany and Korea.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.53-59
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• 2016

Epilepsy is a neurological disease characterized by recurrent seizures. Though the exact causes for epilepsy are unknown, genetic mutations, especially altered gene functions, have been implicated as key causative components of epilepsy. We recently identified a causing gene for the Miles-Carpenter syndrome (MCS). MCS patients have intellectual disability and epilepsy. MCS knockout (KO) zebrafish also show a seizure-like phenotype with hyperactivity of pectoral fin and jaw movement, resulting from loss of GABAergic interneurons. To evaluate MCS KO zebrafish as an epilepsy model, we tested the effects of retigabine, an anticonvulsant drug, on the movement of MCS KO zebrafish.