• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.3 no.2
• /
• pp.96-104
• /
• 2001

Usage of ecosystem models has been extended to landscape scales for understanding the effects of environmental factors on natural and agro-ecosystems and for serving as their management decision tools. Accurate prediction of spatial variation in daily temperature is required for most ecosystem models to be applied to landscape scales. There are relatively few empirical evaluations of landscape-scale temperature prediction techniques in mountainous terrain such as Korean Peninsula. We derived a periodic function of seasonal lapse rate fluctuation from analysis of elevation effects on daily temperatures. Observed daily maximum and minimum temperature data at 63 standard stations in 1999 were regressed to the latitude, longitude, distance from the nearest coastline and altitude of the stations, and the optimum models with $r^2$ of 0.65 and above were selected. Partial regression coefficients for the altitude variable were plotted against day of year, and a numerical formula was determined for simulating the seasonal trend of daily lapse rate, i.e., partial regression coefficients. The formula in conjunction with an inverse distance weighted interpolation scheme was applied to predict daily temperatures at 267 sites, where observation data are available, on randomly selected dates for winter, spring and summer in 2000. The estimation errors were smaller and more consistent than the inverse distance weighting plus mean annual lapse rate scheme. We conclude that this method is simple and accurate enough to be used as an operational temperature interpolation scheme at landscape scale in Korea and should be applicable to elsewhere.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.35 no.5
• /
• pp.490-496
• /
• 2002

In order to detect the DNA heteropolymorphism of chum salmon, selected essential genes were examined in different regional chum salmons, i.e., Korean, Japanese and American by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and real time PCR methods. From the promoter regions and introns of growth hormone, mtDNA NDI region, D-loop region, IGF-I, histone H3 and MCH2 several representative primer pairs were obtained and employed for the DGGE with the PCR products from the genomic DNAs of the different regional chum salmons. mtDNA NDI, D-loop region and IGE-I genes showed marked heteropolymorphism between Korean and American chum salmons. Intron C of growth hormone also showed a heteropolymorphism between Korean and Japanese chum salmons. Whereas heteropolnnorphism of histone liH and MCH2 genes was detected among in Korean, Japanese and Asnerican chum salmons in the examined region. The real time PCR disclosed the characteristic incremental production of target DNAs dependent on the heteropolymorphic conditions of genomic DNAa of chum salmons, thus the different regional chum salmons could be grouped by the variable incremental curies. Although the DGGE and real time PCR did not produce the identical results in this study, we suggest that the DGGE and real time PCR could be used for the primary screening of the DNA heteropolymorphism of different animal genome.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.31 no.1
• /
• pp.13-27
• /
• 2013

This study investigated flora and vascular plants area around Buyongdae where include optimum view point Okyeonjeongsa and Gyeomamjeongsa in Hahoe Village, Andong. Based on the findings, the aim of results was attempted to suggest the management plan of the vegetation area around Buyongdae which designated UNESCO World cultural heritage and folk village in Korea. The results of the study is as the following. All flora of this site, Buyongdae in Andong, were 301 taxa; 89 families, 217 genera, 251 species, 1 subspecies, 38 varieties and 11 forms. Vegetation of each of areas in site was classified Pinus densiflora as representative forest around Buyongdae, Quercus variabilis forest around Gyeomamjjeongsa and Koelreuteria paniculata forest in river cliff of Buyongdae. The 14 taxa(Polygala tenuifolia, Koelreuteria paniculata, and others) as the rare plants and the 7 taxa(Weigela subsessilis, and others) as endemic species were recorded in the surveyed site among the whole flora. The specific plants which is categorized to degree by the Ministry of Environment appeared as 32 taxa; degree IV was 4 species; Polygala tenuifolia, etc. and degree III was 10 species; Hypodematium glandulosopilosum, Pyrrosia petiolosa, etc. and degree I was 13 species; Hemiptelea davidii, Zizyphus jujuba var. jujuba, etc. Also, the 11 taxa were recorded in limestone area as the chamaephyte; Hypodematium glandulosopilosum, Celtis koraiensis, Siphonostegia chinensis, Artemisia gmelini, and others. The naturalized plants recorded as 25 taxa; Viola arvensis, Erechtites hieracifolia, etc. and invasion of Sicyos angulatus which is ecosystem disturbing plants. The naturalization rate(NR) was 8.3% and the urbanization index(UI) was 7.8% by field survey. For recovery of indigenous to traditional vegetation landscape in Buyongdae, Pinus rigida of upper-growth and Alnus sibirica of middle-growth need thinning. In addition, the site demands both sustainable management through long-term monitering and gradual elimination method for the naturalized plants including Sicyos angulatus where found in Kyumamjeongsa. Particularly, intentional planting for decoration and cultivation around Hwachunseowon, Helianthus tuberosus must be substitute with the native plants. Meanwhile, Polygala tenuifolia is potently demanded preventing habitate, confirming additional habitate, seed securing and preservation of gene resource internally or externally. Koelreuteria paniculata; denoting feature of river cliff, including Hypodematium glandulosopilosum, Siphonostegia chinensis, Zizyphus jujuba var. jujuba, Pyrrosia petiolosa, and Celtis koraiensis, also need an assertive preservation. Futhermore, Wisteria floribunda for. floribunda, located around Galmo rock to Chunggil course, remained by colonizing form, need preservation and observation for a while. Beside that, the information boards are required to educate visiting user about safe regulations on the narrow way in rock hill.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
• /
• v.36
• /
• pp.199-228
• /
• 1998

This study is designed to find out the determinants of dual-earner wives' needs for family-supportive services. For this purpose, a hypothetical model which explains the relationships among 6 stressors, role overload, stress and needs for 4 family-supportive services is developed. Using the data collected by purposive sampling from 234 professional women and 208 blue-collar women living in Chinju and Sacheon, the hypothetical model developed in this study was tested. In order to examine occupational class differences, a model for professionals and another model for blue-collars were developed separately and compared. For data analysis, a covariance structure analysis was used. The best-fitting model for professional women (df=141, GFI=0.928, CFI=0.965) and the model for blue collar women (df=141, GFI=0.902, CFI=0.912) were found. As a result of comparing two models, 9 common relationships were found:l)Greater dissatisfaction with child care service increases role overload; 2)Longer work hours increases role overload; 3) Higher level of role overload increases stress; 4)Higher level of stress increase needs for leaves; 5)Older child increases needs for flexible work pattern; 6)Younger child increases needs for finalcial assistance for child care fee; 7)needs for financial assistance for child care increases needs for on-site child care services; 8)needs for on-site child care services increases needs for leaves; 9)needs for leaves increases needs for flexible work pattern. With the exception of these 9 common relationships, the analyses revealed substantial differences between professional and blue-collar dual-earner wives. Based on the common and differential needs between 2 groups of wives, the effective ways to provide family-supportive services according to the needs of individual dual-earner wives who are in different familial, financial, and work conditions were suggested.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.55 no.6
• /
• pp.737-760
• /
• 2022

For the geological disposal of high-level radioactive wastes (HLW), an understanding of deep subsurface environment is essential through geological, hydrogeological, geochemical, and geotechnical investigations. Although South Korea plans the geological disposal of HLW, only a few studies have been conducted for characterizing the geochemistry of deep subsurface environment. To guide the hydrogeochemical research for selecting suitable repository sites, this study overviewed the status and trends in hydrogeochemical characterization of deep groundwater for the deep geological disposal of HLW in developed countries. As a result of examining the selection process of geological disposal sites in 8 countries including USA, Canada, Finland, Sweden, France, Japan, Germany, and Switzerland, the following geochemical parameters were needed for the geochemical characterization of deep subsurface environment: major and minor elements and isotopes (e.g., ³⁴S and ¹⁸O of SO₄^2-, ¹³C and ¹⁴C of DIC, ²H and ¹⁸O of water) of both groundwater and pore water (in aquitard), fracture-filling minerals, organic materials, colloids, and oxidation-reduction indicators (e.g., Eh, Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺, H₂S/SO₄^2-, NH₄⁺/NO₃^-). A suitable repository was selected based on the integrated interpretation of these geochemical data from deep subsurface. In South Korea, hydrochemical types and evolutionary patterns of deep groundwater were identified using artificial neural networks (e.g., Self-Organizing Map), and the impact of shallow groundwater mixing was evaluated based on multivariate statistics (e.g., M3 modeling). The relationship between fracture-filling minerals and groundwater chemistry also has been investigated through a reaction-path modeling. However, these previous studies in South Korea had been conducted without some important geochemical data including isotopes, oxidationreduction indicators and DOC, mainly due to the lack of available data. Therefore, a detailed geochemical investigation is required over the country to collect these hydrochemical data to select a geological disposal site based on scientific evidence.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.157-181
• /
• 2020

Sediments from rivers, lakes and marine ports serve as end points for pollutants discharged into the water, and at the same time serve as sources of pollutants that are continuously released into the water. Until now, the contaminated sediments have been landfilled or dumped at sea. Landfilling, however, was expensive and dumping at sea was completely banned due to the London Convention. Therefore, this study applied contaminated sedimentation soil of 'Royal Palace Livestock Complex' as soil purification method. Soil remediation methods were applied to pretreatment, composting, soil washing, electrokinetics, and thermal desorption by selecting overseas application cases and domestically applicable application technologies. As a result of surveying the site for pollutant characteristics, Disolved Oxigen (DO), Suspended Solid (SS), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Nitrogen (TN), and Total Phosphorus (TP) exceeded the discharged water quality standard, and especially SS, COD, TN, and TP exceeded the standard several tens to several hundred times. Soil showed high concentrations of copper and zinc, which promote the growth of pig feed, and cadmium exceeded 1 standard of Soil Environment Conservation Act. In the pretreatment technology, hydrocyclone was used for particle size separation, and the fine soil was separated by more than 80%. Composting was performed on organic and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) contaminated soils. TPH was treated within the standard of concern, and E. coli was analyzed to be high in organic matter, and the fertilizer specification was satisfied by applying the optimum composting conditions at 70℃, but the organic matter content was lower than the fertilizer specification. As a result of continuous washing test, Cd has 5 levels of residual material in fine soil. Cu and Zn were mostly composed of ion exchange properties (stage 1), carbonates (stage 2), and iron / manganese oxides (stage 3), which facilitate easy separation of contamination. As a result of applying acid dissolution and multi-stage washing step by step, hydrochloric acid, 1.0M, 1: 3, 200rpm, 60min was analyzed as the optimal washing factor. Most of the contaminated sediments were found to satisfy the Soil Environmental Conservation Act's standards. Therefore, as a result of the applicability test of this study, soil with high heavy metal contamination was used as aggregate by applying soil cleaning after pre-treatment. It was possible to verify that it was efficient to use organic and oil-contaminated soil as compost Maturity after exterminating contaminants and E. coli by applying composting.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
• /
• v.11 no.3
• /
• pp.25-47
• /
• 2012

This research is to suggest an ecological management methods by classification of biotope type and its mapping for Tricholoma matsutake. The target area was construction site of the East Hongchun - Yangyang Highway (Yangyang section) where massive production of Tricholoma matsutakes is in place. Specifically, the 700 m long range of area around the road route, Yangyang section, which is over a total area of $19,79km^2$. The flow of this research was as follows: first studied were the characteristics of the Yangyang Tricholoma matsutakes; second, reviews on previous studies on Tricholoma matsutakes; third, the formulation of standards and processes of biotope type considering Tricholoma matsutake production; and fourth, mapping of biotope considering the production area of Tricholoma matsutake. In 24.77% of the region, slope angle measured $30{\sim}40^{\circ}C$, which is suitable for Tricholoma matsutake production. Also, 17.44% of the region had southward vegetation structures, and as for the Pinus densiflora; 26.00% had average receipts; the tree ages was $38{\pm}8.34$ years; and the average density of canopy layer was $9.55{\pm}4.89/100m^2$. The soil acidity (pH) values of 5.0 to 5.6(47.96%) > 5.6 to 7.0(42.90%) > 4.0 to 5.0(9.14%) were slightly high for Tricholoma matsutake growth; but 57.10% of the area had a soil pH of 4.0-5.6. The organic horizon (A0 layer) was $3.39{\pm}2.14cm$, and the mean depths were 4-6cm(78.03%) > 0-2cm(18.10%) > 2-4cm(3.87%). Based on the results of previous studies and field researches on the presence of vegetation (the pine dominance ratio), the topographic structure (the terrain characteristics and slopes), the receipt, the soil structure (the soil acidity and the organic layers interposed between the depths), and the vegetation density, six clusters based on the identified types of biotopes are produced in this paper. Area of distribution according to the type of biotope was Tricholoma matsutake of the potential-production (II) biotope (32.86%) > Tricholoma matsutake of the inadequate-production biotope (22.17%) > Tricholoma matsutake of the adequate (II)-production biotope (17.79%) > Tricholoma matsutake of the adequate (I)-production biotope (14.86%) > Tricholoma matsutake of the potential-production (I) biotope (9.77%) > Tricholoma matsutake of the produced biotope (2.55%).

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.63-72
• /
• 2012

Current analysis method drives an irrationality a road, signal operation and cause confusion of road such as weaving, bottleneck being not including main traffic flow in analysis subject. Therefore, this research develops analysis method of simple grade facilities to grasp target equipment relationship effect as virtue process to grasp effect of simple grade facilities in city and there is the purpose to apply optimum space of analysis intersection. In this paper, get at effect of simple grade facilities in urban area, as well as, develop new analysis method of simple grade facilities and adapt optimal interval of intersection point. New method of this paper reasonably estimated to optimal interval of the traffic flow(diverge area, merge area). As research result, analysis method to present in this research could clarify vague part of existing analysis method and presume reasonable result. Optimal interval of diverge and merge area with facilities was appeared more then 65m from the main line and more then 45m from the frontage road. Meaning of this paper as follow. First, the effect of simple grade facilities estimate. as consider optimal interval of simple grade facilities in urban can plan efficiently operation planning of road and signal in connection with nearby intersection. Second, new method then previous methods. planner of transportation easily access due to run parallel with existing method. Third, new method is contained through traffic volumes. the existing method did not reflect one. and this new method reduce error to the minimum. when analysis of intersection and link. Fourth, using the new method propose improvement plan with road operation and signal operation.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.62-72
• /
• 1986

At present, the definition and chemical analysis method of available soil phosphorus for plants have not been standardized because of the complexity of crop and soil characteristics in Korea and many analysis methods have been suggested with different extraction conditions. Suitable analytical method of available soil P should be established by the trial of various methods based on crop nutrition and soil conditions. To establish the most suitable analysis method of available soiIP, a pot experiment with young maize was conducted over 44 different upland soils collected over the land of Korea. The amount of uptaken P by the plant was determined by ten different chemical methods for the available soil P. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Total phosphorus content in the sample soils ranged ranged $533{\sim}4917\;ppm$, and showed significant positive correlation with the content of organic matter. 2. The P content was relatively low in the acid sulfate soil and very high in the volcanic ash soil although both types of soil contained high level of orgic matter. 3. The amount of extractable P determined by ten different methods were varied more or less, and the ratios of the extractable P to the total soil P were in the range of $1{\sim}48%$. 4. The relative values to the amount of extractable soil P by different methods were in the order of $H_2O(5\;min.)\;1.0\;<\;H_2O(60min.)\;2.27\;<\;NH_4HCO_3\;5.57\;<\;NaHCO_3\;7.42\;<\;Double\;lactate\;9.71\;<\;Bray\;No.1\;12.53\;<\;Lancaster\;17.63\;<\;Nelson\;25.96\;<\;AcOH\;27.6\;<\;CAL-method\;50.27$ 5. The amount of extractable P determined by all of applied methods was very low in acid sulfate soil, volcanic ash soil and coarse textured soil. 6. Soil pH and total soil P generally showed significant positive correlation with the chemically extracted P, and soil organic matter was negatively correlated with the determined by Nelson-and CAL-method. Olsen method which showed significant correlation with exchangeable calcium seemed to be recommendable for calcareous soils. 7. Total amount of uptaken P by Young maize through continuos twice cropping was 4.05% of total soil P in average, and the uptake in the second cropping was twice as much as that of the first cropping. 8. Three determination methods, i.e. Soltanpour-, Double lactate and Bray No. 1-method seemed to be more suitable than Lancaster method which is widely practiced at present in Korea. However, further study should be carried out with other crops and soils to most adequate chemical method for determination of available soil P.