• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.13-29
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• 2023

Urban parks are social infrastructure supporting citizens' health, quality of life, and community formation. As the proportion of urban parks that have been established for more than 20 years is increasing, the need for refurbishment to improve the physical space environment and enhance the functions of aging urban parks is increasing. Since the government's refurbishment of aging urban parks has limitations in securing financial resources and promoting attractiveness, they must be promoted through public-private partnerships. Japan, which suffered from the problem of aging urban parks, has successfully promoted several park refurbishment projects by introducing the Park-PFI through the revision of the 「Urban Park Act」 in 2017. This study examines and analyzes the characteristics of the Japan Park-PFI as an alternative to improving the quality of aging domestic urban park services through public-private partnerships and the validity of the aging urban park refurbishment projects through Park-PFI. The main findings are as follows. First, it is necessary to start discussions on introducing Japan's Park-PFI according to the domestic conditions as a means of public-private partnership to improve the service quality and diversify the functions of aging urban parks. In order to introduce Park-PFI social discussions and follow-up studies on the deterioration of urban parks. Must be conducted. The installation of private capital and profit facilities and improvements of related regulations, such as the 「Parks and Green Spaces Act」 and the 「Public Property Act」, is required. Second, it is judged that the Park-PFI project is a policy alternative that can enhance the benefits to citizens, local governments, and private operators under the premise that the need to refurbish aging urban parks is high and the location is suitable for promoting the project. As a result of a pilot application of the Park-PFI project to Seyeong Park, an aging urban park located in Bupyeong-gu, Incheon, it was analyzed to be profitable in terms of the profitability index (PI), net present value (FNPV), and internal rate of return (FIRR). It is considered possible to participate in the business sector. At the local government level, private capital is used to improve the physical space environment of aging urban parks, as well as the refurbishment of the urban parks by utilizing financial resources generated by returning a portion of the facility usage fees and profits (0.5% of annual sales) of private operators. It was found that management budgets could be secured.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.113-123
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• 2018

The purpose of this research is to develop evaluation indicators forperformance improvement of horticultural therapy garden. In order to achieve a therapeutic purpose, the gardening activity held by the trained horticultural therapist. Moreover, horticultural therapy is 'a medical model' for the treatment and basic premise of the research was set, as horticultural therapy garden is characterized area to support activities of patients and horticultural therapist functionally and efficiently. For this study, three times of Delphi and AHP techniques were proceeded to export panels who were recruited by purposive sampling. Through these techniques, it was possible to deduct the evaluation indicator which maximizes the performance of the horticultural therapy garden. The evaluation items were prioritized by typing and stratification of the indicator. The results and discussions were stated as followings. Firstly, a questionnaire of experts was conducted to horticultural therapists and civil servants who were in charge of horticultural therapy. As results(horticultural therapists: 87.8%, civil servants: 75.2%), It is possible to conclude that both positions have the high recognition and agreed on the necessity of horticultural therapy. Secondly, Delphi investigation was conducted three times in order to develop the evaluation indicator for performance evaluation. After Delphi analysis, total 34 of evaluation elements to improve the performance of the horticultural therapy garden by reliability and validity analysis results. Thirdly, AHP analysis of each evaluation indicator was conducted on the relative importance and weighting. Moreover, the results showed 'interaction between nature and human' as the most important element, and in order of 'plan of the program', 'social interaction', 'sustainable environmental', and 'universal design rule', respectively. On the other hand, the exports from the university and research institute evaluated the importance of 'interaction between nature and human', while horticultural therapists chose 'plan of the program' as the most important element. Fourthly, the total weight was used to develop weight applied evaluation indicator for the performance evaluation of the horticultural therapy garden. The weight applying to evaluation index is generally calculated multiply the evaluation scores and the total weight using AHP analysis. Finally, 'the evaluation indicator and evaluation score sheet for performance improvement of the horticultural therapy garden' was finally stated based on the relative order of priority between evaluation indicators and analyzing the weight. If it was deducted the improvement points for the efficiency of already established horticultural therapy garden using the 'weight applied evaluation sheet', it is possible to expand it by judging the importance with the decision of the priority because the item importance decided by experts was reflected. Moreover, in the condition of new garden establishment, it is expected to be helpful in suggesting ways for performance improvement and in setting the guidelines by understanding the major indicators of performance improvement in horticultural therapy activity.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.57-68
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• 2017

Continuous monitoring of spatial and temporal changes in key marine environmental parameters such as SST (sea surface temperature) near IORS (Ieodo Ocean Research Station) is demanded to investigate the ocean ecosystem, climate change, and sea-air interaction processes. In this study, we aimed to develop the system for continuously measuring SST using a TIR (thermal infrared) sensor mounted at the IORS. New SST algorithm is developed to provide SST of better quality that includes automatic atmospheric correction and emissivity calculation for different oceanic conditions. Then, the TIR-based SST products were validated against in-situ water temperature measurements during May 17-26, 2015 and July 15-18, 2015 at the IORS, yielding the accuracy of 0.72-0.85 R-square, and $0.37-0.90^{\circ}C$ RMSE. This TIR-based SST observing system can be installed easily at similar Ocean Research Stations such as Sinan Gageocho and Ongjin Socheongcho, which provide a vision to be utilized as calibration site for SST remotely sensed from satellites to be launched in future.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.04a
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• pp.25-25
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• 2019

1953년 7월 27일 정전협정 이후 한반도를 가로지르는 DMZ (Demilitarized zone: 비무장지대)가 설정되었다. DMZ에 출입은 군사정전위원회의 허가가 있어야 가능하기에 군사시설 및 군작전지역을 포함하여 DMZ 및 민간인통제선 이북은 민간인 접근의 제한으로, 단절된 공간으로 변모하였다. DMZ는 우리나라의 대표적인 동고서저의 지형 및 다양한 생태환경을 두루 갖추고 있어 중요한 생태적 요충지로 평가받고 있다. 산림지역은 민간인통제지역까지 합치면 40여개의 산지가 분포하고 있으며, 하천은 크게 15개의 크고 작은 하천이 위치하고 있다. 남방한계선 수계를 따라 일부지역들은 하천 배후습지, 묵논습지 등 습원형태로도 많이 발견되고 있다. 이런 습원지역들은 대부분 미확인 지뢰지대로 접근이 제한적인 만큼 지난 세월의 흔적들을 고스란히 담고 있다. 1965년 한국자연보존연구회는 30여명의 국내학자를 동원하여 서울에서 가까운 DMZ 인접지역에 대한 예비적인 학술조사를 실시하였으며, 이를 계기로 1966년 10월부터 1968년 9월까지 2년간에 걸쳐 한국자연보존위원회 34명의 국내학자와 미국 스미소니언연구소(Smithsonian Institution) H. K. Buechner 박사를 대표로 5명의 국외학자가 공동으로 종합적인 학술조사를 수행하였다. 이는 DMZ 연구의 시작을 알렸으며, 이후 남북관계나 시대여건에 맞추어 간헐적으로 다양한 조사 및 연구들이 이어져오고 있다. 2015년부터 2018년까지 DMZ 철책주변 현장조사를 통해 확인된 식물현황은 964분류군이다. 군시설로 인해 식물서식환경이 제한적인 상황이지만 척박한 환경에 적응하고 있는 식물은 다양하다. DMZ와 맞닿아 있는 7개 지역에 대한 식물현황은 철원 638분류군, 연천 631분류군, 양구 525분류군 순으로 나타났다. 대부분 중동부 지역에 높은 식물종수가 나타났으며, 서부와 동부의 식물들이 고르게 나타나는 결과로 보인다. 큰잎쓴풀, 봉래꼬리풀 등 희귀식물도 있는 반면, 잠재적으로 생태계에 영향을 줄 수 있는 침입외래식물도 다수 포함되어 있어서, 지속적인 모니터링 및 관리가 필요하다. 그 중에서도 양구지역에 새롭게 발견된 Macleaya cordata (Willd.) R.Br.(양귀비과)는 독성이 포함된 식물이며, 인제에서 2014년에 발견된 미역취아재비는 DMZ일원에 제한적으로 분포하는 종이였으나 현재 연천에서 발견되는 등 확산에 대한 관리방안이 필요하다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2020.06a
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• pp.18-18
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• 2020

금강하구와 같이 막힌 대형 하구는 근본적으로 복잡한 물리화학적 프로세스와 다양한 이해당사자간의 갈등 때문에 단편적인 접근으로는 관리의 한계가 있을 수밖에 없는 환경이다. 더욱이 하굿둑의 갑문을 열어 하구순환을 복원하는 해수유통 사업은 그 자체가 가지는 환경적 효용성의 확인과 기존 용수이용 체계의 전면적 변화와 관련된 상당한 비용이 요구된다는 면에서 특별한 논란이 되어왔다. 본 연구는 해수유통으로 인한 금강 하구해역의 수리, 수질, 퇴적 및 생태 등 다양한 환경적 변화를 집중적인 현장 조사 및 통합 모델링을 통해 정량적으로 예측하고 이를 지역 이해당사자 논의 체계인 금강하구해역정책협의회에 제공함으로써 해수유통과 연관된 이해당사자 간 갈등을 완화하고 과학적 자료에 근거한 정책결정을 지원하기 위해 수행되었다(과학-정책의 통합). 조사연구는 하굿둑 갑문 개방에 따른 다양한 시나리오별로 해수유통으로 인한 영향을 하구해역(하굿둑의 바다 쪽 해역)과 하구호(하굿둑의 하천 쪽 담수역)에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다(하천-하구호-연안해역의 공간적 통합). 시나리오는 하구해역정책협의회의 요구사항을 반영하여 개발되었고, 시나리오별 영향파악은 수리(조석 및 파랑 포함), 퇴적물 이동 및 수질은 Delft3D모델을, 유역으로부터의 유량 및 오염물질 부하량은 분포형 비점모델인 STREAM을, 김양식과 이매패류 생산량을 추정하는 생태모델은 통계기반의 포인트 모델을 통해 이루어졌다(수리-퇴적-수질-생태계 모델의 통합). 시나리오 분석결과, 상시 해수유통을 제외한 대부분의 하굿둑 부분 개방 시나리오에서는 하구해역에 미치는 영향이 제한적으로 나타나는 것으로 예측되었다. 이는 하굿둑 부분 개방에 따른 담수방류량 및 이에 대응하는 해수의 유동패턴이 현재와 크게 달라지지 않음을 반영한다. 반면 하구호에 대한 영향은 하구해역에 비해 하굿둑 갑문 운영시나리오에 따라 상대적으로 민감하게 변화되는 것으로 예측되었다. 갑문의 부분 개방을 통해 하구호의 수위를 현재 대비 5cm~50cm 변화시켰을 때 1psu 염분의 저층에서의 침투거리는 하굿둑 상류 6km~18km 정도로 예측되었고 갑문 개방에 의해 염분 침투 거리의 조절이 가능할 것으로 나타났다. 단, 사용된 통합모델은 수년간의 검보정 과정을 반복적으로 수행하여 예측의 정확도를 지속적으로 개선하였지만, 모델운영 자체의 불확실성을 고려할 때 실제 해수유통을 위해서는 시범개방을 통해 모델 예측의 결과를 확인할 필요가 있다.

• Archives of design research
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• v.19 no.1 s.63
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• pp.201-214
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• 2006

Modern society is an age of vagueness and confusion. In addition, vagueness, complexity and variety are seen throughout art including modern philosophy, literature, and environmental design. A phenomenon like this shows that modern society has integrated different components as an organic relationship frequently crossing the boundary of fields. This feature can be regarded as hybrid related with accepting contradictory components and binding them into one under relationship between part and whole. As new design concept, presented are attitude to accept the two instead of attitude to select one of the alternatives, abundance instead of dearness, and ambiguity instead of simplicity. This principle has a crucial influence on creative design providing opposing contradiction and several alternative plans as non-deterministic form not completed one and, above all, useful information in mutual dependence and mutual relationship. When it comes to hybrid, therefore, a strategy is needed to consider layer of several fields getting out of standardizing space into a single space. As an event of this situation and concept, space experience means behaving freely based on experience of users' body. It can be known that this experience brings about users' more dynamic experience in comparison with the experience of seeing environmental design from a viewpoint of visual ism on the existing simplicity. Such a practical experience is subjective, synesthetic, and non-observational one. Therefore, hybrid has brought active users to the stage, which is distinguished from synesthesia felt through body's experience, not through observational attitude and visual space which achieve former balance and harmony with non-determination. That's because hybrid creatures are turning to a product resulted from creative imagination instead of from reappearance which makes text visualized. Such experience performed by user's active participation collapses the boundary between special elite-centered art and daily life and it is the present progressive form showing creation process of future events and new esthetic experience.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.101-109
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• 2012

Traditional village forests in Jeju Island represent unique cultural landscape with a history of more than several hundred years as a national cultural asset in Korea. In this paper, the characteristics and meaning of traditional village forests in Jeju Island was compared with the Dangsan and Bibo forests at inland. There are 368 Oreums, parasitic volcano, and 391 shrines of Dang(Divine place) in Jeju. Life, culture and tradition of rural villages are all connected with the Dang and Oreum in Jeju. It has been found from this study that the village in Jeju were established as a cultural landscape on the surface of natural landscape. The features of traditional villages focused on the Dang and Oreum in Jeju Island were similar to the Dangsan and Bibo forestsat inland villages. The Oreum represents mountain and the Pojedan forest is newly found in Sangmyung-ri. The seashore areas are covered by vaocanic rocks in Jeju and large scale windbreaks are hardly found. The stone tower at Sinheung-ri built for blocking sand movement represents Bibo forest. The special attribute of the Dang in Jeju is that it is close to real life and believers are still remain. In 2009, the Jeju Chilmeoridang Yeongdeunggut ritual was nominated as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO. The shrine of Dang, however, has been degraded fast by construction of seashore road and Jeju Olle trail path. As for the world cultural heritage discussed at international conferences, it is important that there is sustainability on the right to enjoy cultural heritage. Integrated efforts from local residents, local governments and national government are needed to set up a management scheme for the Dang culture. Rural villages in Jeju with the Dang and Oreum are expected to get an international attention as to have traditional cultural landscapes of Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.153-194
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• 2009

The resources of outer space are for the common exploitation of mankind, and it is a common responsibility of mankind to protect the outer space environment. With the rapid development of space science and technology, and especially with the busy space activities of some major space powers, environmental contamination or space debris is steadily increasing in quantity and has brought grave potential threats and actual damage to the outer space environment and human activities in space. Especially We must mitigate and seek out a solution to remove space debris which poses a threat directly to man's exploitation and use of outer space activities in the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and in the Geostationary Orbit (GEO), through international cooperation and agreement in the fields of space science, economics, politics and law, in order to safeguard the life and property of mankind and protect the earth's environment. While the issue of space debris has been the subject of scientific study and discussion for some time now, it has yet to be fully addressed within the context of an international legal framework. During the earlier stages of the space age, which began in the late 1950s, the focus of international lawmakers and diplomats was the establishment of basic rules which sought to define the legal nature of outer space and set out the parameters for space activities and the nature and scope of activities carried out in outer space were quite limited. Consequently, environmental issues and the risks that might arise from the generation of space debris did not receive priority attention within the context of the development international space law. In recent years, however, the world has seen dramatic advances in technology and increases in the type and number of space-related activities which are being carried out. In addition, the number of actors in this field has exploded from two highly developed States to a vast array of different States, intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations, including private industry. Therefore, the number of artificial objects in the near-Earth space is continually increasing. As has been previously mentioned, COPUOS was the entity that created the existing five treaties, and five sets of legal Principles, which form the core of space law, and COPUOS is clearly the most appropriate entity to oversee the creation of this regulatory body for the outer space environmental problem. This idea has been proposed by various States and also at the ILA Conference in Buenos Aires. The ILA Conference in Buenos Aires produced an extensive proposal for such a regulatory regime, dealing with space debris issues in legal terms This article seeks to discuss the status of international law as it relates to outer space environmental problem and space debris and indicate a course of action which might be taken by the international community to develop a legal framework which can adequately cope with the complexity of issues that have recently been recognized. In Section Ⅱ,Ⅲ and IV of this article discuss the current status of international space law, and the extent to which some of the issues raised by earth and space environment are accounted for within the existing United Nations multilateral treaties. Section V and VI discuss the scope and nature of space debris issues as they emerged from the recent multi-year study carried out by the ILA, Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, Legal Subcommittee of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space ("COPUOS") as a prelude to the matters that will require the attention of international lawmakers in the future. Finally, analyzes the difficulties inherent in the future regulation and control of space debris and the activities to protect the earth's environment. and indicates a possible course of action which could well provide, at the least, a partial solution to this complex challenge.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.247-255
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• 2016

Non-point pollutants from surface runoff during rainfall exert adverse effects on urban river water quality management. In particular, the first flush effect during the initial phase of rainfall can deliver significant amounts of pollutant loads to surface waters with extremely high concentrations. In this study, a sustainable first flush effect management system was developed by using settling and filtration that require no additional power or chemicals. A pilot scale experiment has shown that the removal of total suspended solid (TSS), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) are in ranges of 84 - 95%, 31 - 46%, and 42 - 86%, respectively. An Integrated Stormwater Runoff Management System (ISTORMS) was also developed to efficiently manage the developed system by linking weather forecast, flow rate and water quality modeling of surface runoff and automatic monitoring systems in fields and in the system. This study can provide effective solutions for the management of urban river in terms of both quantity and quality.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.291-304
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• 2021

Updating a forest type map is essential for sustainable forest resource management and monitoring to cope with climate change and various environmental problems. According to the necessity of efficient and wide-area forestry remote sensing, CAS500-4 (Compact Advanced Satellite 500-4; The agriculture and forestry satellite) project has been confirmed and scheduled for launch in 2023. Before launching and utilizing CAS500-4, this study aimed to pre-evaluation the possibility of satellite-based tree species classification using RapidEye, which has similar specifications to the CAS500-4. In this study, the study area was the Chuncheon forest management complex, Gangwon-do. The spectral information was extracted from the growing season image. And the GLCM texture information was derived from the growing and non-growing seasons NIR bands. Both information were used to classification with random forest machine learning method. In this study, tree species were classified into nine classes to the coniferous tree (Korean red pine, Korean pine, Japanese larch), broad-leaved trees (Mongolian oak, Oriental cork oak, East Asian white birch, Korean Castanea, and other broad-leaved trees), and mixed forest. Finally, the classification accuracy was calculated by comparing the forest type map and classification results. As a result, the accuracy was 39.41% when only spectral information was used and 69.29% when both spectral information and texture information was used. For future study, the applicability of the CAS500-4 will be improved by substituting additional variables that more effectively reflect vegetation's ecological characteristics.