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Neural Substrates of Picture Encoding: An fMRI Study (그림의 부호화 과정과 신경기제 : fMRI 연구)

  • 강은주;김희정;김성일;나동규;이경민;나덕렬;이정모
    • Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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    • v.13 no.1
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    • pp.23-40
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    • 2002
  • This study is to examine brain regions that are involved in picture encoding in normal adults using fMRI methods. In Scan 1, the picture encoding was studied during a semantic categorization task in comparison with word. In Scan 2 task type effects were studied both during a picture naming task and during a semantic categorization task with pictures. Subjects were asked to make decision either by pressing a mouse button (Scan 1) or by responding subvocally (naming or saying yes/no) (Scan 2). Regardless of stimulus type, left prefrontal, bilateral occipital, and parietal activations were observed during semantic processing in comparison with fixation baseline. Processing of word stimulus relative to picture resulted in activations in prefrontal and parieto-temporal regions in the left side while that of picture stimulus relative to word resultd in activations in bilateral extrastriatal visual cortices and parahippocampal regions. In spite of the same task demands, stimulus-specific information processings were involved and mediated by different neural substrates; the word encoding was associated with more semantic/lexical processings than pictures and the picture processing associated with more perceptual and novelty related information processings than word. Activations of dorsal part of inferior prefrontal region, i.e., Broca's areas were found both during the picture naming and during the semantic tasks subvocally performed Especially, during the picture naming task, greater occipital activations were found bilaterally relative to the semantic categorization task. indicating a possibility that greater and higher visual processing was involved in retrieving the name referred by picture stimuli.

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The Influence of Maternal Childhood Experiences, Parental Reflection and Parental Role Satisfaction upon Mother's Reaction to Negative Emotions of Preschoolers: Mediated Moderation Effect Verification (어머니의 아동기 수용경험, 부모성찰, 부모역할만족도가 유아의 부정적 정서에 대한 어머니 반응에 미치는 영향: 매개된 조절효과 검증)

  • Oh, ji hyun;Choi, a young
    • Korean Journal of Play Therapy
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    • v.21 no.4
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    • pp.427-448
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    • 2018
  • The study examined the mediated-moderation effect of parental reflection levels from maternal childhood experiences by the parents to mother's reaction to negative emotions of their preschoolers by examining it through the lens of parental role satisfaction. The participants in this study were 327 mothers who and their infants aged 3-6 years. They completed questionnaires on the maternal childhood experiences scale, parental reflection scale, parental role satisfaction scale and mother's reaction to negative emotions of their preschoolers scale. The results of the structural equation model analysis are as follows. First, a mediating model revealed that the relationship between maternal childhood experiences by parents and mother's reactions to negative emotions of their preschoolers was mediated by parental role satisfaction. Second, the results revealed the moderation effect of parents reflection levels on the relationship between maternal childhood experiences by parents and parental role satisfaction. Finally, parental reflection levels were also seen to have a mediated moderation effect of parental reflection level from maternal childhood experiences to mother's reaction to negative emotions of their preschoolers through parental role satisfaction. These results indicate the importance of parental reflection and parental role satisfaction.

The Effect of Price Discount Rate According to Brand Loyalty on Consumer's Acquisition Value and Transaction Value (브랜드애호도에 따른 가격할인율의 차이가 소비자의 획득가치와 거래가치에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Young-Ei;Kim, Jae-Yeong;Shin, Chang-Nag
    • Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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    • v.17 no.4
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    • pp.247-269
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    • 2007
  • In recent years, one of the major reasons for the fierce competition amongst firms is that they strive to increase their own market shares and customer acquisition rate in the same market with similar and apparently undifferentiated products in terms of quality and perceived benefit. Because of this change in recent marketing environment, the differentiated after-sales service and diversified promotion strategies have become more important to gain competitive advantage. Price promotion is the favorite strategy that most retailers use to achieve short-term sales increase, induce consumer's brand switch, in troduce new product into market, and so forth. However, if marketers apply or copy an identical price promotion strategy without considering the characteristic differences in product and consumer preference, it will cause serious problems because discounted price itself could make people skeptical about product quality, and the changes of perceived value might appear differently depending on other factors such as consumer involvement or brand attitude. Previous studies showed that price promotion would certainly increase sales, and the discounted price compared to regular price would enhance the consumer's perceived values. On the other hand, discounted price itself could make people depreciate or skeptical about product quality, and reduce the consumers' positivity bias because consumers might be unsure whether the current price promotion is the retailer's best price offer. Moreover, we cannot say that discounted price absolutely enhances the consumer's perceived values regardless of product category and purchase situations. That is, the factors that affect consumers' value perceptions and buying behavior are so diverse in reality that the results of studies on the same dependent variable come out differently depending on what variable was used or how experiment conditions were designed. Majority of previous researches on the effect of price-comparison advertising have used consumers' buying behavior as dependent variable. In order to figure out consumers' buying behavior theoretically, analysis of value perceptions which influence buying intentions is needed. In addition, they did not combined the independent variables such as brand loyalty and price discount rate together. For this reason, this paper tried to examine the moderating effect of brand loyalty on relationship between the different levels of discounting rate and buyers' value perception. And we provided with theoretical and managerial implications that marketers need to consider such variables as product attributes, brand loyalty, and consumer involvement at the same time, and then establish a differentiated pricing strategy case by case in order to enhance consumer's perceived values properl. Three research concepts were used in our study and each concept based on past researches was defined. The perceived acquisition value in this study was defined as the perceived net gains associated with the products or services acquired. That is, the perceived acquisition value of the product will be positively influenced by the benefits buyers believe they are getting by acquiring and using the product, and negatively influenced by the money given up to acquire the product. And the perceived transaction value was defined as the perception of psychological satisfaction or pleasure obtained from taking advantage of the financial terms of the price deal. Lastly, the brand loyalty was defined as favorable attitude towards a purchased product. Thus, a consumer loyal to a brand has an emotional attachment to the brand or firm. Repeat purchasers continue to buy the same brand even though they do not have an emotional attachment to it. We assumed that if the degree of brand loyalty is high, the perceived acquisition value and the perceived transaction value will increase when higher discount rate is provided. But we found that there are no significant differences in values between two different discount rates as a result of empirical analysis. It means that price reduction did not affect consumer's brand choice significantly because the perceived sacrifice decreased only a little, and customers are satisfied with product's benefits when brand loyalty is high. From the result, we confirmed that consumers with high degree of brand loyalty to a specific product are less sensitive to price change. Thus, using price promotion strategy to merely expect sale increase is not recommendable. Instead of discounting price, marketers need to strengthen consumers' brand loyalty and maintain the skimming strategy. On the contrary, when the degree of brand loyalty is low, the perceived acquisition value and the perceived transaction value decreased significantly when higher discount rate is provided. Generally brands that are considered inferior might be able to draw attention away from the quality of the product by making consumers focus more on the sacrifice component of price. But considering the fact that consumers with low degree of brand loyalty are known to be unsatisfied with product's benefits and have relatively negative brand attitude, bigger price reduction offered in experiment condition of this paper made consumers depreciate product's quality and benefit more and more, and consumer's psychological perceived sacrifice increased while perceived values decreased accordingly. We infer that, in the case of inferior brand, a drastic price-cut or frequent price promotion may increase consumers' uncertainty about overall components of product. Therefore, it appears that reinforcing the augmented product such as after-sale service, delivery and giving credit which is one of the levels consisting of product would be more effective in reality. This will be better rather than competing with product that holds high brand loyalty by reducing sale price. Although this study tried to examine the moderating effect of brand loyalty on relationship between the different levels of discounting rate and buyers' value perception, there are several limitations. This study was conducted in controlled conditions where the high involvement product and two different levels of discount rate were applied. Given the presence of low involvement product, when both pieces of information are available, it is likely that the results we have reported here may have been different. Thus, this research results explain only the specific situation. Second, the sample selected in this study was university students in their twenties, so we cannot say that the results are firmly effective to all generations. Future research that manipulates the level of discount along with the consumer involvement might lead to a more robust understanding of the effects various discount rate. And, we used a cellular phone as a product stimulus, so it would be very interesting to analyze the result when the product stimulus is an intangible product such as service. It could be also valuable to analyze whether the change of perceived value affects consumers' final buying behavior positively or negatively.

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A Study on Aesthetic Characteristics and social communication of Korean Independent Animation (한국 독립애니메이션의 미학적 특성과 사회적 소통방식 연구 - '인디애니페스트' 수상작 중심으로 -)

  • Seo, Soo-jung
    • Cartoon and Animation Studies
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    • s.47
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    • pp.125-148
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    • 2017
  • This paper analyzes Korean aesthetic characteristics of Korean independent animation, which is closely related to artistic and social characteristics, by searching Korean independent animation image for the winner of "Indie AniFest", the only independent animation film festival in Korea. And social communication methods. There are three ways in which Korean Independence Animation shows the way of speaking through award-winning works. The first is a method of expressing feelings, impulses, and desires in a formative way, and a direct and sensuous image as in sign language or sound. In the second method of speaking differently with images, in the third method, It makes the voice of the fringe through the real world of the story sound as a story of reality. Animation is a medium that 'originalizes and communicates meaning' as an image, and has implemented and constructed a new way of speaking, which is different from existing social voices. Nevertheless, it is not easy to find a research that approaches animation from the viewpoint of social and political speech through images. Therefore, this paper is necessary for the balanced development of animation. In addition, this study can contribute to re - examining Korean independent animation from an academic point of view and to discover and evaluate fair value from a wider perspective.

A Study of the Measurement of the Perceived Distances among Programming Languages (프로그래밍 언어들 간의 인지적인 거리측정에 관한 연구)

  • Lee, Choong-Kwon;Yoo, Sang-Jin;Jin, Sang-Min
    • Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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    • v.17 no.1
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    • pp.95-104
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    • 2012
  • Although the educational institutions of computers have evolved to train students in pace with the changes of computing, many students still believe that computer programming is hard to be mastered. The reluctance of students toward programming languages have been tied to the decrease of computer-related majors and now many countries are in short of computer programmers. By investigating the similarities among eleven popular programming languages, this research is intended to measure the relative distances and understand the dimensions that scattered the languages.

The Event Structure of Korean Unaccusative Verbs (한국어 비대격 동사의 사건구조)

  • 이준규;이정민
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society for Cognitive Science Conference
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    • 2000.05a
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    • pp.108-113
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    • 2000
  • 자동사의 두 하위부류, 비대격(unaccusative) 동사와 비능격 (unergative)동사는 Perlmutter(1978)의 비대격 가설 (Unaccusative Hypothesis) 이후 여러 관점에서 활발히 노의 되어왔다. 한국어에서는 사건구조적 측면에서 두 부류가 차이를 보이며, 이런 사실은 인간의 인지작용과 밀접한 관련을 맺는다. 사건구조를 과정(process)사건과 상태(state)로 가정할 때 비능격 동사는 과정사건이, 비대격 동사는 상태사건이 부각된다. 비대격 동사도 두 가지 부류로 나뉠 수 있는데, '도착하다'처럼 과정사건이 언어표현에서 중시되지 않고 결과적인 상태부분만 중요시 되는 유형(unacc_type_1)과 '녹다'처럼 과정사건도 중시되는 사건 구조를 지닌 유형(unacc_type_2)이다. 결국 비대격 동사는 결과상태를 중시하는 사건구조를 중요시 하지만 과정사건의 지각 정도에 따라 다른 양상을 보인다. 한편 비대격 동사는 사동사와도 밀접한 연관 관계를 지닌다. 많은 논의에서 비대격/사동의 교체를 논리적 다의어로 보고 분석을 시도해 왔다. 따라서 사동사를 중심으로 분석한 경우와 비대격 동사를 중심으로 분석한 경우가 있다. 본고에서는 사동분석(causative analysis)은 한국어 기술에는 적절치 않다고 판단한다. 사동분석에서 도입하는 행동주의 사건유발부분이 반드시 비대격 동사의 표현에 필수적인 것은 아니기 때문이다. 끝으로 Pustejovsky(1995)의 생성어휘부(Generative Lexicon) 이론을 한국어에 맞게 확장·수정한 이정민·강범모·남승호(1997)의 모형에 따라 두 가지 유형의 비대격 동사의 어휘 의미구조를 표상한다.

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A Study of The Correlation between Visual Metaphor and User Affection (인터페이스에서 시각 메타포의 요소와 사용자 감성과의 상관성 연구)

  • Lee, Gwang-Deuk;Song, Seung-Keun;Lee, Jin-Ho;Jeong, Hee-Kwon
    • Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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    • 2013.05a
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    • pp.165-166
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    • 2013
  • The principle of human perception, behavior, and thought is presented in the traditional interface design study that is ease to use and increase the learn-ability. We believe that the usability is related to user's affection. The goal of this paper is to investigate how visual metaphor works in usability and affection in interface to analyse the effect of visual metaphor to user affection. Literature reviews for the concept of metaphor and affection design conducted. We analyse the effect to user's affection through think-aloud i.e. protocol analysis for metaphor.

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Mothers' Experience of Treatment Services for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD 아동을 둔 어머니들의 ADHD 치료 및 서비스 경험에 관한 연구)

  • Choi, Mal Ok
    • Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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    • v.68 no.2
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    • pp.161-184
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    • 2016
  • The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions in treatments and experiences of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD) for mothers parenting a child with ADHD. Using Giorgi's 4 stages, this study investigated the meaning of ADHD treatments for mothers. Data were collected from December 2014 to February 2015 for 3 months with a sample of 13 mothers of children with ADHD via in-depth interviews. Collected data was analyzed using an interpretative phenomenological approach. Dominant issues identified were: I (mother) need to be changed for my child; Through mothers' experiences of lack of self-determination about a child with ADHD, they realized ignorance, chaos, and anxiety. While they experience multiple negative feeling, there is a positive change with unresolved issues. The findings highlight the correct awareness of ADHD and incorporated therapies for mothers and children with ADHD to improve treatment retention. Also, specialized services would be developed for mothers to promote their positive attitude to life, which is vital to cultivating the correct self-awareness.

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Meaning of the Experiences of Career Portfolio Production among Preservice Early Childhood Teachers (예비유아교사의 커리어 포트폴리오 제작 경험의 의미)

  • Yoo, Soo Kyung
    • Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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    • v.8 no.5
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    • pp.129-156
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    • 2012
  • The purpose of this study was to examine the meaning of the diverse experiences of preservice early childhood teachers during their participation in a career portfolio production program. A career portfolio production program was implemented during a nine-week period of time, and data were gathered to explore the meaning of their experiences in that process, which involved their journals, the report of their coaching professor and small- group interview data. The collected data were analyzed by encoding. As a result of analyzing the data, their experiences were categorized into eight categories: perceiving the flow of time, gathering scattered experiences, finding oneself amid chaos, being aware of being together, building psychological wellbeing, imagining one's own future as an early childhood teacher, mapping out one's future and making one's way to the world. The meanings of their experiences were reclassified into three stages: beginning, development and wrapping-up stages, in which there were two, four and two meanings respectively. The findings indicated that they were mostly cognizant of the meaning of their own experiences of producing career portfolio while they participated in the program step by step.

Rb-Sr Isotopic Composition of Mesozoic Sancheong Syenite and Its Geologic Implication (중생대 산청섬장암의 Rb-Sr 조성과 의미)

  • Park Kye-Hun;Kim Dong-Yeon;Song Yong-Sun;Cheong Chang-Sik
    • The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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    • v.15 no.1 s.43
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    • pp.1-9
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    • 2006
  • Sr isotopic compositions are determined from the syenite of Sancheong area, yielding age of $211{\pm}23(2\sigma)$ Ma and $^{87}Sr/^{86}Sr$ initial ratio of $0.70598{\pm}0.00060$. Such result confirms that Sancheong syenite was emplaced during the Mesozoic around the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. Rather low initial $^{87}Sr/^{86}Sr$ ratio suggests insignificant influence of old crustal materials. There are strong contrast in rock types of plutonic associations between Sancheong-Macheon area and adjacent Hamyang-Geochang area to the north, i.e. syenite-diorite-gabbro and granite-granodiorite respectively. $^{87}Sr/^{86}Sr$ initial ratios also show distinction between these areas. Such differences suggest regional contrast in tectonic environments between them.