• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.23
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• pp.393-421
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• 2008

This thesis has an intention to reorganize the topic of Ontology that has not unnoticed, investigating the symbolic signs of Zhuxi. The symbols in Ontology visualize in an anthropomorphic form or a form of animals that we can usually find in the nature. The visible symbols have characteristics of the dynamic rather than the stillness. The symbols of human and a horse have developed as different interpretations depending on the relative importance. The movement of stream symbolize the Movement of Daoti that manifests thorough all things in the Dao and have a structure of 'Ti-Xiang-Yong'. The Substance of Metaphysics embodies an action thorough 'Metaphysics' or 'with Metaphysics'. Accordingly, 'a stream' symbolizes 'the Movement of Daoti' in that it manifests the form of Daoti makes body. A kite and a fish symbolize the form of a kite flies up into the sky and the shape of a fish plays in the pond. These not only represent an outlook on the world, but also symbolize the stage of the Movement of Daoti. 'Human', 'a stream', 'a kite' and 'a fish' include activeness, domination, dynamics, manifestation, visibility, naturalness.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.37
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• pp.97-134
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• 2013

Kim Ee-man was born and grew up in Jecheon (堤川). As a government officer and a Confucian scholar belonging to Namin School, Kim Ee-man was active in the early and middle of 18th century. Kim Ee-man composed good poems since he was a child. In addition to being a good poet, Kim Ee-man later became a model government officer, who had thorough awareness on serving citizens (爲民). When he was a governor in Yangsan (梁山) county, he built an embankment for farmers by out of his own salary. The academic world of Kim Ee-man faithfully succeeded the basis of Toegyehak (退溪學) and he took Sohak (小學) as important. The reason of Kim Ee-man having established a practical guideline in the form of inscription and proverbs was also directly related to the issue of moral practice. Kim Ee-man also received the influence of ancient classic study from his teacher Lee Seo-woo (李瑞雨) and took Yookgyeong (六經, Six Classics in China) important in practice. Kim Ee-man started the study on Joojahak (朱子學, the doctrines of Chu-tzu) in later years. He became more thorough in being a public figure while reinforcing effort on differentiating the principle of heaven (天理) and human desire (人欲).

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.23
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• pp.349-392
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• 2008

Modern Neo-Confucianism was formed as a school by solving the modern problems in China through accepting western philosophies with Chinese basic philosophies since New Cultural Movement. Marxism, Liberalism, and Modern Neo-Confucianism are called three representatives of Chinese modern philosophies. Since the People's Republic of China was founded in 1949, Modern Neo-Confucianists have tried to keep their philosophy and cultural conservatism in Hong Kong and Taiwan. Modern Neo-Confucianism which had been prohibited before 1978 was brought again to people's attention in the middle of 1980s by their active lectures and writings. Furthermore, the study on Modern Neo-Confucianism was supported by the Chinese government in 1987. China was trying to find the way to enhance Chinese tradition and to develop China to a modern society at the same time through the study on Modern Neo-Confucianism. The purpose of Modern Neo-Confucianism is to keep Chinese tradition which was broken off, to develop China to a modern society, to control the problems caused by capitalism socially, and ultimately to strengthen socialism in China in the political aspect. The study on Modern Neo-Confucianism in the 1980s focused on introducing, organizing, and understanding Modern Neo-Confucianism as its early stage. This study was led by Marxists with their methods and viewpoints. Even though the acceptance and understanding of Modern Neo-Confucianism was limited in a short period, the study on Modern Neo-Confucianism in the 1980s propagated Modern Neo-Confucianism. Modern Neo-Confucianism also played an important role to grow the argument about the critical succession of Chinese tradition and to reconsider the fact that modernization does not mean only westernization.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.70
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• pp.119-156
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• 2018

Suk Dang Kim Sangjeong (1722-1788) was one of the Big Three Noron literati of the mid-18th century, and is an author worth taking note of in that he expressed the duty to pursue the Qin-Han gomoon-ron (古文論) more clearly and radically than anyone else. The literary debates that unfolded in the letters he exchanged with Ahn Doje (安道濟) and Sin Daejeon (申大傳) are the clues that may explain the continual development of Qin-Han gomoon-ron within Joseon. His gomoon-ron is a self-reflection of the Dang-Song gomoon-ron that continued as tradition in the Noron literati after Kim Changhyeop (金昌協), and also reflects his literary and periodical confidence. At the same time, he also makes a distinction with Qin-Han gomoon-ron set forth by the Seven Masters literature from the Ming Dynasty (前後七子) in that he takes precautions against plagiarism and emulation. It has rarely been shown that his sentences plagiarize and excessively cite the classics, or that he abstrusely elaborates sentences. He sorted through things of value worth recording and cleanly reenacted them based on the scenes and conversations, further, delivered applicable normative lessons through allegoric writing. This may be discussed as the portions that are possessed by the Qin-Han gomoon-ron that he pursued, and particularly that have the esthetic and contact point of historical prose. Kim Sangjeong's writing pursued the Qin-Han gomoon-ron of a prior era, and though distinguishable from authors of difficult writings, possesses unique characteristics that make it distinct from the Dang-Song gomoon-ron that focuses on argument. The direction of Kim Sangjeong's antiquarianism seeks after imperial loyalty, and is mutually intelligible with the artistic discourse of the Noron Cheongryu literati such as Lee Yunyeong, Kim Sangsuk, Lee Insang, and Hong Naksun who preferred archaeological finds and classical prose. While their literary tastes are a reflection of their conservative worldviews, they may also have been utilized as a foundation supporting their lives which were devoted to literature.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.1-18
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• 2021

Idol music, which began to gain huge popularity in the domestic music market in the mid-1990s, has become one of the major global contents thanks to the global popularity of K-POP. As a result, the Korean music market continues to grow, forming the world's sixth-largest music market, and domestic music agencies are focusing more on fostering idol groups and producing idol music. The global success of idol music is surprising, but this has resulted in the domestic music market being biased toward idol music. As a result of the study, it was confirmed that there are several problems with the phenomenon of being biased toward similar types of musicians and music content. First, just as trend-oriented cultural contents face the problem of life expectancy all the time, the "Korean Wave" is also forced to think in terms of identity and sustainability. Second, it was observed that only consumers of a certain age may cause cultural alienation of other age groups, and thirdly, various problems such as shrinking creative paths due to the size of the cost required for idol group production and the lifespan of idol musicians' art activities. This paper derives the reality of the domestic idol bias phenomenon through comparative analysis of the English-American music market and the domestic music market, which have had a profound influence on the global music market in popular music history, and verified the theory and results through an expert survey using the Likert scale. In addition, the problems caused by the idol bias phenomenon were considered based on the theory of cultural diversity, and improvement directions were also suggested to solve this problem.

• 지역과문화
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.85-111
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• 2020

In Korea, the independent publication market has grown since it came into existence in the 1990s. In 2008, the country's first independent bookstores selling independent publications opened. As of late 2019, there were a total of 466 independent bookstores in Korea and the number of independent bookstores rapidly increased for the last decade. However, the closing rate of independent bookstores is rapidly increasing. This trend is also shown in independent bookstores in Gwangju. Recently, the closing rate of independent bookstores in Gwangju is more than twice as high as the national average. Against this backdrop, this study intended to identify the current conditions of independent bookstores in the city, analyze the problems facing them, and find solutions. Independent bookstores in Gwangju currently make various efforts such as book curation, management of various supplementary programs, and book markets. However, the bookstores have problems including the curation and programs focused on specific areas, focus on limited generations, dependence on publications from the Seoul metropolitan area. To address these problems, this study proposed solutions such as diversifying publications through planning and developing of local contents, strengthening the taste-based salon nature, organizing networks of independent bookstores, and systematically incubating independent bookstores. At the system level, this study also suggested a need for local bookstore certification system, a complete execution of a fixed book price system, and a fair provision rate.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.44-51
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• 2023

The Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972 (COLREGs) was adopted to prevent ships from colliding with other ships or any object such as the seabed. COLREGs have been codified and refined since the mid-19th century, and have reached the present. Therefore, the terms and sentences used in COLREGs also have distinct academic and legal connotations. However, in the Maritime Safety Act of the Republic of Korea, which translated COLREGs into domestic law, the "risk of collision" and the "danger of collision" was used in the law without distinguishing their meanings. Accordingly, the difference between "risk" and "danger" was analyzed with reference to the definition of risk by an authoritative international organization of the United Nations such as the International Maritime Organization and the International Organization for Standardization as a well-known and authoritative non governmental organization. In addition, the cases codified in COLREGs and translated cases in the Maritime Safety Act were analyzed to highlight the need for amending the Maritime Safety Act. From the perspective of safe navigation, it is expected that the Maritime Safety Act in the future would distinguish between "danger" and "risk" so that the efforts of watch officers to prevent collisions could be further systematized.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.44
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• pp.7-35
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• 2015

The objective of this article is to inform and document the contemporary development of the private security industry in Queensland Australia, a premier holiday destination that provide entertainment for the larger region. The purpose of this review is to examine the comtemporary development of mandated licensing regimes regulating the industry, and the necessary reform agenda. The overall aim is threefold: first, to chart the main outcomes of the two-wave of reforms since the mid-'90s; second, to examine the effectiveness of changes in modes of regulation; and third, to identify the criteria that can be considered a best practice based on Button(2012) and Prenzler and Sarre's(2014) criteria. The survey of the Queensland regulatory regime has demonstrated that, despite the federal-guided reforms, there remain key areas where further initiatives remain pending, markedly case-by-case utilisation of more proactive strategies such as on-site alcohol/drug testing, psychological evaluations, and checks on close associates; lack of binding training arrangement for technical services providers; and targeted auditing of licensed premises and the vicinity of venues by the Office of Fair Trading, a licensing authority. The study has highlighted the need for more determined responses and active engagements in these priority areas. This study of the development of the licensing regimes in Queensland Australia provides useful insights for other jurisdictions including South Korea on how to better manage licensing system, including the measures required to assure an adequate level of professional competence in the industry. It should be noted that implementing a consistency in delivery mode and assessment in training was the strategic imperative for the Australian authority to intervene in the industry as part of stimulating police-private partnerships. Of particular note, competency elements have conventionally been given a low priority in South Korea, as exemplified through the lack of government-sponsored certificate; this is an area South Korean policymakers must assume an active role in implementing accredited scheme, via consulting transnational templates, including Australian qualifications framework.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.83-89
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• 2009

About 380 dental hygienists who were working in public health centers in 2004 joined this study with questionnaires about the evaluation of job training programs regarding oral health care. The findings are as follows. 1. As for the general characteristics of subjects including location, age and career, the dental hygienists in Public Health Subcenters outnumbered the dental hygienists in Public Health Centers, as the former accounted for 61.1 and the latter 35.3 percent. And the dental hygienists in their 36~40s made up the largest age group. The group in their 11~15 years career revealed 48.4, over 16 years career 35.7, under 10 years career group 15.9 percent, respectively. 2. The portion of certification in the respondents was 28.9 percent, as compared to the 71.1percent of non-certification. The major reasons of non-certification were not-applying(44.6%), participation rejected (29.3%). 3. Freqently requested curriculums were school based oral health program(4.42, the highest by Linkert 5 point scale), followed by oral health education(4.41), public oral health services for the toddler and for the elderly(4.04), for the disabled(3.92), oral health planning evaluation(3.85) and oral health survey& investigation(3.69). The gap between Dental hygienists at Public Health Center and Public Health Subcenter was statistically significant different(p < 0.001) in oral health survey& investigation and oral health planning evaluation.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.188-207
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• 2014

Taking the concept of 'Invention of Tradition' by Hobsbawm, this paper examines the change of perspectives on the past and the attitudes toward connecting the past and the contemporary in the 19th century restoration of religious buildings in England. The Anglican society in the early 19th century argued that the catholic theology and rituals should be revived in their practice, which has formed the Oxford Movement. Such aspiration has stimulated to the society to execute its religious practice in a proper space, which has resulted in the Cambridge Camden Society in the middle of the century. Their publications on church buildings and arrangement had much affected to the restoration of many churches to rip off the previous Georgian furnitures and features of the fabric into Gothic, the style of middle age. The perspective on the past for anti-restoration movement in the late 19th century has moved into the one to respect all historical layers of previous spirit imprinted in the church buildings. Inspired by Ruskin and formulated by Morris, SPAB's Manifesto has reflected that the spirit of the first builder can not be reproduced or copied by the contemporaries, and therefore a daily maintenance is the best practice to extend the life of spirit rather than restoration. In addition the material remains is no longer belong to the religious entity but should be regarded as national heritage. By examining the change of perspectives on the past between the early and middle of 19th century and the late 19th century, this paper has argued that the various factors such as social, economic, political, art and commercial factors should be examined together in the understanding of conservation history.