• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.323-336
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating effect of psychological empowerment in the relationship between job stress and burnout of middle managers in organizations. For this study, 329 middle managers, the participants in this research were working in organizations. They completed questionnaire survey of job stress, psychological empowerment and burnout. Main study results are as follows. First, job stress and psychological empowerment statistically showed a significant negative correlation, while psychological empowerment and burnout also showed a significant negative correlation. Job stress and burnout had a statistically significant positive correlation. Second, psychological empowerment mediated partially the relation between job stress and burnout. This study extends the burnout literature related to the job circumstance and individual internal factor by considering psychological empowerment in addition to the role of perceived job stress in middle managers in organizations. Based on these results, Implications and limitations of the study were discussed.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.191-196
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• 2001

${\alpha},{\beta}$-Unsaturated carboxanilides 5 with trifluromethylated dihydro-1,4-oxathiins were synthesized for the development of new agrochemical fungicide. Chlorination of trifluoromethylated ${\beta}-keto$ ester 6 followed by the reaction with 1,2-mercaptoethanol gave intermediate 1,4-oxathiane 11. Without purification of 11, substitution of hydroxy group by chlorine, followed by dehydrochlorination of 10 in the presence of triethylamine afforded trifluoromethylated dihydro-1,4-oxathiin ethyl ester 9. Acylation of the hydroxy group of the carboxylic acid 12 followed by treatment of various amines gave the corresponding trifluoromethylated dihydro-1,4-oxathiin carboxamides 5. Antifungal screening (in vivo) of the synthesized compounds against typical plant diseases, which include rice blast, rice sheath blight, cucumber gray mold, tomato late blight, wheat leaf rust, and barley powdery mildew, was carried out. Where meta position of the phenyl group was substituted with isopropoxy or isopropyl group, excellent antifungal activities against rice sheath blight and wheat leaf rust were detected.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.26-32
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• 2001

[ ${\alpha},{\beta}$ ]-Unsaturated carboxamides 12 with trifluromethylated dihydro-1,4-dithiins were synthesized for the purpose of development of new agrochemical fungicide. Chlorination of trifluoromethylated ${\beta}$-ketoester 4 followed by tile reaction with 1,2-ethanedithiol gave intermediate 1,4-dithiane 9. Without purification of 9 substitution of hydroxy by chlorine followed by dehydrochlorination in the presence of triethylamine afforded trifluoromethylated dihydro-1,4-dithiin ethyl ester 7. Activation of the hydroxy of the carboxylic acid 10 obtained from the hydrolysis of 7 and then reacted with various amines gave the corresponding trifluoromethylated dihydro-1,4-dithiin carboxamides. Antifungal screening (in vivo) against typical plant diseases, Rice Blast, Rice Sheath Blight, Cucumber Gray Mold, Tomato Late Blight, Wheat Leaf Rust, and Barley Powdery Mildew of the synthesized compounds was carried out. As a result, most of the compounds shlowed weak antifungal activities and some compounds in which isopropyl group was substituted in meta of the phenyl showed antifungal activity (99%) at 250 ppm against the disease Wheat Leaf Rust.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.618-625
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• 1993

Rate constants of hydrolysis of N-(benzoyl)-C-(N-methylanilino)imidoylchlorides were determined by UV spectrophotometry in 50% (v/v) aqueous methanol at 25$^{\circ}C$. On the basis of rate equation, substituent effect, solvent effect, salt effect, thermodynamic parameters and hydrolysis product analysis, it may be concluded that the hydrolysis of N-(benzoyl)-C-(N-methylanilino)imidoylchlorides proceed through $S_N$1 mechanism via azocarbonium ion intermediate in the range of from pH 3.0 to pH 10.0, while above pH 10.0 and below pH 3.0 the hydrolysis proceeds through nucleophilic addition-elimination (A$d_{N-E}$) mechanism.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.80-85
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• 2021

In this study, we developed an evaporation-driven self-assembly coating method for an ceramic intermediate layer on an ultrapermeable ��-Al2O3 support with large pore size of ~1.5 ㎛. The method led to the formation of a ceramic intermediate layer with higher surface homogeneity and less surface roughness than the conventional dip-coating method. A mesoporous ��-Al2O3 layer was deposited on the support to evaluate support quality. A supported ��-Al2O3 membrane was defect-free even without repeated coating. Furthermore, the membrane showed 2.3 times higher nitrogen permeance than one prepared on a macroporous support with pore size range of 100~200 nm, which is widely used for ceramic membrane coating.

• 발명특허
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• v.10 no.8 s.114
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• pp.46-47
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• 1985

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Dyers and Finishers Conference
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• 2001.04a
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• pp.97-100
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• 2001

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2013

During meiosis, genetic recombinants are formed by homologous recombination accompanying with the programmed double-strand breaks (DSBs) and strand exchanges between homologous chromosomes. The mechanism is generated by recombination intermediates such as single-end invasions (SEIs) and double-Holliday junctions (dHJs), and followed by crossover (CO) or non-crossover (NCO) products. Our study was focused on the analysis of meiotic recombination intermediates (DSBs, SEIs, and dHJs) and final recombination products (CO and NCO). We identified these meiotic recombination intermediates using DNA physical analysis under HIS4LEU2 "hot spot" system in budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. For DNA physical analysis, when the hot spot locus is recognized by restriction enzyme from synchronous meiotic cells, the fragmented DNA that are forming recombination intermediates can be detected and quantified through Southern hybridization analysis. Our study suggests that this system can analyze the structural change of recombination intermediates during DSB-SEI transition, double-Holiday junctions and crossover/non-crossover products in meiosis.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.302-307
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• 2009

Investigation was conducted to examine whether photochemical reaction of N-(tributylstannyl)- methylphthalimide generates an azomethine ylide intermediate in its excited state as its silyl derivative N-(trimethylsilyl)methylphthalimide which has been observed to form an azomethine ylide. The irradiation of N-(tributylstannyl)methylphthalimide in $D_2O-CH_3$CN generates mono-deuterated N-methylphthalimide as an exclusive product which supports the efficient generation of azomethine ylide intermediate and its trapping by water molecule through a proto-destannylation pathway. However the generated tributylstannyl subsitiuted ylide was not observed to be trapped with a dipolarophile such as methyl acrylate and acrylonitrile present in the reactions which is in contrast with the ylide from N-(trimethylsilyl)methylphthalimide.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 1995

To investigate the mechanism for the main chain-elongation process and the possibility of putative precursors as stater units in the biosynthesis of the Monascus pigments, feeding experiments with possible $poly-{\beta}-ketide$ intermediates were carried out. Both crotonic acid and sorbic acid, especially in low concentrations, enhanced the pigment production while not increasing the dried mycelium weight appreciably. Also, it was observed that the feeding of sorbic acid and its ethyl ester was about two folds efficient in the pigment production than the feeding of crotonic acid and its ethyl ester. In addition to these acids, cinnamic acid and vinylacrylic acid were examined for their possibility as starter units. It was observed that the color of the culture fed with cinnamic acid was dominantly dark-red, but with overall decrease in the pigment production. Whey its ethyl ester was administered to the culture, however, the pigment production increased significantly. Also noted in 2D TLC study of the pigments was the increased production of red pigment and the formation of new red pigments.