• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.316-325
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• 2004

This study was carried out to survey the usability of Vitex rotundifolia as an afforestation and landscaping plant on destroyed slopes, sandyhills of sea boards, and places in need of landscaping. The growth characteristics of seedlings and rooted cuttings of Vitex rotundifolia in soils of varying properties and water content ere studied. In three test soils, with a water content of 5% each, the survival rate was more than 70ole for seedlings and more than 40％ for rooted cuttings. This demonstrates that Vitex rotundifolia is a very strongly xeric tree species. The length of stem, the diameter of root stock, leaves, and the length of root increased in all the three types of soil as the quantity of soil water increased. The difference of the growth in response to the water content of the soil was most pronounced in the length of the stem. The growth of seedlings was most notable in the weathered granitic soil. The sea sand and the red silt loam came second and third, respectively. However, there was no major difference in the three test soils. Thus, Vitex rotundifolia appears well-suited to several soil properties and soil water quantities, which makes it very useful as an afforestation and landscaping plant in various sites.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.243-248
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• 2001

This study was peformed to find out the optimal conditions for the selection of transformed cells using already established transgenic plants. Several transgenic poplar (Populus alba$\times$P giandulosa) lines carrying npt II or hpt gene as a selectable marker were tested against kanamycin or hygromycin. Two culture explants, leaf discs and nodes, were compared regarding their sensitivity to the antibiotics. When leaf discs of untransformed control plants were cultured on callus inducing media in the presence of varying levels of kanamycin or hygromycin, only those cultured on the media containing lower than 50 mg/L kanamycin or 2 mg/L hygromycin formed callus. However, much higher concentration of kanamycin was needed to suppress the growth of axillary buds of untransformed plants. On the other hand, hygromycin at the concentration of 5 mg/L effectively suppressed shoot growth of untransformed plants. Root induction from untransformed plants could also be suppressed at the concentration of 50 mg/L kanamycin or 5 mg/L hygromycin. The transgenic plants showed resistance to 100 mg/L kanamycin or 50 mg/L hygromycin in the growth of callus, shoots, and roots. Hygromycin appeared to be more efficient in selecting untransformed cells than kanamycin.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2012

The effects of elevated $CO_2$ and temperature on the phenological and reproductive characteristics of Phytolocca insularis were examined in ambient condition (control) and green house situation (treatment), 700 ~ 800 ppm $CO_2$ and $2^{\circ}C$ elevated temperature, from March 2010 to April 2011. Phenological responses such as foliation, inflorescence formation, flowering, fruit appearance, fruit maturing of P. insularis grown in the treatment were 6~ 20 day faster than in the control. The percent of fruit set, number of fruit and seed per shoots, weight of fruit and seed per shoots of P. insularis were higher in control than in the treatment. The number of inflorescence per shoots showed no difference between in the control and in the treatment. These results demonstrated that the reproductive response of P. insularis might be negatively influenced by increased $CO_2$ concentration and elevated temperature.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1017-1021
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• 2012

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate effect of water soluble silicate fertilizer (WSS) application on rice plants with respect to comparing with powdery slag-originated silicate fertilizer (PSS) and granular one (GSS). The 30-day seedlings were transplanted on May 10, 2012. The plot size was $25m^2$, and the planting density was 15 hills $m^{-2}$. The standard application level was $2kg\;ha^{-1}$ for WSS, $200kg\;ha^{-1}$ for GSS, $200kg\;ha^{-1}$ for GSS. The application rates were 50 %, 100 %, and 200 % of the standard levels. The soil and plant samples were taken after harvest on September 10. Strength weight of the stem was measured on the center of the 5-cm of the fourth internode. Nutrient contents and yield of grains and were evaluated. The strength weight of the stem was positively correlated with the silicate content of the stem with the highly significant $R^2$ of 0.601. The strength of the stem was satisfactorily enforced by application of 50 % WSS and GSS, and 100 % PSS. Application of 50 % or 100 % of WSS showed little difference in rice yield in comparison with application of 100 % of PSS or GSS. Therefore, application of $20kg\;ha^{-1}$ of WSS would be recommendable for rice cultivation which enforced stem strength, and increased yield of rice.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.579-586
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• 2010

This study was carried out to evaluate the antifungal and antioxidative activities of ethanol extracts from Magnoliaceae to investigate the possibility for the natural fungicides and food preservatives. The antifungal activities of ethanol extracts were evaluated as a hyphal growth inhibition rate using four plant pathogenic and five wood rot fungi. The high inhibition activity on the growth of fungi was shown in bark of Magnolia obovata that indicated more than 50% hyphal growth inhibition rate except Trametes versicolor, one of the white rot fungi. The antifungal activity was the highest in the ethanol extracts from M. obovata and the following was in order of M. kobus and M. sieboldii. The extract from bark in M. obovata showed higher antifungal activity than that from wood in the same species. Especially, the extracts from flower of M. denudata and M. liliflora indicated the high antifungal activities, while the other portions of same plants showed the low activities. On the other hand, a free radical scavenging method was adopted with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrohydrazyl (DPPH) in order to test the antioxidative activities of ethanol extracts. The free radical scavenging activity was very high in the extracts from branch of Schizandra nigra and Kadsura japonica that showed more than 90% at the concentration of 100 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$. It also turned out that the antioxidative activity of branch of S. nigra and K. japonica was similar to ${\alpha}$-tocopherol and butylated hydroxytoluene, one of the effective synthetic antioxidants. From these results, it can be suggested that the branches of S. nigra and K. japonica have the positive antioxidative activities and can be applied for the food preservatives and cosmetic ingredient.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.29-37
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• 2002

This study was conducted to compare ozone sensitivity among Betula sp. by measuring visible foliar injuries and growth responses. Four Betula sp.(B. costata, B. davurica, B. platyphylla var.japonica and B. ermani) grown in the greenhouse, were transplanted in the plastic pots. One-year-old seedlings of four Betula sp. exposed to relatively high ozone concentration(100 ppb) for 8 h day$^{-1}$ for 5 weeks in fumigation chamber. We measured visible injuries, leaf numbers and leaf areas at the end of experiments, and growth effects were evaluated by measuring the relative growth rate(RGR) of height and diameter and the dry weights of leaf, stem and root once a week. Four Betula species showed the significant differences for growth responses by the ozone treatment. Growths of three species, except for B. ermani, were significantly reduced by the $O_3$ exposure. B. costata with leaf senescence at the early growing stage and B. davurica indicated highest visible foliar injury rate may be the sensitive species at the 100 ppb ozone concentration. Although the growth rate of B. ermani was reduced by 100 ppb ozone exposure at the early growing stage, B. ermani may be a tolerance species that recover the growth rate with the adaptation for the high ozone concentration.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.20-29
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of shading on the growth of 1 -year-old seedlings of Cornus controversa. The height growth was highest in relative light intensities of 100% and 50%, but relative growth rate in 50% was higher than that in 100% treatment. The growth did not occur under 9% relative light intensity. The root collar diameter growth at different light intensities is similar to height growth. The leaf area was highest in 50% relative light intensity, and the leaf area under the light intensity was small compared with the control. SLA and LAI of seedlings increased with decreasing relative light intensity. The LAR and LWR of seedlings increased with decreasing light intensity, but LWR decreased at 9% relative light intensity. The dry weight of root, stem, leaf and branch, and the number of branch and leaf decreased with decreasing relative light intensity. T/R ratio was highest in 17% and 30% relative light intensity. Lateral root growth decreased with decreasing light intensity except for that in 50% light intensity.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.197-205
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• 2020

With the purpose of designing companion planting of groundcover plants for ornamental uses, this study identified the yearly growth characteristics of nine species of different life forms, analyzed the coverage characteristics of individual plants, and suggested combinations of plants suitable for each life form. Polygonatum odoratum var. pluriflorum, Liriope platyphylla and Hosta capitata, as short-grained plants that can grow to more than 20 cm, tended to grow for 60 days after planting in April and maintain their shape thereafter. Their aerial parts started to wither and enter dormancy after September. Saxifraga stolonifera, Dianthus chinensis and Sedum middendorffianum tended to continuously grow until September after planting in April and their growth declined after September. Lysimachia nummularia, as a creeping plant that grows creeping on the ground, started to show a rapid growth three months after planting. Sedum sarmentosum grew slowly until August and the aerial parts started to wither from September when the temperature decreases. The coverage characteristics of these nine species that grow differently after companion planting were surveyed and the growth of Sedum sarmentosum showed the highest number of companions. It was found that Hosta capitata can be companion planted with Sedum middendorffianum, Saxifraga stolonifera, and Lysimachia nummularia. These results indicate that among different shoot growth types species propagated with their stems creeping on the ground or those that can grow vegetatively with non-rhizome parts are more suitable for companion planting with others than those of which rhizomes branch.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.23-35
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• 1994

To investigate phytotoxic substances in Artemisia argyi, the donor plant, and their biological activities, seed germination and seedling growth of receptor plants such as Arundinella hirta, Echinochloa crus-galli, Rumex crispus and Lactuca sativa were examined at different concentrations of aqueous extracts of the donor plant. Germination of four receptor species was inhibited by the extracts, while seedling growth was decreased to a lesser degree than in the germintion test. Germination, seedling growth and dry weight growth of Achyranthes japonica grown in pot were proportionally inhibited by the extracts. Volatile substances emitted from A, argi plant caused slight inhibition in the germination and seedling growth of the receptor species. Essential oil of the plant extracted by Karlsruker's apparatus inhibited growth of microorganisms and callus growth of Pinellia ternata and Oryza sativa. The GC /MS method was employed for analysis and identification of allelochemicals from A. argyi leaves. Sixty-one chemical substances such as a-pinene, camphene, 1. 8-cineol, etc. were identified from essential oil of A. argyi. The results of this experiment on seed germination, seedling growth, microorganism culture and tissue culture indicated that naturally occurring chemical substances from A. argyi would be responsible for the growth inhibition of plants studied.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.110-123
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• 2016

In order to obtain scientific information for the conservation of Utricularia japonica Makino, rare plant species, we investigated life history, phenology, growth and distribution in the east coastal region of Korea. Seven habitats of U. japonica were confirmed in this study. Turion of U. japonica rests overwinter at the bottom and ripens at the water surface and then usually germinate and sprout when the water warms in spring. A single shoot grown from turion divided into several shoots. Shoot decomposition started in October and formed a new turion at the end of the decomposed shoot. Flowering period was from early July to late October. Percentage of flowering ramets was significantly low as 6.3%. U. japonica showed the fastest growth rate from April to July, the maximum growth in August and the highest biomass in October. U. japonica tended to be concentrated in larger ramets in the water depth of 50 cm~150 cm in Cheonjin lake. The main factors affecting the growth of U. japonica were water temperature and turbidity. The establishment and growth of U. japonica in Cheonjin lake were determined by responses to water temperature with seasonal change and to light conditions caused by the different plants. These conditions affect the temporal and spatial distribution of U. japonica and population change. The findings of this study would be helpful to provide the basic information needed for the conservation and restoration of U. japonica.